地球與環境科學

Earthquakes are results of rapid sliding of two crystal blocks around fault inducing seismic motions. Huge disasters caused by large earthquakes as the Ji-Ji Earthquakes occurred on 21* September 1999 show importance of earthquakes forecast. In our country and foreign countries , there appeared not a small number of reports suggesting there are clear precursors of ground water and electro- magnetic changes amount other numerous phenomena. Recently there are reports that point out the possibilities to investigate slight motion of ground water near active faults using electro- magnetic instruments. In order to investigate the problem more in detail a simple laboratory experiment is designed to study the electric field induced by the simulated water flow. The electric field changes are compared with at without water flow. It is shown that there appeared electric potential changes of an order larger than measurement limits water motion during earthquakes occurrence process, and that monitoring the flow of ground water near active faults is useful method in the earthquake prediction.近年來科學家從事地震研究，發現地震前斷層附近地下水流以及電磁場會發生變化。但或因位置不確定，或因變化量甚小而不易量測。本研究真對上述地震預警中兩項重要的關鍵 - 水及電，嘗試製作電極，並利用室內模擬地下水流動而野外斷層的電位量測，檢測斷層活動期間電場的變化。其結果顯示，當地下水因地殼受擠壓而流動時，可明顯觀察到電場的變化。這表示借由本實驗測量地震前發生的電位變化，可監測地震前版塊應力的改變，進而提供地震可能發生的資訊。

ELVES (Emissions of Light and VLF perturbation due to EMP Sources) is a transient luminous phenomenon of ionosphere induced by the electromagnetic pulse of lightning. In this report, we use the data of ISUAL science payload of FORMOSAT-2 to investigate the luminosities and the stepped-leader signals of the different kinds of ELVES.淘氣精靈全名Emissions of Light and VLF perturbation due to EMP Sources簡稱ELVES，為閃電的電磁脈衝波引發電離層短暫發光的現象，本研究是分析福爾摩沙衛星二號上科學酬載ISUAL的光度資料，以探討淘氣精靈類型與光度訊號強度以及閃電前導訊號的關係。

微孔珊瑚是優良的生物氣候記錄器，可準確記錄海水表面水溫、陸源沉積物通量和其他微量海水組成等，已成為熱帶氣候變遷研究的重要工具。然而，珊瑚成長速率則顯著受限於海水表溫影響（邱景星，1999）。太陽是地表能量最主要來源，其活動狀態能深遠掌控地球氣候變化，因此其週期性變動規律，已成為近期地球科學家探討環境變遷的重要資訊。 本研究以台灣東南外海綠島採集的微孔珊瑚骨骼樣本，藉由X-ray精確測量其年平均生長速率及觀察骨骼內微量腐殖酸螢光特性，並透過比對太陽輻射量、珊瑚生長與太陽黑子數目的相關性分析，以推倒百年來控制地表氣候變遷的主要因素。 本研究經由頻譜分析、主變量計算、平均標準差和太陽輻射角修正，獲得正確太陽黑子數目、地區性輻射、海水表面溫度和珊瑚生長速率等資料，並討論其間的相互關係。 結果顯示，太陽輻射、海水表面溫度和氣溫有高度正相關（r2>0.62），證實太陽對地球氣候系統的重要性。太陽黑子與輻射資料，則因大氣折射、日照時數等因素影響，正設法解決這些干擾效應；而珊瑚生長速率與海水表面溫度的相關性，則涉及雙極化效應（註）及其他未知因素影響，尚待進一步釐清。 （註）：雙極化效應指珊瑚在過高或過低的環境下，生長速率皆會停止 The skeleton of Porites corals is one of the most useful biogenic recorders, which provide relevant information of abrupt climate change, such as sea surface temperatures (SSTs), riverine sedimentary flux, and seawater compositional variations. Information retrieved from coral skeleton, therefore, has become a powerful tool for studying tropical climate change. The annual growth rate of Porites corals, however, was affected strongly by local SSTs (Chiu, 1999). On the other hand, the climatic condition on Earth surface is regulated significantly by solar activity. Subsequently any intensity or periodicity variation in sunspot activity will cause major global environmental changes. This research aims to study coral skeleton collected from the Orchid Island (Lan-yu) offshore southeastern Taiwan for precise measurement of annual growth rate using X-ray density bands, as well as the luminous characteristics of trace humic acids in skeleton. A systematic comparison among solar irradiation, SSTs and coral growth rate will provide critical information on major factors that may affect environmental changes occurred during the last millennium. In this study, we apply spectrum analyses, principal component, mean standard error method, and modified sun irradiation angle to correct biases presented in the available data of observed sunspot number, local irradiation, SSTs and coral annual growth rate and to examine possible relationships among these factors. We have found excellent correlation coefficient (r2>0.62) in solar irradiation, SSTs and air-temperature, which support the importance of solar irradiation to the earth surface climate. However, effects on cloud and length of sun irradiation need further investigation to emphasize the importance of sunspot activity to the annual growth rate of Porites corals. No straight forward relationships were observed between coral growth rate and local SSTs due to complicated biological effect (1*) or other unknown factors, waits for further investigation in the near future. 1* Complicated biological effect means that coral may stop growing their skeletons when the temperature it lives in is over range for growth.

If we place a block in continuous, steadily flowing water, some periodic eddy currents will appear behind it. In my report, I would like to introduce a new way to explain how the periodical movement of eddy currents would help to triggering El Nino. According to my experiment, these eddy currents have a certain life cycle, and the eddy current give a force, which drag water form the area they just went by. It will cause water level became lowest for a period of time. These phenomena are also shown in the real data of “Sea Surface Height Anomaly”, it is a quiescence period, and then changes into the highest one it is interesting that highest one always follows by the starting of El Nino. Another important result from my experiment is that, in the same fluid, the frequency of eddy currents is controlled by 2 variables: Size of the block and velocity of the flow, From this result, then get the frequency of eddy current-occur every 3.2 years. It is just correspond with frequency of historical data the El Nino from the 70’s to the present. 本報告嘗試以南極繞極環流在南美洲南端產生週期性渦流脫離的現象來解釋聖嬰的發生根據水槽實驗的結果，水流在通過障礙物後渦流脫離瞬間，會形成一水位低的空區，之後在周圍的水大量湧入，水位突然升高，並有一段時間的振盪。另外，實驗結果也顯示，渦流形成和脫離頻率大致上和注水流速成正比，且和障礙物的大小成反比。根據此結果，對照實驗結果，我認為1993 年3-4 月，1996 年1-6 月及2001 年7-10 月三個「海平面高度異常」的最低值密集帶，此極可能是渦流脫離的時段。且對照「海平面高度異常」實際資料後，發現「海平面高度異常」的「最低值密集帶」後均伴隨水面「寧靜期」，接著就出現周圍暖水流大量湧入的「最高值密集帶」，此時南美洲東南側海水溫度驟增，接著馬上接續著聖嬰的到來。「海平面高度異常」分析的結果，指示渦流脫離的「最低值密集帶」和顯示著聖嬰到來的「最高密值密集帶」間約間隔半年左右。我們推算水的史托爾數約為1，以這個值代入實際南極繞極環流通過南美洲南端，得到渦流脫離的頻率約每3.2 年一次，和長期聖嬰發生的平均頻率非常接近。

本研究比較2003~2005 年，冬季及夏季西經168 度之「海平面溫度異常」對「緯度」的分布圖，結果呈現在赤道附近的變動較小，在高緯度地區的變動較大，為更精確的描述此變動，將每日高緯度地區的變動以「標準差」及「最大振幅」數量化，發現在南、北半球不論2003、2004或2005 年，每7~12 天南、北半球的「冬夏季海平面溫度異常」的變動變大，上述變化在北半球較為明顯，在南半球較不規則。 與2005 年冬季1 月31 日~3月17 日的北半球地面天氣圖進行分析比對發現，溫度的變動和極地天氣系統的形成關係密切，推測原因和冬季時極地為永夜，地面空氣溫度受到兩個跟月球有關的熱源影響較大，其一為海流和極地間每日有接近2 次的潮汐交替運動，其二為月球反射日光後投射到極地時，極地大規模的冰對月光的反照，對極地微弱的加熱作用。 針對2005 年6 月1 日~7月22 日之地面天氣圖作分析，結果發現夏季緯度的溫度變異和高中低緯度天氣系統的改變關係密切，推測此時和月球對海水的吸引使地表(特別在海陸邊界)的溫度，週期性的重新分配，或對大氣應也會造成週期性的質量分配有關。 以農曆為主重製溫度的變動圖並進行比對發現，無論2003、2004或2005 年，在月相為朔及望時常出現低值。此分析結果顯示，接近朔望時，高緯度海平面溫度有較穩定且變動較小的情形。而從天氣圖、農曆標準差綜合，所得結論為地月運動應和地球上高緯度天氣系統存在某種相關性。 ;Our topic is about how the moon phase variation influences the high-latitude weather system. This study analyzes the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs), along 168°W in winters and summers from 2003 to 2005. The results show that the SSTAs varied relatively small around the equator and relatively large in high-latitude regions. So we next analyze the high-latitude SSTAs by the standard deviations, the maximum amplitudes, and the north surface weather graphs. After analyzing, the result shows that the SSTAs rise for every 7 to 12 days. Moreover, they relate to the winter high-latitude weather system very much while relating to the summer medium-and-low latitude weather system a lot. We think it’s because in winter eternal night, the sunlight won’t shine on the arctic zone easily. Other heat sources may become important: (1) the tidal movements between the ocean and the arctic zone. (2) The heat radiation of the moonlight and the moonlight reflection by the polar ice shields. But in summer, the moonlight effect becomes extremely small. The tidal force becomes the bigger influence factor: (1) the tidal attraction may distribute the temperature of the border between seas and land periodically. (2) It may cause the periodic atmosphere mass distribution. Additionally, after repeating the same experiment according to the Chinese lunar calendar, we found near full-moon and new-moon time, the SSTAs are more stable. Probably because of without the moonlight, the movements of rip-tides occur and help stabilize the polar weather conditions. In conclusion, the relative movement of the moon to Earth is likely providing a crucial heat source which will affect the high-latitude climate, and the heat source size probably influences the weather system cycle.

本實驗的目的在於探討凌日時的黑滴效應。實驗以投影機在螢幕上投射出亮區模擬太陽，以保麗龍球模擬內行星橫越太陽表面，以相機作為觀測記錄器材，結果發現在內行星與太陽的第二及第三次接觸時會有黑滴現象。黑滴效應在光源顏色越接近紅色、拍攝相機的光圈值越小越明顯、相機對焦比實際值越小越明顯；光源的明亮度對黑滴效應沒有顯著影響。金星大氣、地球大氣不是造成黑滴現象的主因，而影響黑滴效應的因素與光的繞射相同。實驗結果發現，黑滴效應的成因主要發生在觀測紀錄的器材上面。This study is conducted to explain the black drop effect for the transit of a planet. A video projector projects a bright square on the screen to simulate the Sun. A ball simulated the planet crossing the sun’s disk. And a digital camera takes the images of transit. The Black-drop Coefficient is defined and a computer program is designed to analyze the image of black drop. The results show that the resolving power of the observation instrument is the main factor in the effect. The atmosphere and the solar limb darkening do not directly respond to it.

We study the effect of dark energy on the evolution of cosmic structure in a scenario where the dark energy is treated as free particles and thus can be localized. By theoretical derivation and numerical simulations, we found that: 1. The dark energy particles gain kinetic energy from a moving dark matter particle through gravitational interaction. Due to energy conservation, the dark matter particle will slow down with time Ek(t) = Ek0 - 9 × 10-5[|1+3w|ρDE]1.92t where Ek(t) is the kinetic energy of the dark matter particle,Ek0 is its initial kinetic energy, w is the coefficient of equation of state for dark energy, ρDE is the mean energy density of dark energy, and t is the time. 2. The formation history and structure of galaxy clusters are different in the presence of localized dark energy. The more the localized dark energy, the earlier the formation of the cluster core. In addition, the kinetic energy Ek(R) as a function of R will be different if the ρDE is different. Thus we can compare the observed Ek(R) of clusters with our results to deduce the ρDE in our universe. The results here can be applied to the observations in the near future. 我們探討宇宙結構演化受到可局部叢集之黑暗能量粒子的影響。藉由理論推導及電腦模擬，我們發現： 一、黑暗能量粒子會透過重力交互作而從運動中的黑暗物質粒子獲得力學能。因力學能守恆，黑暗物質粒子的速率會減慢，滿足 Ek(t) = Ek0 - 9 × 10-5[|1+3w|ρDE]1.92t 其中Ek(t) 為黑暗物質粒子的動能，Ek0 為其初始動能，w 為狀態方程式係數，ρDE 為黑暗能量的平均密度，t 為時間。 二、星系團的形成過程及結構，會因可局部叢集之黑暗能量的存在而改變。黑暗能量越多時，星系團的核心會越早形成。而且動能 Ek(R) 隨著至星系中心距離R 的變化，會因 ρDE 的不同而不同，因此可以將量測到的 Ek(R) 和這裡的結果比對，推導出宇宙中的 ρDE 。 這些研究成果將可直接應用在未來的觀測結果上。

To measure the air quality of the city of Prince George by using lichen as bio-indicators of pollution.

本研究以網路上Soft X-ray、UV195Å、K-Line、Ｈα波段太陽影像上黑子，光斑經度位置的逐時變量，試求太陽自光球層以上各層是否有越高層轉速越慢的現象？經試用數種方法求大量黑子、光斑位置，最後以省時，且誤差減小的＂由PhotoShop軟體讀出黑子、光斑在圖檔中位置，於EXCEL軟體中套用日面座標公式＂，以Peter Meadows的黑子定位程式抽樣對驗，來求其經緯度值。結果：在任何緯度，光球層以上各層轉速不同（徑向較差自轉現象），但並非越高層越慢，而是在大部分緯度處其各層速度變化呈 的快慢交替現象。

本研究針對利吉惡地進行探討，研究此區之泥岩含水量、有機質含量、pH值、比重、可溶性陽離子含量、滲水特性和該區之植物種類，並探討坡度、水量對沖蝕率、山脊密度和溝痕形成之影響。 研究結果發現： 一、表層泥岩之含水率較高，深層泥岩最低。中層泥岩之有機質含量較高，表層與深層泥岩較低。各層泥岩pH值約8.1；無植被採樣點之 pH較高，有植被採樣點偏中性。有植被採樣點，其 Ca2+含量較高。 二、此區共發現十九種植物，其中銀合歡、相思樹屬優勢種。 三、坡度增加時，沖蝕率亦增加；水量增加時，沖蝕率、溝痕寬度也隨之增加，兩者呈高度正相關。第一區坡度較緩，山脊密度較大，第二區坡度較陡，山脊密度小，表面較平坦，溝痕較淺。Our research discusses with the contents of water in mudstone, the organic content, pH, the specific weight, the contents of dissoluble cation, dankness and the category of plants in Ligiligi Badland. Dissecting it`s slope, the abrasion of water, the density of mountain ridge and the formation of scuff mark. Outcome of our research： 1.Solum of mudstone is the dampest. Intermediate of mudstone has more organic content than others. Every bed of mudstone`s PH is 8.1. Having plants area is indifferent and having more Ca2+.2.We found nineteen categories of plants. For example Leucaena glauca and Taiwan acacia. 3.The more augmentation of gradient,the more increase of the abrasion of water and the breadth of the density and the abrasion of water too.