雨水衝擊和土壤滲透速率關係之探討
This research is devoted to researching the influence of rain-drop impact on the rate of infiltration. Rain-drop simulators 160cm tall drip water into a transparent container (14 x 10 x 4) of three kinds of soil (quartz sandstone, loess, sand soil) Through the manipulation of factors such as rain impact (raindrop diameter, raindrop descendent height, frequency of impact) and soil property, we experiment the different possibilities of infiltration and its rate under various conditions. Through this comparison we aim to discover the relation between rain impact and infiltration rate. This research concludes the following: 1. The larger the diameter of the raindrop, the quicker the infiltration rate. 2. The greater the descendent height, the greater the speed of infiltration due to collected descending speed. 3. In the early stage of rain, the greater the frequency of rain impact, the faster the rate of infiltration. 4. Under controlled raining conditions, the larger blank sand soil allows greater infiltration speed. 5. In the later stage of rain impact, a blanket of water accumulates on the surface of the soil, reducing the impact force and thus affecting the rate of infiltration. 本研究試探究雨滴撞擊對土壤入滲速度所造成的影響，針對此問題設計下列方法，以進行探討。我們採用高160cm 的自製雨滴模擬器來滴濺長14cm，寬10cm、高4cm 的透明實驗盒裝入三種土樣（石英砂、黃土與黑砂壤），接著改變各種雨水衝擊因子（不同直徑的水滴、不同的落下高度、不同的撞擊頻率）和土壤條件（土壤性質…）等變因，讓滴濺過程產生不同的情形，滴濺過後再行滲透作用，比較各情況所造成的滲透速率快慢的差異，尋找出雨滴衝擊和土壤滲透速率的關係。本研究有以下幾點結論：1. 雨滴粒徑愈大，對於土壤的入滲速率愈快。2. 雨水落下高度愈大時，因水滴動能的增加，土壤的入滲速率也愈快。3. 在水滴撞擊的初期，當水滴滴落頻率愈大時，土壤的入滲速率也會愈快。4. 當雨滴條件相同時，平均粒度較大的黑砂壤其入滲速率較快。5. 在雨滴撞擊後期，因表層土壤產生的水膜造成雨滴撞擊能量的變化。當水膜厚度愈大時，撞擊產生的能量有減少的趨勢而影響了土壤的入滲速率。
從導電度看乳化
界面活性劑因分子一端具極性基(polar group)而有導電性，本研究以市售之界面活性劑(PAOS洗碗精)從事其水溶液導電度探討，實驗顯示，PAOS水溶液之導電度隨溫度升高而增加，90°C之導電度約為常溫之三倍，純水之變化則極微。除溫度外，界面活性劑濃度亦影響導電度，濃度越高導電度越大，定溫(23°C)之導電度隨PAOS含量增加呈直線上升關係，PAOS含量每增2%導電度約增加1000μS，當含10%PAOS之水溶液中期導電度約增為4700μS。乳化效果對導電度亦有明顯之影響。在含PAOS 0.5~3%之水溶液中加入沙拉油，隨沙拉油加入量之增加其導電度均呈現下降現象。例如，在含有PAOS 3%之200克水溶液當中加入10克沙拉油時，其導電度約下降了15%。如果加入更多沙拉油，或者乳化攪拌過後之停滯時間過久，造成乳化平衡破壞，其導電度數據則較不規則。因此，我們可由溶液導電度之量測結果判定乳化效果，並可測定乳化攪拌之最佳條件。實驗除了以導電度探討其乳化效果外，並用顯微鏡同步觀測，以對結果做出更具說服力的解釋。將實驗數據以3D圖(立體圖)呈現以描述系統的連續變化狀態。再利用簡易的曲線回歸、斜率比較等，判定在定溫、一定攪拌條件下，清潔劑的較佳使用濃度。Surfactants have polar end groups at its molecular structure lead it with electrical conductivity in properties. This report discuss conductivity of a market purchasable surfactant named PAOS. Experiment results indicate conductivity of PAOS water solution increases with rising temperature. Triple in conductivity of this solution was found at 90°C than that of at room temperature. While the changes for pure water is very small. Except temperature influence, surfactant concentration also influence its conductivity. Generally, higher concentration gives higher electrical conductivity. At room temperature(23°C) a straight line relationship was observed between the solution concentration and the conductivity. For every increase 2% will led to increasing in conductivity for 1000 μS. When 10% PAOS in water solution is reached 4700 μS in conductivity was observed. Emulsification give obvious inference in conductivity. If cooking oil is added in 0.5~3% PAOS solution, conductivity will decrease with increasing oil added. For instance, when 10 grams of oil was added in 200 grams water solution that contain 3% PAOS, conductivity of this solution decreased for 15%. If more oil is added or setting time is too long after the solution is emulsified that destroy the emulsify balance. The conductivity of the system become irregular. In this way, it is possible to detect effect of emulsify through the measurement in its conductivity. Therefore most favorable condition in emulsification can be determined. In addition to using conductive measurement to determine effect of emulsification, microscopic technique also used trying to find even more convincible explanations. The data of different concentration experimented above can be presented on a 3D chart, we obtain several curves that can be differentially analyzed and estimated for a relatively ideal concentration, which will work more efficiently than others in the condition of the experiment.
終結保麗龍污染！---利用保麗龍廢棄物處理重金屬廢水之研究
保麗龍(EPS)由於無法分解一直是環境保護的嚴重困擾。本研究是將保麗龍改質為陽離 子交換樹脂(我們稱為”保麗龍膠(EPSR)”)，藉以吸附重金屬廢水中的銅離子。研究內容包括： 保麗龍膠之特性、吸附銅離子之最佳條件、保麗龍膠之再利用及最終產物之固化，企圖提供 一個解決保麗龍汙染之整套方案。 我們採用五種日常生活中常見的保麗龍廢棄物進行測試。首先將它們依下列程序處理： 丙酮溶解→硬化→打碎→與濃硫酸共煮三小時→浸於50%硫酸溶液中→沖洗→以水浸泡，將 廢棄保麗龍磺酸化為保麗龍膠。在這五種保麗龍膠之中，5 號膠(由一般家電之保麗龍襯墊所 製成)具有最佳之磺酸化比例(莫耳分率)、吸附量及吸附速率。經檢測保麗龍膠的特性之後， 發現保麗龍膠為多孔物質，具有－SO3H 的官能基，吸附的模式是先進行化學吸附，高濃度 時兼具物理吸附。 保麗龍膠對銅離子的吸附研究是以一個自動化之差動電壓檢測器進行監測，同時用電腦 精確的擷取數據。保麗龍膠達到吸附銅離子的最佳條件依次為：使用細粒的5 號保麗龍膠、 銅離子溶液的濃度為50 ppm、操作溫度為10 ℃、廢水的流速為每分鐘為 5 c.c.、以及pH 值約為4.30。多次吸附確可將金屬離子幾乎完全去除。在一次初步測試中，我們成功地將三 個自製的微型保麗龍膠儲存槽串聯，進行管柱式的多次吸附，使得高吸附率時間可以維持3.5 小時以上。 保麗龍膠達到飽和吸收後，我們再將保麗龍廢膠與由硫酸廢液和碳酸鈣製得的硫酸鈣混 合，製成黏土，可以製作造型磁鐵、分子模型等物品，達成最終產物之廢物利用，完成廢棄 保麗龍再利用之完整方案。EPS waste is a severe problem for environment due to its non-dissolvability. This research proposed a method to transfer the EPS waste to cation exchange resin, designate as EPS rubber (EPSR), which could absorb Cu-ion in wastewater. The study included the character of the EPSR, the optimal conditions for Cu-ion absorption, the reusability of the EPSR and the solidification of the final production, trying to terminate the pollution of EPS waste. Five different EPS wastes were tested. They were processed as following: solved with acetone => hardening => smashing => boiling with sulfuric acid for three hours => soaking in 50% sulfuric acid solution => rinsing => soaking with water. Then the EPS were sulfonic acidified as EPSR. Among these five EPSR, EPSR-e, which was obtained from the EPS usually used for the pad of electric appliances, exhibited the best sulfonated ratio (in mole), adsorption quantity and adsorption rate. EPSR has a porous structure with a －SO3H functional group. The mechanism of adsorption is the chemical adsorption with a physical adsorption at high concentration. The Cu-ion saturating adsorption was investigated with a automatical differential-voltage detector, enabling the data to be precisely acquired by a computer. The optimal conditions for Cu-ion adsorption were employing fine EPSR-e particles, a Cu-ionic solution of 50 ppm in concentration, a flow rate of 5 c.c. per minute and a pH of about 4.30 at 10 ℃. Multiple adsorptions could remove Cu-ions almost completely. In a preliminary test, three EPSR-e absorption cells were seriated as a column, achieving a high-absorption condition to be maintained for more than three and a half hours. After the adsorption was saturated, the final production were mixed with calcium sulfate obtained form the earlier sulfuric acid waste solution to become the clay, acomplishing a total solution for EPS waste reuse.
以熱聲效應改善微電子裝置散熱的研究
近年來在熱聲效應方面的研究產生了許多新發明，如冰淇淋冰箱與太空梭溫控系統等。然而，將熱能轉換成聲能的熱聲引擎，在散熱方面的效用只有被提起而從未被實際應用。本研究參考美國賓州大學「聲學雷射」裝置來研究熱聲引擎的特性，並提出一個以熱聲效應改善微電子器材散熱的裝置。它的優點是由電子裝置產生的熱即可啟動熱聲效應，而熱聲效應所加強的熱對流可降低該電子零件的溫度。實驗中發現透過熱聲效應的強烈散熱，可以大為降溫，由200℃降為50℃左右，這正是當代電腦內中央處理器（CPU）的工作溫度範圍。未來的研究可以針對陣列式的熱聲散熱裝置進行測試。In this project, the characteristics of the thermoacoustic engine were first studied using the “Acoustic Laser” concept. A passive thermoacoustically enhanced convection engine capable of improving the cooling effect of microelectronic devices was then proposed. This design has the advantage that no additional energy input is required, a contrast to the usage of mini-fans in today’s computers. A testbed combining a heated NiCr wire with a glass tube was used to examine the overall cooling effect. In order to evaluate its performance, we measured the following parameters: radiation, convection, conduction, and acoustic radiation. We found that the heat caused by today’s microelectronic devices is sufficiently high to trigger the thermoacoustic effect. Based on this finding, we designed a new configuration to utilize this thermoacoustically enhanced convection to significantly lower the temperature. Our approach has a potential application to tackle the heat problems caused by the rapidly advancing microelectronic devices.
八分鐘快速免疫呈色法檢測市售牛乳中有無摻雜粉
台灣過去40 年來，許多牛乳廠商會因牛乳供應量不足摻雜奶粉以增加利潤，為了解決這問題，本實驗提供一種快速且準確的免疫呈色法檢測牛乳中有無摻雜奶粉。因奶粉的加工過程中加熱是必須的，所以本實驗是利用單株抗體只與牛乳中因加熱而變性的蛋白質反應。實驗步驟非常簡單，首先，用一支玻棒沾附待測鮮乳，經過簡短的清洗及化學處理後，玻棒尖端會與經特殊製備的單株抗體反應。最後，將玻棒放入已製備好的溶劑中呈色。當溶液呈現綠色，表示待測乳中摻有奶粉。整個實驗流程只需短短八分鐘。據我所知，該方法是相當具有新穎性且從來未被應用過。這是個令人興奮的發現，足以解決多年來酪農業中牛乳摻雜奶粉的問題。For the last 40-years, owing to the limited supply of commercial raw milk, the industry sometimes would mix the dry milk into the raw milk to increase their profit. To detect whether or not the milk on the market contains the poor quality’s dry milk, I invented a rapid and sensitive colorimetric immunoassay. The assay essentially utilizes a monoclonal antibody that only reacted with the thermal denatured protein presented in the dry milk. First, a glass tip-stick was dipped in to the milk to be tested. Second, following a brief wash and chemical treatment, the glass tip was reacted with the monoclonal antibody that has been specifically produced. Finally, the glass tip was dipped into a reagent containing developer. When the solution develops a color in green, it indicates the milk definitely contains dry milk. The entire procedure only takes 8 minutes to finish. To the best of my knowledge, this method is novel and has never been shown before. It represents an exciting discovery that solves the malpractice of mixing dry and raw milk in our dairy industry.