全國中小學科展

出國代表作品

重金屬錯影響細胞生理功能的研究

儘管鍺在電子工業上被廣泛運用,但對於暴露在鍺化合物所產生的毒害則尚未被詳細的探討。在探討鍺對細胞所產生的生理影響中,我們使用了二氧化鍺 ( GeO2)和有機鍺( Ge-132 )。由實驗結果顯示, GeO2,會造成人類子宮上皮癌細胞( A 431 ) 及巨噬細胞株( Raw264.7 )死亡,而 Ge -132 對細胞生長則不造成任何影響,為了進一步了解鍺引起細胞死亡是否是經過細胞凋亡(apoptosis ) ,我們將鍺處理過的細胞進行染色體 D NA 的分析,結果發現細胞中 DNA 染色體沒有斷裂。由先前 Huang 等人於 1999 年的研究結果顯示,砷對細胞所造成的毒性是經由有絲分裂活化酵素( MAPK )傳導路徑,所以為了解鍺誘導細胞死亡的路徑,我們亦分析 MAPK 傳導路徑是否亦參與其中,我們發現 GeO2加入 A431 細胞後,會活化有絲分裂活化酵素中的 ERK ,但對JNK 及 p38 皆無影響,在對蛋白質表現方面,轉錄因子 c-Jun 的蛋白質表現也是隨著GeO2加入的時間增加而上升。 GeO2加入 Raw 264 . 7cell 後,會造成 JNK 、 ERK 的活化,同樣的轉錄因子 c- Jun 也會增加,由此一結果得知鍺對細胞的影響會因細胞的不同而有所差異,為了分析自由基是否參與砷及鍺所造成細胞死亡的過程,我們分析在 A431 細胞中可產生的 NO 的可誘導性 nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS )的表現,我們發現氧化鍺及砷都會誘導 iNOS 的表現量增加。綜合以上結果,可能顯示氧化錯可能會經由 M A PK 訊息傳遞路徑來促使細胞的死亡,並且 iNOS 亦可能參與此過程。就我們所知,這是第一個提出重金屬所造成的毒害可能會經由 iNOS 來誘導產生的研究。 Despite the extensive use of germanium (Ge) in the electronic industry and optical devices, the potential risks of exposure to germanium compounds have not been evaluated. The effects of germanium on cell physiological functions were studied. We first asked if germanium oxide (GeO2) or carboxyethylgermanium (Ge-l32) could affect cell viability. We found that GeO2, but not Ge-l32, reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner in epidermoid carcinoma A43 I and macrophage Raw 264.7 cells. In order to test whether apoptosis contributes to germanium cytotoxicity, DNA fragmentation was evaluated in A43 1 and Raw 264.7 cells treated with GeO2 or Ge-132, respectively. We found that neither GeO2 nor Ge- 132 had effect on chromosomal DNA fragmentation. Previous studies by Huang (1999) et al indicated that sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) cytotoxicity is mediated through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In order to study the mechanism(s) by which GeO2 mediates cell death, we analyzed the signal transduction pathways triggered by GeO2 We found that GeO2 stimulated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity and transcription factor c-Jun in a time-dependent manner, but not c-Jun amino-terminal kinasc (JNK), or p38 MAPK in A431 cells. Treatment of the Raw 264.7 cells with GeO2, induced activities of ERK, JNK and c-Jun in a time-dependent manner. Collectively, these results suggested that GeO2 effects might be cell type specific. To test whether free radicals were involved in NaAsO2 or GeO2 mediated cell death, the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which produced the NO free radical, was determined in A431 cells treated with NaAsO2 or GeO2. We found that expression of iNOS was induced in a time-dependent manner in NaAsO2 or GeO2-treted A431 cells. Taken together, our results indicated that GeO2-induccd cell death may be mediated through MAPK signal pathways and that iNOS may contribute to NaAsO2 or GeO2 mediated cell death. To our knowledge, this is the first report that iNOS may contribute to heavy metal mediated cytotoxicity.

波動奇蹟—皂膜與皂水共振模式之研究

本研究探討肥皂膜與肥皂水的共振現象。在肥皂膜共振方面,我們以實驗探討皂膜的共 振模式與頻率的關係;並配合共振理論模型求出薄膜厚度,再與體積密度-厚度測量方法比 較。而又發現皂膜在共振時,皂膜保存時間較平常久,故進行皂膜生命期與頻率、強度的關 係。在進行肥皂膜實驗時,肥皂水滴落在喇叭上,振動出奇特的形狀,進而探討皂水共振的 特性並嘗試建立其數學模式。 ;The research is about the resonance of soap film and soapsuds. For the resonante of soap film, we tried to find out the relation between the resonant pattern and frequency by experiment; according to the resonante model, we measured the thickness of soap film, which was compaired with volume-dencity method. We found that the life-time of the resonant soap film is longer than the normal one, so we proceeded to study the relation between the life-time, frequency, and power. We observed special resonant pattern while the soapsuds fell down on the speaker. So we studied the characteristics of resonant soapsuds, trying to make the mathematical pattern of resonant soapsuds.

誘發肺癌細胞產生細胞凋亡之天然物篩選及其機轉探討

癌症多年來為台灣地區十大死亡原因之首,因此,開發治療癌症的藥物有迫切的需要。本實驗先以SRB assay篩選許多天然化合物,並找到天然物「禾本科竹節草(Chrysopogon aciculatus)成分CA-C」對肺癌細胞A549有抑制作用;利用流式細胞儀分析細胞週期,顯示DNA片段化,此為細胞凋亡一大特色;並以Western blot評估其對肺癌細胞造成的細胞凋亡之機轉。

地球真的發燒了嗎?─深入探討全球暖化的趨勢

在上了基礎地球科學之後,我們更加關心所處的環境。我們想要了解地球暖化的趨勢是如何?各緯度地區的暖化程度有著怎樣的差異?我們至各國網站搜尋氣象站的原始資料,並利用Microsoft Excel作數據分析。我們比較了不同緯度區域的升溫現象,並找出各測站數十年來暖化程度隨時間的變化。結論與我們以前所認知的事實-地球正在迅速暖化,有著一段差距。有些地方的氣溫長期趨勢是上升,近十年的狀況卻是下降;有些地方的氣溫一直穩定而持續的上升;更有些地方的冬季越來越熱,夏季越來越冷,年溫差越來越小。我們發現,就我們主要研究的東亞島國來說,暖化的幅度其實並沒有影片「正負2℃」所說的那麼大。

非線性振動-單擺運動方程之數值分析與研究

在我們的這主題中,以單擺為主要研究對象,利用數值方法寫成計算程式,並藉 以整理運用繪圖軟圖,描繪其運動的模式之物理意義,便是我們此主題的重點所在, 並且我們更深入於實際物理情況中,消耗力或摩擦力終將阻滯運動以迄振動不再發 生。我們一開始利用RK4 數值方法將單擺運動方程寫成Visual Basic 6.0 計算程式來解 其運動方程得到等時距之角度及角速度,再藉由Matlab5.3 繪出我們想要的圖形―角度 與時間,角速度與時間以及角速度和角度之相圖。所得的圖形中,也分為有或無阻尼, 每項中又有不同的討論,如:在已知的任何一個初始狀態下,其擺動的情況當然也有 互相之對照比較,最終得出精采的結果:且將單擺作了完整且一般性的分析。因為此 番分析研究是屬理論性,雖然實驗之佐證但我們藉由Easy Java Simulation(台灣師範大 學黃福坤教授在http://140.126.110.168/~phy50/所提供免費下載)製作動畫來驗證了我們 所得的結果是十分正確無誤【它只能得到各初始條件下之單一圖形,而我們的方法可 以將各單一相圖統整成相平面及相空間並分類】

耐熱性酵素生產菌Bacillus Subtilis WLA12 之分離與定性

本實驗針對一取自台北縣烏來南勢溪下游之溫泉菌,進行微生物學、生物化學、分子生物學三方面之觀察與實驗,期能得到一可生產特定酵素之菌種,且具耐高溫之抗逆境能力。對其酵素進行定性,並嘗試轉殖出相關基因,使之可大量表現。目前已篩選出一種可生產多種酵素之菌種〔依其採集地點暫稱WL-A12〕經菌種鑑定為Bacillus subtilis WL-A12。藉由菌落檢測法以及Zymogram 的方式做酵素分析,並以電導轉形等技術,希望能成功轉至E. coli 上表現。另外,也對該菌種作了一些基本微生物方面的觀察〔如需氧情況、最適生長溫度〕。We isolated enzyme-producing thermophilic bacteria from hot springs near downriver of Nan-shi, Wulai, Taipei (北縣烏來南勢溪). Through microbiological, biochemistry and molecular biological analyses, a multiple enzyme-producing Bacillus subtilis strain, designated WLA12, has been isolated. The growth condition of WLA12 was observed. Using basic colony assay and zymogram analysis (gel electrophoresis) to observe the expressed enzymes, molecular weight and gene size of the enzymes were revealed. With comparison to E. coli control strain, the related enzymes were only found in WLA12. To express the Bacillus genes in E. coli, molecular cloning and gene transformation via electroporation was carried out.

Emitting Gold Nanodots Synthesized via Protein Templates

本研究利用蛋白質的環保、生物活性,金奈米粒子的低毒性,及蛋白質金奈米粒子的螢光特性,合成可應用於生物體內之螢光蛋白質金奈米粒子,從而利於標靶藥物研究。本研究選擇與眾多疾病相關的胰島素,以最佳方式合成紅色螢光胰島素金奈米粒子,有助於探討糖尿病相關機制。並嘗試以養晶得到結晶狀的胰島素金奈米粒子;經由離子測試發現胰島素金奈米粒子十分穩定,更可應用於細胞內微量氰離子檢測;根據CD光譜,確認胰島素金奈米粒子與胰島素的蛋白質二級結構相似。之後利用MTT測試細胞毒性,並將胰島素金奈米粒子餵入細胞,並取得細胞螢光影像,證明胰島素金奈米粒子可經由細胞表面之胰島素受體進入細胞內,且呈現紅色螢光,證明胰島素金奈米粒子可用於生物體內顯影追蹤。利用老鼠實驗證明胰島素金奈米粒子具有胰島素降血糖之功用。

由蟲子問題衍生一路領先與Motzkin路徑之對應及推廣

在數學課堂中,老師拋出一道甄試的口試題目,那是一道有關蟲類繁殖過程\r 中,探討子代存在位置及其規律性的題目。此問題引起我們繼續討論的興趣,並\r 試著應用至「一路領先」問題。我們試著改變其形狀來構造「一路領先」的路徑,\r 再擴張其維度來解決任一人數「一路領先」的問題!\r 由於發現Motzkin 數列和三人「一路領先」給定得票數的情況一一對應,我們\r 找到一種對應方法,將Motzkin 路徑和「一路領先」得票過程做一對一的對應!以\r Motzkin 路徑和三人「一路領先」為基礎,我們構造了「立體Motzkin 」,發現其\r 路徑走法數竟和五人「一路領先」得票過程總方法數完全相同!若限制向量(1,0,0)\r 只能出現在xy 平面上,則和四人「一路領先」得票過程一一對應!當我們在網路\r 上搜尋資料時,發現有一種lattice path 的規則和四人「一路領先」的方法數完全\r 一樣!我們一樣找到一種對應規則,讓此走法和四人「一路領先」得票過程一一\r 對應!\r 架構出「立體Motzkin 」後,我們試著架構「n維Motzkin」,發現給定有規律\r 的(2n ?1) 個n維向量,就可以構造出n人的「一路領先」!此方法對解決lattice path\r 和投票問題等有顯著的幫助!

吸管笛的諧音之研究與發展

吹長笛時,按同一按鍵,以大小不同的力量去吹,會引發不同頻率的泛音,而通常越用力吹,引發泛音的頻率越高,所以我們想了解為什麼越用力,泛音的頻率會高,其間的關係究竟是什麼?風經過管口會產生各種頻率的噪音,其中某些特定頻率的聲音會因為會在管內形成駐波而放大,所以我們只能聽到某些特定頻率的聲音。當風速增加時,會在管口形成渦漩逸放的紊流現象。其渦漩頻率與流速成正比(註一)。我們以塑膠管實驗。發現以特定的風速引發該基音後,繼續增加風速,當風速達某一定強度時,才會躍遷為下一個泛音的頻率。這個現象告訴我們:在一封閉管下,風速與泛音的關係並非「線性遞增」,而是越「躍遷遞增」的關係。另一個實驗測量不同管長、其諧音之頻率的關係,我們可以得知,越短的管子,因為相鄰兩泛音間頻率差較大,越不易激發更高階泛音。經由這些實驗結果,我們能夠推論:當管子越長、基音頻率越低時,諧音間頻率的差距相對越小,繪出的風速-頻率關係圖應更加顯示了風速與頻率呈正比關係。未來我們可以以閃頻器觀測紊流渦漩的產生,再變化至不同吹入角度,及各式管口造形,這些實驗能協助我們更進一步了解樂器的發聲原理,甚至開發一個以聲音頻率測量風速的儀器。註一:林婉如、張?文2006 國際科工程組佳作作品。When we press the same key and blow a flute using different strengths, we can get different overtones. Usually, the harder we blow the flute, the high the frequency we get. We want to understand why we get a higher frequency when we blow harder into the flute and to understand the relationship between them. When wind passes through the mouthpiece, many kinds of noises will be produced. Some of the frequencies will expand because they will form standing waves in the tube. Therefore, we can only hear certain frequencies. As wind speed increases, a turbulence of the vortex shedding will be formed. The frequency of the vortex shedding and wind speed will be in a direct ratio. We experiment with plastic tubes. When we increase the wind speed and get certain magnitudes, the frequency will jump to the next overtone. The phenomenon shows that the relation, in a closed tube, between wind speed and harmonics is not a linear increase but a transition increase. In another experiment, we measured the relationship between wind speed and different lengths of tubes. We can infer that the shorter the tube, the higher high-frequency harmonics can be produced. Through these experiments, we come to the conclusion that the longer the tube, the lower frequency of the fundamental tone we get and the discrepancy in frequency between harmonics is smaller. Then we make a diagram between wind speed and frequency that indicates that there is a direct ratio between wind speed and frequency. In the future, we can use “” to observe the production of turbulence. Then we can switch to different angles when we blow into flutes. Otherwise, we can experiment with different shapes of mouthpieces. These experiments can assist us to understand more how the instrument sounds. We can develop a device measuring wind speed with frequency.

擬-Lucas多項式的幾個性質

本篇文章從"將aⁿ+bⁿ分解成(a+b)及ab的非線性組合"出發,在同樣的遞迴精神下引進並定義擬-Lucas多項式 <Sn (X)>: