未代表出國作品

本研究由電影「十面埋伏」中聽音辨位擊鼓的神技獲得啟發，進而探討聽音辨位的原理，並以一對麥克風同步錄音時所產生的左右聲道接收音訊的時間差，來印證聽音辨位的可行性，運用此原理以一般常見的電腦音效卡與廉價的聲波感測器（壓電式蜂鳴片）來實作，並將其應用在彈著點及時顯示系統上。由實作與測試的結果看來，我們的方法可以正確的判斷出音訊資料中左右聲道的時間差，並即時地顯示出彈著點的位置座標，在48公分見方的靶上，平均誤差是1.18公分，還不錯的成果。

1894年H.J.H Fenton首先發現亞鐵離子催化過氧化氫具有強氧化力，故將其稱為” Fenton reagent”。在本研究裡將對Fenton做一深入探討，探討在不同 pH值溶液、不同Fe2+濃度比下產生氧氣的效能，並且間接也印證了 HO · 自由基在 Fenton reaction 製氧過程中的重要性。 亞鐵離子在Fenton reation ，並非單純只當催化劑。當 pH =3.0、4.0、5.0時，過氧化氫與硫酸亞鐵濃度比為1:0.25、 1: 0.5 、1:1 時，當 FeSO4濃度增大時，氧氣產量依序增加。依反應機構解釋，可確定亞鐵離子為Fenton reaction 反應速率之重要因子。但，當pH 較高且硫酸亞鐵濃度為過氧化氫兩倍時，反而抑制氣氣的產量。且若當條件為 pH = 5且過氧化氫與硫酸亞鐵濃度比為 l : l 時，氧氣生成平衡體積最接近最大體積，可證實過氧化氫在短時反應最完全。由結論中幾個論點可歸納出，常實驗條件為 pH = 5且過氧化氫與硫酸亞鐵濃度比為 1: 1 時，氧氣的收集會有最好的效果。 In 1894, H. J. Fenton first found that the ferrous iron can catalyze hydrogen peroxide with the strong oxidizing ability; so we called “Fenton’s Reagent”. This discovery will make a further research to explore the efficiency of the production of oxygen that under a series of different pH values, arid different proportions of Fe2+ concentration . This experiment indirectly proves that the free radical of hydroxyl ion as a important role to produce oxygen in the Fenton reaction. In the Fenton reaction, the ferrous iron is not simply utilized as the catalyst. While the pH value is 3 4 and 5, and the proportion of hydrogen peroxide to ferrous sulfate is 1:0.25, 1:0.5, and 1:1, when the concentration of ferrous sulfate increases, the volume of the oxygen produced will increase simultaneously. According to the reaction mechanism, we affirm that the ferrous iron is a significant factor in the Fenton reaction rate. But, if the pH value is higher, and the concentration of ferrous sulfate is the double of hydrogen peroxide, the rOl1jJj1C of oxygen is refrained reversely. And as the pH value is 5, and the proportion of hydrogen peroxide to ferrous sulfate is 1: 1, the equilibrium volume of the oxygen produced will approach the maximum, which proves that hydrogen-peroxide can completely react in a short time. According to the conclusion, we conducted that as the pH value is 5, arid the proportion of hydrogen peroxide to ferrous sulfate is l:1.which is the optimum condition of the oxygen preparation.

This research mainly discusses an antibubble the interesting physical phenomenon that isn’t generally noticed .We use digital video cameras to obtain the experimental results, and pick up and analyze them with the computer. The experimental result as follow： (1) The formation of an antibubble mainly relates with the surfactant ingredients.The washing liquid, which has the surfactant characteristics the thinner its concentration; the lower the success rate of the antibubble. (2) The size scope of an antibubble is situated between 0.35 cm to 0.6 cm, and the size of the antibubbles produced by different densities of washing liquids are not obviously different. (3) The interior radius of an antibubble is approximately 3/4 times of the outer radius. (4) The survival time of an antibubble is mostly within 70 seconds, some minority surpasses for 100 seconds. Its average survival time is 40.65 seconds. (5) When the temperature of water the underneath liquid is between 20℃ to 90 ℃, the higher its temperature; the lower the success rate of the antibubble. After the temperature reaches 80 ℃, the success rate of the antibubble turns into 0. Besides, the higher the temperature of water; the shorter survival time of the antibubble. (6) Antibubble die by itself can be induced two kinds of types. One is centralism death, and another one is vibration death. Vibration death is less common and rare. Its dead process lasts longer time than the general antibubble, and also has 2 to 3 times back and forth vibration. 本研究主要要探討「反泡泡」（antibubble）這個一般不被注意到的有趣物理現象。我們用數位攝影機進行實驗結果的取得，並以電腦進行擷取與分析。實驗結果為：一、 反泡泡的生成主要與界面活性劑的性質有關。洗碗精這樣具界面活性劑特性的物質濃度越稀薄，反泡泡的成功越低。二、 反泡泡的大小範圍介於0.35cm 至0.6cm，不同濃度所產生的反泡泡大小並無明顯之差異。三、 反泡泡的內半徑約為外半徑之3/4。四、 反泡泡存活時間大多在70 秒之內，僅有少數超過100 秒，平均存活時間為：40.65 秒。五、 承接液體在20℃至90℃的範圍中，隨著溫度的增加反泡泡生成成功率越下降，在80℃之後，成功率降至0。且溫度增加會使反泡泡存活的平均時間下降。六、 反泡泡自行破滅可以歸納出兩大種類型。其一為：「集中破滅」；另一為「震盪破滅」。「震盪破滅」情形較為特殊少見，其破滅過程較一般反泡泡來得更久，且有2 至3 次的來回震盪。

倒立水母（Cassiopea andromeda）為一種體內含有共生性蟲黃藻的缽水母類，其傘部收縮運動可引發水流，為水母帶來獵物，同時也是與外界物質交換的重要途徑。共生藻則以自水母體獲得的物質與光能行光合作用，以供應自身與宿主水母之需。本實驗首先探究各種光環境因子（光強度、日週律、不同波長色光）與倒立水母個體大小、飢餓狀態及有無共生藻等因子，對其傘部收縮頻率的影響，進而研究倒立水母異營性攝靪與個體耗氧率等基本能量代謝特徵。研究結果顯示：正常的碟狀體具有明顯的光趨性行為，伽無共生藻的個體則否。水母傘部收縮頻率隨體型的增大而降低，在自然光照與餵靪的條件下，其收縮頻率則有明顯增加的趨勢；反之，黑暗與持續的飢餓狀態，會使其收縮頻率明顯下降。自然光照組的水母個體，其24小時內的收縮頻率呈明顯的日週律變化，伽黑暗組則未見此一現象。以不同色光照射的各組水母，其傘部收縮頻率未見明顯變化，伽各組無共生藻的個體則明顯低於正常的個體。此外，體型較大的個體，其水體過濾作用與清除率（異營性攝靪能力）皆明顯高於小型個體，而且無共生藻個體的清除率高於相同體型的正常個體，暗示其異營性攝靪能力的增加與能量獲得策略的改變。在黑暗中的耗氧率（基礎代謝率），則以正常的個體較高，而且無論正常的個體或無共生藻的個體，其個體單位體重耗氧率皆隨體型的增大而減少，呈現明顯的尺度效應。綜合上述結果可知：光環境因子能明顯影響倒立水母傘部收縮頻率，且可能係透過共生藻的光合作用等相關生理機制進行，進而影響其異營性攝靪與光環境選擇能力。

畢氏定理(a²+b²=c²)歷經25世紀，發現了數百種的幾何論證法；而畢氏定理演繹出的正三角形 ( (/4) a²+(/4) b²=(/4) c² )幾何分割研究，卻一直沒有人研究。因此，承襲著之前處理幾何問題的經驗，決定挑戰畢氏定理演譯的正三角形分割研究。本文研究兩正三角形，經切割後拼成另一大正三角形；期間以GSP及AutoCAD繪製分析幾何圖形，並建立了4種分割模式，得到了3段式「最佳分割模式」及準「通用分割模式」，提供這方面問題一個可應用於所有條件之完善解決方案。本研究成果豐碩，補足了相關領域的空檔，且可製成益智又富挑戰性之拼圖系列，不管用做教具或遊戲，對建立意至己和相關資料有莫大貢獻！ Twenty five centuries after its discovery, hundreds of proofs have been given for the Pythagorean Theorem (a²+b²=c²). But, research about regular triangle dissection extending from Pythagorean Theorem has always been lacking. So, based on previous experience with geometric dissection problems, I have decided to do a research on regular triangle dissection extending from Pythagorean theorem. This research dissects two regular triangles and assembles them into a large regular triangle. Using GSP and AutoCAD to draw and analyze geometric shapes, four dissection models and nine dissection methods are constructed. The extreme values under all conditions are also discussed, as are the best and generic dissection models. There is a Three-section type “best dissection model” and a semi “generic dissection model.” offering a perfect solution to this kind of problem that can be used under all conditions. This study yields numerous results as well as filling in blanks in similar fields. It can also be made into challenging jigsaw puzzles for educational or entertainment purposes.

孤雌產雌(Thelytokous Parthenogenesis) 是一種雌性個體未經過交配，自行產出擁有雙套染色體之雌性子代的生殖行為。目前在其他已發表的文獻中，僅有四種亞科的十一種螞蟻採取此種生殖方式，並依照其形式的不同，區分成三種孤雌產雌的類型。本研究主要針對光滑管琉璃蟻工蟻的孤雌產雌行為進行探討，證實未與雄蟻交配過的工蟻，能自行產下具有雙倍體的後代。統計結果指出，超過87%的大型聚落是由產卵工蟻領導，形成缺后聚落，而每一個蟻巢至少會有80%以上的工蟻轉變為產卵工蟻。\r 研究中也發現，產卵工蟻的產卵速率明顯高於蟻后、其子代發育週期亦較蟻后短，顯示出光滑管琉璃蟻缺后聚落以孤雌產雌擴張的優勢。大多數的產卵工蟻在外型上較一般工蟻長，我們能夠在其腹間膜膨大時觀察腹部內加以區分二者。當蟻巢位處於休眠狀態產卵工蟻的表面碳氫化合物與內部腺體的組成成分與一般工蟻有別，而解剖後可在其微卵管中發現卵。此外，兩者在分工上，產卵工蟻除了確保聚落的繁衍，還需照顧其手足；一般工蟻則負責巢外的覓食與警戒等工作。\r 本研究首次記錄了琉璃蟻亞科行孤雌產雌的行為，而這種對於孤雌產雌與有性生殖並行之蟻種的探討，也?孤雌產雌創立了一個新的研究方向。

隨著迅速的工業化，重金屬汙染已是嚴重的環境問題。在植物中，當植物體內累積過量的重金屬，對於植物根部、葉部等器官的生長與發育有嚴重的影響或傷害。銅離子為植物生長所必須之重金屬，但是過量銅離子會導致細胞死亡，生長受到抑制。本實驗以大豆( Glycine max )及田菁( Sesbania roxburghii )為植物材料，藉由Evans blue 染色法、螢光染色、西方墨點法、反轉錄聚合?鏈鎖反應等，觀察過量銅離子影響植物根部生長、細胞死亡和細胞訊息傳遞物質變化之情形，並探討過量銅離子影響大豆根部細胞死亡的訊息傳遞路徑。過量銅離子會限制植物根部的生長及造成根部細胞死亡。以螢光染色觀察根尖(ROS, reactive oxygen species)、Ca2+累積情形，根尖細胞Ca2+、ROS 累積隨處理銅濃度的增加而上升，可能影響細胞死亡程度。以Ca2+螯合劑EGTA 和W-7(CDPK(calcium-dependent protein kinase)、Calmodulin 抑制劑)前處理發現可以降低過量銅離子對大豆根部的細胞死亡程度，推測Ca2+、CDPK 參與銅引發大豆根部細胞死亡的途徑。為檢驗MAPK 參與根部細胞死亡的途徑，以西方墨點法偵測根部細胞MAPK 的TEY 或TDY 磷酸化，實驗結果發現，隨著過量銅離子濃度的升高，田菁、大豆根部42-kDa MAPK磷酸化情形有上升之趨勢。以RT-PCR 分析大豆MAPK1 及MAPK2 基因之表現量，發現在銅處理時大豆之MAPK1 和MAPK2 基因的轉錄情形增加。大豆( Glycine max )及田菁( Sesbania roxburghii )皆屬於豆科植物，可作為綠肥植物。探討銅影響大豆、田菁細胞死亡之訊息傳遞路徑，希望進而控制生物體所受的毒害情形及訊息傳遞途徑，加強生物體對重金屬的防禦機制，未來可以以基因轉殖等基因工程技術，轉入抗重金屬基因或增強植物體對抗重金屬的能力等，作為綠肥植物、抗重金屬植物吸 附重金屬來復育土地達綠色淨化等用途。 Many heavy metals are necessary for plants, but excessive quantities directly affect plant growth and survival of organisms, cause cell death, or even affect human life indirectly. Cu (copper ion) is a heavy metal, which is one of micronutrients essential for normal growth and development of plants. The purpose of this experiment is to study the effect of excessive copper on Glycine max and Sesbania roxburghii root tips. I conducted some experiments by means of Evans blue staining (analysis of cell death), western blot analyses, and fluorescence microscope in order to examine the way copper results in plant death. Measurement of root length and analysis of cell death showed that excessive copper could bring about the inhibition of plant growth as well as cell death. With fluorescence microscope, I found that excessive copper might increase the level of copper-caused reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both the root tips of Glycine max and Sesbania roxburghii. In addition, I used Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1 so as to assess the accumulation of calcium ions in root tips and found that the exposure of root tips to excessive copper results in the accumulation of calcium ions. To investigate whether calcium ions and calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) play a role in the cell death caused by excessive copper, I tested W-7, calmodulin and CDPK inhibitors, and EGTA, Ca2+ chelating agents, before copper treatment – immersing copper in CuCl2. In this way, plant cells would be effectively prevented from copper-caused death. Besides, to find out whether copper activates MAPKs in plant cells, I took advantage of western blot analysis with Phosphor-Map kinase Antibody and Map kinase Antibody. The results revealed that excessive copper might lead to TEY or TDY motif phosphorylation of approximate 42- and 64-kDa MAPKs in the cells of Glycine max root-tip and approximate 42-kDa MAPKs in the cells of Sesbania roxburghii root-tip. Furthermore, with RT-PCR, I found that the transcription of Glycine max MAPK1 and MAPK2 mRNA happens more frequently in root cells after copper treatment. In addition, this study suggested that the MAPK cascade CDPK pathway may function in the heavy-metal-signaling pathway in plant, and that calcium ions and ROS might get involved in the copper-caused death of plant cells. By studying signal transduction against heavy-metal toxicity in the plants, we can know how the organisms protect themselves. Sesbania roxburghiivv (or Glycine max), as green manure, could be used for metal-hyper-accumulator with the help of genetic engineering in the future.

近年來，水污染成為全球性重大議題，被指出可能為造成生物疾病與死亡的主要因素。因此發展環境感測動物，用來偵測環境汙染，以提供足夠應變時間相當重要。本研究利用斑馬魚作為模式動物。研究結果指出，當斑馬魚胚胎經過逆境(stress)處理，如熱休克、酒精與thapsigargin (ER stress inducing drug)時，ER stress相關基因如PERK、chop、Bip、ATF3 mRNA和CHOP蛋白質均大量表現，顯示斑馬魚有潛力作為in vivo研究ER stress的模式動物。之後，我們利用轉殖品系Tg(KY43-3)（帶有人類uORFchop-GFP報導基因）證明人類uORFchop片段抑制下游轉譯的特性在不同物種中具有高度保守性。而當Tg(KY43-3)胚胎受高低溫、缺氧、重金屬、農藥等汙染逆境刺激後，其綠螢光被誘發表現；此外Tg(KY43-3)胚胎可在胚胎死亡前反應逆境造成的傷害而表現綠螢光，故我們可由觀察綠螢光表現判斷環境汙染物是否對生物造成傷害。綜合以上，Tg(KY43-3)可作為研究或偵測各種環境污染逆境的環境監測動物。

利用光敏電阻，設計儀器，來量測本氏液與醣類反應過程的電阻變化，將觀察到的溶液現象與R-time圖結合，提出“氧化亞銅顆粒”模型說明實驗的現象。剛開始為真溶液，電阻值低且變化少，當Cu2O的量變多，粒徑變大，電阻上升，出現廷得耳效應，顆粒大到接近光波長附近，產生繞射，電阻值呈水平，繼續變大變多後，電阻又上升，最後大顆粒產生不規則散射，使電阻值有「棉絮化」現象。溫度與濃度提升時，反應加速，R-time圖中的「水平部份」皆提早出現。延續顆粒模型觀點推導出反應速率式，將此式應用於檢測葡萄糖的濃度，溫度只需55℃，過程約需10分鐘，所用試劑量少。

Estimated colony size is a basic work to count population of social insect up. It is not easy to measure any natural population accurately, in this respect, social insects here some advantages and some disadvantages over non-social ones. Previous studies have focused largely on the experimental colony of ants, such as Lasius niger, Myrmica sabuleti and Formica rufa, in the artificial nest. Furthermore, base on the division of labor, traditional Mark-Recapured Methods can not be used to measure complete colony of ant correcty. Here, we show that new method has be set up to calculate the colony of the ground black-giant ant, Camponotus fruedae，with a new indicator, ant hill. Predictions about the division of labor introduced to amend the formula of estimated population are discussed.本實驗探討黑巨蟻的蟻丘之形狀和生物意義，並分析利用何種方法能估算最準確的聚落大小。利用幾何圖形證明黑巨蟻會築似圓的蟻丘，並利用標識捕捉法的Petersen method(又稱為Lincoln index)、Schnabel method 和蟻丘大小重量，來推算黑巨蟻聚落之大小。發現黑巨蟻會築似圓度90%的蟻丘，而且標識捕捉法的Petersen method(又稱為Lincoln index)、Schnabel method 並不能精確的推算出黑巨蟻之聚落大小；應使用黑巨蟻之蟻丘的重量當作參數來推算，才不會忽略幼蟲的存在。