反泡泡之形成、存活與破滅的物理特性探討
This research mainly discusses an antibubble the interesting physical phenomenon that isn’t generally noticed .We use digital video cameras to obtain the experimental results, and pick up and analyze them with the computer. The experimental result as follow: (1) The formation of an antibubble mainly relates with the surfactant ingredients.The washing liquid, which has the surfactant characteristics the thinner its concentration; the lower the success rate of the antibubble. (2) The size scope of an antibubble is situated between 0.35 cm to 0.6 cm, and the size of the antibubbles produced by different densities of washing liquids are not obviously different. (3) The interior radius of an antibubble is approximately 3/4 times of the outer radius. (4) The survival time of an antibubble is mostly within 70 seconds, some minority surpasses for 100 seconds. Its average survival time is 40.65 seconds. (5) When the temperature of water the underneath liquid is between 20℃ to 90 ℃, the higher its temperature; the lower the success rate of the antibubble. After the temperature reaches 80 ℃, the success rate of the antibubble turns into 0. Besides, the higher the temperature of water; the shorter survival time of the antibubble. (6) Antibubble die by itself can be induced two kinds of types. One is centralism death, and another one is vibration death. Vibration death is less common and rare. Its dead process lasts longer time than the general antibubble, and also has 2 to 3 times back and forth vibration. 本研究主要要探討「反泡泡」(antibubble)這個一般不被注意到的有趣物理現象。我們用數位攝影機進行實驗結果的取得,並以電腦進行擷取與分析。實驗結果為:一、 反泡泡的生成主要與界面活性劑的性質有關。洗碗精這樣具界面活性劑特性的物質濃度越稀薄,反泡泡的成功越低。二、 反泡泡的大小範圍介於0.35cm 至0.6cm,不同濃度所產生的反泡泡大小並無明顯之差異。三、 反泡泡的內半徑約為外半徑之3/4。四、 反泡泡存活時間大多在70 秒之內,僅有少數超過100 秒,平均存活時間為:40.65 秒。五、 承接液體在20℃至90℃的範圍中,隨著溫度的增加反泡泡生成成功率越下降,在80℃之後,成功率降至0。且溫度增加會使反泡泡存活的平均時間下降。六、 反泡泡自行破滅可以歸納出兩大種類型。其一為:「集中破滅」;另一為「震盪破滅」。「震盪破滅」情形較為特殊少見,其破滅過程較一般反泡泡來得更久,且有2 至3 次的來回震盪。
估算土棲螞蟻聚落的新方法----以黑巨蟻(Camponotus friedae)為例
Estimated colony size is a basic work to count population of social insect up. It is not easy to measure any natural population accurately, in this respect, social insects here some advantages and some disadvantages over non-social ones. Previous studies have focused largely on the experimental colony of ants, such as Lasius niger, Myrmica sabuleti and Formica rufa, in the artificial nest. Furthermore, base on the division of labor, traditional Mark-Recapured Methods can not be used to measure complete colony of ant correcty. Here, we show that new method has be set up to calculate the colony of the ground black-giant ant, Camponotus fruedae,with a new indicator, ant hill. Predictions about the division of labor introduced to amend the formula of estimated population are discussed.本實驗探討黑巨蟻的蟻丘之形狀和生物意義,並分析利用何種方法能估算最準確的聚落大小。利用幾何圖形證明黑巨蟻會築似圓的蟻丘,並利用標識捕捉法的Petersen method(又稱為Lincoln index)、Schnabel method 和蟻丘大小重量,來推算黑巨蟻聚落之大小。發現黑巨蟻會築似圓度90%的蟻丘,而且標識捕捉法的Petersen method(又稱為Lincoln index)、Schnabel method 並不能精確的推算出黑巨蟻之聚落大小;應使用黑巨蟻之蟻丘的重量當作參數來推算,才不會忽略幼蟲的存在。
濃差電池與溫差電池
伏打電池中,若兩極的電極種類及溶液種類均相同,僅是兩極的溶液濃度或溶液溫度不同,兩極間就有電位差,稱為濃差電池及溫差電池。典型的濃差電池中 ( 電極為電解液正離子的金屬片 ),濃度大的一端電位較高,電池電壓與兩杯溶液濃度比值的對數值成正比,且在相同濃度比值時,硝酸銀濃差電池的電壓最大,其次為硝酸銅、硫酸銅,硫酸鋅濃差電池的電壓最小。硫酸銅溫差電池,若電極為銅片,則電池電壓與兩杯溶液溫度差成正比,且溫度高的一端電位較高。
我們將硫酸銅溫差電池製成太陽能電池,在太陽下曝曬3 小時,電壓可達 13.6mV, 電流可達0.76mA,因此只要串聯數個電池以提高電壓,再對鉛蓄電池充電,就可以達到方便、實用與重複使用的目的。
In a voltaic cell, if the kinds of both electrodes and electrolytes are the same, but the molality or the temperature of the solutions are different, there will be potential difference between the two electrodes. We can them molality-difference cells and temperature-difference cells. In a typical molality-difference cells-its electrode is a piece of metal which is the same kind of metal with the cation electrolyte.-the electrode with the higher molality has the higher potential, and the potential and the log of the fraction of the molality of the two glasses of solution are directly proportional, and when the fraction is the same, AgNO3 has the highest potential and then Cu(NO3)2 and CuSO4, and ZnSO4 has the lowest potential. In a CuSO4 temperature-difference cell, if its electrode is a piece of cuprum, then the potential and the temperature- difference of the two glasses of electarolytes are directly proportional, and the electrode with the higher temperature has higher potential.
We use CuSO4 temperature cell to make a solar cell, and put it under the sun for 3 hours, the potential can be 13.6 m V, and the current can be 0.76m A. Therefore we can make several of them series to get higher potential and charge a lead storage battery. By this way, we can make a convenient, practical and recycled battery.