二等獎

界面活性劑因分子一端具極性基(polar group)而有導電性，本研究以市售之界面活性劑(PAOS洗碗精)從事其水溶液導電度探討，實驗顯示，PAOS水溶液之導電度隨溫度升高而增加，90°C之導電度約為常溫之三倍，純水之變化則極微。除溫度外，界面活性劑濃度亦影響導電度，濃度越高導電度越大，定溫(23°C)之導電度隨PAOS含量增加呈直線上升關係，PAOS含量每增2%導電度約增加1000μS，當含10%PAOS之水溶液中期導電度約增為4700μS。乳化效果對導電度亦有明顯之影響。在含PAOS 0.5~3%之水溶液中加入沙拉油，隨沙拉油加入量之增加其導電度均呈現下降現象。例如，在含有PAOS 3%之200克水溶液當中加入10克沙拉油時，其導電度約下降了15%。如果加入更多沙拉油，或者乳化攪拌過後之停滯時間過久，造成乳化平衡破壞，其導電度數據則較不規則。因此，我們可由溶液導電度之量測結果判定乳化效果，並可測定乳化攪拌之最佳條件。實驗除了以導電度探討其乳化效果外，並用顯微鏡同步觀測，以對結果做出更具說服力的解釋。將實驗數據以3D圖(立體圖)呈現以描述系統的連續變化狀態。再利用簡易的曲線回歸、斜率比較等，判定在定溫、一定攪拌條件下，清潔劑的較佳使用濃度。Surfactants have polar end groups at its molecular structure lead it with electrical conductivity in properties. This report discuss conductivity of a market purchasable surfactant named PAOS. Experiment results indicate conductivity of PAOS water solution increases with rising temperature. Triple in conductivity of this solution was found at 90°C than that of at room temperature. While the changes for pure water is very small. Except temperature influence, surfactant concentration also influence its conductivity. Generally, higher concentration gives higher electrical conductivity. At room temperature(23°C) a straight line relationship was observed between the solution concentration and the conductivity. For every increase 2% will led to increasing in conductivity for 1000 μS. When 10% PAOS in water solution is reached 4700 μS in conductivity was observed. Emulsification give obvious inference in conductivity. If cooking oil is added in 0.5~3% PAOS solution, conductivity will decrease with increasing oil added. For instance, when 10 grams of oil was added in 200 grams water solution that contain 3% PAOS, conductivity of this solution decreased for 15%. If more oil is added or setting time is too long after the solution is emulsified that destroy the emulsify balance. The conductivity of the system become irregular. In this way, it is possible to detect effect of emulsify through the measurement in its conductivity. Therefore most favorable condition in emulsification can be determined. In addition to using conductive measurement to determine effect of emulsification, microscopic technique also used trying to find even more convincible explanations. The data of different concentration experimented above can be presented on a 3D chart, we obtain several curves that can be differentially analyzed and estimated for a relatively ideal concentration, which will work more efficiently than others in the condition of the experiment.

本研究報告針對單淘汰制賽程中存在的迷思，提出方法並加以討論。單淘汰制賽程規則為每場比賽皆有勝負(即沒有和局)，負方即失去奪得冠軍的機會，且不得出現於另一場賽程。全文分別對影響選手勝率的因素──選手實力與賽程安排，提出方法與概念討論。\r 第一部分討論選手實力變化對勝率的影響。利用「假想選手」的概念，討論選手於各場賽程中，所有可能遇上的對手所造成的威脅。並透過「威脅門檻」判斷對手實力的變化對自己勝率的利弊。藉由「勝率一般式」計算選手於賽程中奪冠的機率，並以各種角度觀看賽程，判斷個體與群體的實力。\r 第二部分討論位置安排對勝率造成的影響。由「勝率實力比」討論賽程安排對選手的公平性，並定義「賽程表現率」討論選手因賽程安排對勝率所造成的影響。\r 文中並以實際數據範例，希望閱讀以後的你(妳)，能認識並喜歡上淘汰賽的世界。

孤雌產雌(Thelytokous Parthenogenesis) 是一種雌性個體未經過交配，自行產出擁有雙套染色體之雌性子代的生殖行為。目前在其他已發表的文獻中，僅有四種亞科的十一種螞蟻採取此種生殖方式，並依照其形式的不同，區分成三種孤雌產雌的類型。本研究主要針對光滑管琉璃蟻工蟻的孤雌產雌行為進行探討，證實未與雄蟻交配過的工蟻，能自行產下具有雙倍體的後代。統計結果指出，超過87%的大型聚落是由產卵工蟻領導，形成缺后聚落，而每一個蟻巢至少會有80%以上的工蟻轉變為產卵工蟻。\r 研究中也發現，產卵工蟻的產卵速率明顯高於蟻后、其子代發育週期亦較蟻后短，顯示出光滑管琉璃蟻缺后聚落以孤雌產雌擴張的優勢。大多數的產卵工蟻在外型上較一般工蟻長，我們能夠在其腹間膜膨大時觀察腹部內加以區分二者。當蟻巢位處於休眠狀態產卵工蟻的表面碳氫化合物與內部腺體的組成成分與一般工蟻有別，而解剖後可在其微卵管中發現卵。此外，兩者在分工上，產卵工蟻除了確保聚落的繁衍，還需照顧其手足；一般工蟻則負責巢外的覓食與警戒等工作。\r 本研究首次記錄了琉璃蟻亞科行孤雌產雌的行為，而這種對於孤雌產雌與有性生殖並行之蟻種的探討，也?孤雌產雌創立了一個新的研究方向。

兩年來，台灣仍籠罩在 921 大地震的陰影之下。而大地震突如其來的發生，往往危害到人類的生命和財產。我突發奇想的要用一些人類所能觀察到的現象來推測地震的發生，於是我想到或許可以以地震發生時強大的能量，來推估地震的發生。我起初做此研究的時候，發現用通測來測量地面溫度，並非容易 · 由於遙測大都是用來測量海面溫度，要用來測量地面溫度有其困難存在，但經過一連串的修正之後，配合中央氣象局所提供的氣象資料，以能得到準確的資料 · 研究過程中，雖然屢屢發生困難，但都能順利解決，使我自己備感高興。Two years after it happened ‘ the September 21st earthquake still haunts Taiwan. The suddenness of these earthquakes often brings great harm to our lives and property. In this research’ I try to observe some common signs that may warn of earthquakes. I thought it possible to use the massive energy release in earthquakes to predict their happening’ at first ‘ I found that remote sensing surface temperatures is not easy. Because most remote sensing is used for measuring the temperature of ocean surfaces ‘ it is difficult to measure surface temperatures ‘ but after a number of corrections and based on information from the central weather bureau’ it is possible to acquire accurate information. I am glad that all the difficulties in the course of research have been resolved.

生物系統的力學表徵會因為其系統內部物理結構和化學組成的改變而變化。本研究希望能找出斑馬魚魚卵的彈性力學特性與其成長發育的關聯。本實驗利用自行設計製作的電磁力振盪儀器分析斑馬魚魚卵的彈性力學特性。實驗上使用自製電磁線圈對槓桿端所繫磁鐵作用，使桿間連棒對魚卵施加作用力。由於斑馬魚魚卵形變量很小，本實驗加入光槓桿的設計來放大微小的形變。實驗時以錄影記錄施力對魚卵產生周期振盪彈性形變關係。\r 本研究實驗得到，魚卵的彈性力學特性是隨發育時期改變而不同，但不是隨時間而單純線性演化改變。本研究關注於魚卵囊胚期彈性力學特性。發現囊胚期不同發育階段，魚卵的彈性振盪特性會有所不同。本實驗進一步以阻尼振盪模式分析振盪振幅的改變，可以得到魚卵生物阻尼係數。發現阻尼係數在囊胚期最初的前一個半小時的改變最為顯著，也就是會與該期細胞移動有關。本研究可以作為判定魚卵在不同發育時間的生化微觀機制，也可進一步作為分析環境變遷對生物族群影響的探討參考。

作者受考題（ International Mathematics Tournament of the Towns, Senior A-Level Paper, Fall 2009, No. 7 ）?發而展開此研究。經搜尋文獻發現，這系列命題可追溯自 Scientific American （ Feb 1979 ）中 Martin Gardner 的文章 The Rotating Table 。\r 命題之操作原在正方形桌上執行，後被Ted Lewis & Stephen Willard 推廣至正多邊形（1980），又再被Richard Ehrenborg & Chris M. Skinner推廣至任意置換群（1995）。\r 本文從均勻多面體的情形出發，藉諸自創的證明方式，重新詮釋上述論文之結果，給出較簡潔自然的證明。同時，作者改變命題裡的關鍵限制，發展全新的研究方向；並針對不同的情形（多邊形、多面體、置換群）分別求出各變數之上、下限。\r 本文使用到的技巧包括：群論、歸納法、組合設計。充分性之證明過程提供的演算法能應用於同步連絡管道，允許匿名用戶之間建立連線。

有個密碼鎖由D個旋鈕組成，每個旋鈕有N種不同的號碼，由於構造缺點若D個旋鈕中僅有1個號碼錯誤仍能打開密碼鎖，問最少嘗試多少組號碼才能保證一定能打開這個鎖？這個問題等同於在N元D維超立方中找一組點集，點集中的點各自向其D維度畫出延伸線，若超立方中的所有點都至少被1條延伸線所涵蓋，要求重複涵蓋的次數總和要最少。\r 43屆的科展中已經討論過3個旋鈕的情況，我們接著分析4個旋鈕的情況。在討論中發現D=4時並沒有如D=3時保證打開的最小次數公式，我們給出上下限的公式。但D=N+1且N≠6時卻很特別，恰可利用拉丁超立方挑出1組點集，其所有延伸線涵蓋的點都沒有重複，稱為完美控制，而保證打開鎖的最小次數是NN-1。

Purpose of Research\r Colour blind individuals make up a large part of the population but are not usually considered. I aim to design an interactive guide that can be used when designing websites, social networking pages and various digital presentations to ensure that they are legible to colour blind individuals, by determining which colours generally confuse both red-green and blue-yellow colour blind people.\r Procedures\r I e-mailed my test, which consisted of 240 slides depicting every possible combination of the 16 basic web colours in the form of a frame, a heading-appropriate sized text and a paragraph-appropriate sized text, to a group of red-green and blue-yellow colour blind individuals, as well as an equally sized control group. I asked them to flip through the slides at a comfortable pace and note the slides that were difficult to read offhand, thus getting an idea of which colour combinations are not suitable for colour blind individuals, as well as the combinations that are not visible to those with normal colour vision.\r Data\r I wrote up my results using tables and stacked column graphs to determine which colour combinations were not visible to an unusually great number of test subjects. I then represented the information I collected in the form of a flash guide. This interactive guide allows one to choose a background colour from a wheel of 16 colours, and then be given a choice of appropriate text colours. The user is also presented with an example of the combination that was chosen, showing how the text appears on the background. The guide is easy to navigate and understand, can be posted on the internet or e-mailed, and is not overly technical so it can be used by designers as well as ordinary internet users.\r Conclusion\r Colour blind people are easily confused by colour combinations which might seem clear to us. My hypothesis was proved as I was able to set up a guide that would make it possible for both colour blind individuals and those with normal colour vision to read the text on websites, social networking pages and digital presentations.

當我們在開車享受冷氣同時，此時冷氣水正一滴一滴的滴水，造成水資源的浪費，在環保意識抬頭的今天，我們即針對此一問題進行研究，主要將冷氣水回收起來，並運用在補充雨刷水箱或者提供引擎水箱或冷凝器降溫作用，是否達到提高引擎工作性能及降低冷氣冷房效果，進而達到「資源回收」的。實驗結果證明在補充雨刷水系統最符合環保概念；另在引擎水箱噴水作用時，可縮短風扇運時間並增加停止運轉時間，可增長風扇使用壽命，對下水管溫度亦可降低，可防引擎過熱；在冷凝器噴水作用中亦能明顯提升汽車冷房效果。When we enjoyed driving with cool air from air-conditioning, the condensed water from air-conditioning system is dripping from the system drop by drop. It caused the issues of the waste of water resource. Facing the greater public awareness of environmental protection issues in Taiwan, we are focusing on this issue to have further research. The idea is to re-cycle the air-conditioning condensed water and re-fill it in the water tank of wipers, the water cooling tank of engine or the cooling system of condenser. The purpose is to improve the performance of engine and enhance the cooling efficiency of air-conditioning system. It is helpful to meet the objective of water resource recycling. The result of experiment has shown that re-filling water in the water tank of wipers meet the goal of environmental protection well. Also, the water injection in the water cooling tank of engine could reduce each operation time of cooling fan and increase the idle time of cooling fan as well. It prolong the equipment life of cooling fan and lower the operation temperature of Low water pipe which prevent the engine overheating. Meanwhile, It is proved that the water injection in the cooling system of condenser can enhance the cooling efficiency of air-conditioning system.

本研究之目的，乃針對氫氣及沼氣發酵的結合，建立『氫化-甲烷化』程序的厭氧發酵產能系統，取代傳統『酸化-甲烷化』的厭氧發酵程序，以期提升整體厭氧處理的產能效率。研究以蔗糖、畜產廢棄物（豬羊兔糞）、鳳梨皮廢棄物為基質，先個別以產氫菌35℃發酵收集氫及產甲烷菌40℃發酵收集沼氣，進一步再將產氫廢液進行二次發酵收集沼氣。試驗結果顯示，經過氫化-甲烷化的二次發酵後，能量總產值較傳統酸化-甲烷化發酵程序的產能提升，提升倍數分別為蔗糖基質：1.16倍；滅菌鳳梨皮基質：1.17-1.27倍；未滅菌鳳梨皮基質：2.62倍。以畜產廢棄物為基質，進行產氫菌及產甲烷菌靜置與連續流培養，以兔糞基質氫氣與甲烷產量最高。酸性的產氫廢液經二次發酵後，pH值皆有趨向中性偏鹼的變化。