臭氧事件日-氣象與地形對臭氧於近地大氣層之生成與傳輸影響
2001、2002 年監測資料被用以探討風場、時間、地形對臭氧傳輸影響。完成沿海地區與盆地內各二次採樣分析，探討各污染物與風場之垂直變化，及地面臭氧分布與風場變化。結果顯示各月份與全年之日間，其相對濕度與O3 相關度最高，日照次之。提高濕度，最能抑制[O3]。夜間NO 與O3 的相關度最高，濕度次之。臭氧事件日時：(1).11:00 即可產生高臭氧，(2).沿海地區在臭氧事件日仍保持低[O3]， (3).盆地效應改變風場，使近山地區[O3]居高不下，(4).因處O3 不斷被吹入，沿海地區傍晚時之[O3]下降速度減緩。臭氧事件日之O3 生成速率R 與消失速率常數L 被求出，其中14:00 後之R 與L 值均由正值轉負值，顯示大氣反應型式明顯轉變。R 與L 值在14:00∼15:00 間最小，係因O3 反應生成光化學煙霧所致。16:00 後另一低R 與L 值，則可能導因O3 與微粒或水份反應。分析結果顯示：(1).污染物會隨高程而略增，最高濃度在300∼500 m 處，(2).各高程大氣均可分析出73 種主要HC，其隨高度之分布被繪出與探討，(3).低層大氣會有較多低分子量HC，而高層大氣則有較多高分子量HC。結果亦顯示： (1).盆地內[O3]、[NO]與[NO2]不僅較沿海地區高，且於各高程之變動亦較大，(2).沿海地區THC、烷、烯類均較高，且隨高程增加而增高，但在盆地內則相反，(3).二地區各高程之鹵化物、芳香族、氧化物與其他有機物之平均濃度相近，但沿海地區之濃度變動較大。探討O3 之二傳輸現象獲知：(1).風吹向盆地內時，[O3]隨風向遞增，R 與L 會由12:00 之正值，轉為14:00 之負值；(2).風由盆地內外吹時，[O3] 隨風向遞減，R 與L 值提前於12:00 即為–202.561 與–1.621，但14:00 時R 與L 值增大為–76.411 與0.244， (3).風向並非決定[O3]的主要因素，地形與環境因素才是。實驗結果證實：(1).不同HC 會影響O3 之生成與消失，(2).改變[NO]o 對[O3]影響不大，但高[NO]會使得[O3]下降略緩，(3).降低HC 與[NOx]雖可使 [O3]略降，但提高濕度最能抑制[O3]，(4).在O3 的衰減量上，[O3]隨濕度增加而快速降低，但衰減率則隨[O3]o 的增加而降低。一個臭氧之統計模式被建立，臭氧與水反應速率常數與速率式也被求出。
The monitoring data were used to investigate the effect of surface wind, time, and terrain on the transformation of ozone. The sampling and the analysis in the coastal and in Taichung basin were completed. The vertical distribution of O3, NOX and HC and the different altitude wind were investigated. The contour of O3 and surface wind with 3D map were plotted. The results show that the correlation behaves relativity of relative humidity with ozone is the best, and solar radiation is the next. Enhancing environmental moisture can efficiently decrease ozone concentration. In each ozone event day are: (1) the high [O3] always starts from 11:00, (2) the ozone concentration on the coastal is always low due to the high humidity, (3) the high [O3] in the east of the basin is due to the basin effect which causes changes the surface wind, and (4) in the evening, the descend rate of [O3] in the coastal area is lower because ozone blows into the coastal area. The formation rate (R) and disappear rate constant (L) of the ozone event day were obtained. The values of R and L change from plus to minus before 14:00. The values of R and L are lower at 14:00∼15:00 due to the photochemical smog formation. And another lower R and L value before 16:00 may be due to ozone react with particle or water. The results of analysis indicate that: (1) the concentration increases with increasing altitude, and the maximum is at 300∼500 m height, (2) 73 kinds of hydrocarbons were identified, and the concentration variation with altitude was also investigated, and (3) most of low molecular weight HC are at lower altitude, otherwise high molecular weight HC are at higher altitude. The results also show that: (1) [O3], [NO], and [NO2] on the basin are not only lower than on the coastal, but also their variability of concentration are big, (2) THC, paraffins, and olefins on the coastal are higher than on the basin, and the concentrations increase with increasing altitude on the coastal, but on the basin is decreasing, (3) the average concentrations of halides, aromatics, oxides, and others are similar on both area, but concentration variability on the coastal is obvious. Two types of O3 transformation was investigated, the phenomenon indicts that: (1) when wind blew into the basin, [O3] increased with wind direction. The value of R and L change from positive (12:00) to negative (14:00); (2) when wind blew out of the basin, [O3] decreased with wind direction. The more small value of R (−202.561) and L (−1.621) appeared at 12:00 earlier. But the value of R and L will become bigger to –76.411 and 0.244; (3) ozone concentration does not just dependent on wind direction., topography and surrounding conditionsa are more important effect. The experimental results show that: (1) ozone formation or disappearance depends on different HC, (2) the effect 2 of [NO]o is small for ozone photochemical reaction, but [O3] decreases with increasing [NO], (3) the descend rate of O3 depends on high humidity more than different kinds of HC or [NO], and (4) the descend amount of ozone increases with increasing humidity strongly, and the descend rate of ozone decreases with enhancing [O3]o. A statistical model was developed. The reaction rate and rate constant of ozone reaction with water were also obtained.
打破語言隔閡-以圖點餐之數位餐廳
本次研究利用Web Sevrice軟體系統和Microsoft SQL Server的全文搜尋(Full-Text search)並藉由使用者選擇的圖片組合排列從系統資料庫中檢索比對，篩檢出正確或者最相似的餐點。Web Service 是建立於網際網路上之系統架構，且為一個具開放性、分散式的軟體元件，其基礎建立在HTTP、XML、SOAP、WSDL和UDDI等標準協定上，此研究即是透過Web Service系統與資料庫伺服器的連結進行。很多數位化資訊是以沒有結構化的文字資料，存成純文字檔及格式化的文件。這一類的文字資料儲存在檔案系統，而許多組織現在將這一類資料儲存到關聯式資料庫。這樣做就可以廣泛利用資料庫的好處-包括高效能存取、查詢能力、對使用者而言簡單的應用程式使用者介面，以及安全的遠端存取、查詢能力、對使用者而言簡單的應用程式使用者介面，以及安全的遠端存取。運用此功能即可在配對完成時搜尋最佳的結果並加以排名。「打破語言隔閡-以圖點餐之數位餐廳 」不只消除語言隔閡，更讓點餐手續方便許多，並讓錯誤的可能性降低。另外圖片資料庫的增減簡單快速、介面明瞭易懂。希望這些應用及創新能讓人們用餐方便及餐廳事業蓬勃發展。This research uses Web Service software system and Microsoft SQL Server. To choose the correct or the most similar meals by checking the combination and arrangement of the pictures chosen by users form the system data banks. Web-Service is a system structure establishes at the Internet. And its an open, dispersed software part. Its foundation is established at the standard agreement of HTTP,XML,SOAP,WSDL, and UDDI. The research proceeds by linking Web Service system and data-bank server lots of digital data are stored as words files and stylization documents without any structural words data. This kid of ward data are stored at file system, and many organized systems now store them at connected data banks. By doing this, people can make the most advantage of data banks- including efficient access, inquiry abilities, simple applies user’ interface, and safe remote access. People can find the best results and place them when this function finishes matching. It can not only eliminate language barriers but also make order procedure more convenient. It can also lower the mistake possibilities. In addition, we can increase or decrease pictures of data banks easily and fast. We can make the interface understood easily. We hope the applications and innovations can make it more convenient for people to order meals. And the business of restaurant can be developed successfully.
幾丁聚醣包埋酵母菌球株對重金屬離子廢水處理
本實驗的目的,就是希望利用幾丁聚醣除污的效果,再配合酵母菌所能累積金屬的能力,以酵母菌包埋於幾丁聚醣的方法,吸附廢水中的重金屬離子.用Langmuir 理論求得飽和吸附量,進而求出休眠酵母菌-幾丁聚醣所能吸附金屬離子(銅)0.2048(g/g)的數量,與活化酵母菌-幾丁聚醣所能吸附金屬離子(銅)0.1750(g/g),並比較回收效率,以應用於處理工業上工廠所排放的廢水. In this experiment , we want to use the ablation of chitosan and the accumulation in metal of saccharomycete to absorb the metal cation of waste liquid . In the process , we embedded the saccharomycete in chitosan to absorb the metal cation , and obtained the impregnate absorption of dormant saccharomycete and activated saccharomycete by the theory of Langmuir . Then , we compared the efficiency of them and applied them to work on the waste liquid in industry.
耍「薛骰」-Sicherman Dice 的探討
George Sicherman discovered that it is possible to take a couple of 6-sided dice re-labeling them with different positive integers (1,2,2,3,3,4) and (1,3,4,5,6,8) having the same probability distribution as rolling a standard pair of 6-sided dice. Such unique pair of dice is calling Sicherman dice. The secret behind the Sicherman dice can be studied by combining the powerful mathematical tool “Generating functions” with the symbolic manipulation software “Derive 6”, The same procedure may be applied to studying the possibility of the generalized Sicherman dice along the consideration of :\r (1) Adding more dice. (2) Changing the number of faces. To this end, we introduce the concept of the Sicherman Bound. For a given integer n, the number of n-sided Sicherman dice is finite. We computed manually such numbers for n?50 based on the method of “Elimination of negative terms”. Sicherman Dice 就是一對點數配置與正常骰子(6 面正立方體，點數為1到6)不同的骰子，它所拋擲出的每一種不同點數和(2,3,4...,12) 的機率恰好與一對正常的骰子相同。這種骰子是美國的Col. George Sicherman 所發現的。 Sicherman 更進一步指出：在不使用Sicherman Dice 的情形下，不可能找到一組大於或等於三顆的非正常骰子，它們拋擲出的每一種不同點數和的機率恰好與一組同數量的正常骰子相同。本研究的目標在於1. 尋求計算「Sicherman Dice 的組合和正常的骰子有相同的出現機率」的方法2. 證明Sicherman 結論的真偽及是否適用於其他正多面體(4 面/ 8 面/12 面/ 20面) 的標準骰子3. 修正Sicherman 的結論，並定義Sicherman 極限(Sicherman Limit)。在假設n面正多面體(n 為自然數， n ? 50 )存在的情形下，探討每一個正多面體的Sicherman 極限4. Sicherman Dice (Crazy Dice) 的延伸探討(1) 不同面數骰子的組合，是否可以找到面數組合相同，但點數配置不同的Crazy Dice( 如4 面與6 面的標準骰子組合，找到4 面與6 面的Crazy Dice)(2) 多個面數相同或不同骰子的組合，是否可以找到面數、個數及點數配置皆不同的Crazy Dice ( 如3 個4 面標準骰子組合， 找到2 個8 面的Crazy Dice)在研究的過程中，我發現以下的現象：(1) Sicherman Dice 的產生，是生成函數因式重新組合的結果(2) Sicherman Dice 是否存在，則視上述重新組合的結果是否有負項產生由於上述的觀察，我使用自行發展的「負項消去」法來檢驗Sicherman 結論的正確性及求得n 面正多面體其對應的Sicherman 極限。同時我也和Col. George Sicherman 取得聯繫， 討論當年他發現Sicherman Dice 的經過及其結論的限制條件，作為本研究未來發展的參考。
The role of miRNAs in plant development and virus defense
微型RNA是最近發現的小RNA，調控生物體內的反應，包括生長、細胞分化、對抗病毒…等。植物利用RNA干擾 (RNAi) 或過敏反應 (HR) 對抗病毒感染。有趣的是，miR168可藉由降解mRNA或抑制轉譯，調控阿拉伯芥AGO1的表達，而AGO1是RNAi的一個重要元件。miR398則調控銅鋅超氧化物歧化? (CSD1, CSD2) 的表達，而CSD1, CSD2負責產生過氧化氫去引發細胞凋亡 (cell apoptosis)。帶有竹嵌紋病毒 (BaMV) 全長基因的轉殖菸草 (Nicotiana benthamiana) 品系27-17是我們的研究材料。27-17的幼葉不具病徵，隨著葉子的生長，病徵會漸漸變嚴重。我發現被病毒感染時，植物會提高AGO1的表達，使RNAi更有效率。然而，病毒藉提高miR168使AGO1的量無法上升。植物亦可提高CSD1, 2 mRNA的量，促進細胞凋亡。病毒卻會引發miR398降解CSD2 mRNA。在病毒力價高的葉子中，雖然CSD2 mRNA降低且miR398升高，植物仍可大量提高CSD2蛋白的量。CSD1 mRNA沒有被miR398負調控，詳細原因仍有待研究。
平面式雙頻天線合成陣列之研究
The feasibility of new design approach for dual-band antenna array using genetic algorithm is demonstrated in this study. In the past year, one dual-band printed-strip dipole antenna, which operates at 0.9/1.8 GHz, had been implemented in the laboratory and leads to a satisfactory performance. However, the antenna element is suitable for application at base-station rather than handset. Conventional antennas suitable for base-station application are arrays, which consist of antenna elements and at least one feed network. Feed networks for antenna arrays are usually designed to operate at single-band capability, and therefore, it requires two feed networks for a conventional dual-band antenna array. Nevertheless, a dual-band antenna array fed by signal feed network is feasible in our study. To begin with, a full-wave solver ID3D is applied to evaluate the impedance matrix of antenna array with eight elements. Then, the antenna array is modeled as a cascaded equivalent transmission line such that the genetic algorithm could network of dual-band antenna array and yields a seven-section design, which meets the specification of base-station antennas.在過去的一年裡，本人曾製作過具有雙頻效果的雙面印刷偶極天線，並得到不錯的量測結果。由於此天線單元於實際應用上適於基地台天線陣列之設計，所以本研究著眼於天線陣列的設計。傳統上天線陣列的結構包含了兩個部分，分別是天線單元以及饋入電路。目前基地台所使用的大多都是單頻天線陣列，在雙頻天線陣列部分，通常需要兩個饋入電路分別對不同頻帶作訊號的饋入；因此，我們希望能實現使用單一饋入電路製成雙頻天線陣列的想法。本研究中，我們利用之前所做出來的天線單元來合成陣列，並希望此陣列在0.9HGz和1.8GHz兩個頻段都能產生良好的共振效果。我們利用電磁模擬軟體IE3D估算具有八個天線單元的天線陣列阻抗陣列後，再將此天線陣列轉換成串接式等效傳輸線電路。借由基因演算法(genetic algorithm)對此電路做最佳化，我們可以求得饋入電路各段傳輸線的尺寸。由此研究發現，我們的方法應用於單一饋入電路之雙頻天線陣列的設計是可行的，而此電路的模擬結果亦符合基地台天線陣列的規格。
塑膠海岸－臺灣東北海岸微小塑膠污染之研究
一、目的：1.找出基隆沿岸是否受到塑膠微小物的污染，建立塑膠成分的簡易檢定法，3.分辨所發現塑膠微小物成分，4.試圖分析其污染源，並尋求減輕汙染方法。二、結果：本研究為首篇證實東北部海岸已遭受塑膠微小物污染之本土研究。我們想出了不用昂貴儀器的位之塑膠簡易成分判別法，發現海面漂浮的油渣含有塑膠微小物，還觀察到海岸生物（藤壺）由本來附生在岸邊的石頭上轉而附著於漂浮的塑膠垃圾及漁民和釣客所使用的浮標、漁網、浮桶等。三、為減少海岸的塑膠微小物污染，建議政府立法規定業者主義塑膠原料運送中產生的問題，並提倡垃圾分類，人民本身也應自我覺醒。Taiwan is an island, and the sea is very important for us. So in this study, we tried (1) to examine the small plastics (resin pellets and plastic fragments) pollution of the northeast coast, (2) to identify the components of unknown plastics by burning, soluability in organic solvents and relative weight but without using expensive instruments, and (3) to classify the small plastics we found and to find out where were they from. Our study is the first grassroot research proving that the northeast coast of Taiwan has been polluted by small plastics. We attempt to identify the components of unknown plastics without using expensive instruments. The present study discovers that there are many small plastics in the floating oil scum. The relation between the oil scum and small plastics needs more study. We finds marine life (bamacles) growing on floating small plastics. The ecological importance of this discovery needs more study. We also make suggestions for reducing the minute plastic pollution of the coasts: (1) the government should ask big companies to be more careful on the transport of plastic pellets, (2) people should be aware of the problems caused by small plastics.
嗜甲烷菌對丙烯催化模式之比較-溶解型與微粒體型甲烷單氧化酵素
在嗜甲烷菌中，甲烷與甲醇間的轉化是由甲烷單氧化酵素來進行。目前已知有兩種型態\r 的甲烷單氧化酵素，一種是溶解型甲烷單氧化酵素，存在於較低銅離子濃度之水溶液環境中﹔\r 另外一種為微粒體甲烷單氧化酵素，鑲嵌在細胞內質膜上，表現於較高的銅離子濃度環境下。\r 除了本身的天然基質－甲烷之外，其他種類之簡單烷烯類化合物，甚至芳香族化合物，均可\r 作為此酵素催化的基質。其中，甲烷單氧化酵素將丙烯轉化成環氧丙烯與甲烷轉化成甲醇的\r 催化活性非常接近，因此丙烯普遍被用來作為酵素活性測量的基質。為了直接測量它們的活\r 性，我們設計出一種方法，可以讓我們直接利用氣相色層分析儀，來偵測細胞的催化反應過\r 程。基於異丁烷在甲烷單氧化酵素幾乎不存在任何活性，故我們將其作為內標準氣體，並藉\r 由丙烯在氣相色層分析儀中吸收訊號的遞減來偵測細胞的催化活性。在多樣性的動力學實驗\r 中，我們發現以sMMO 為催化酵素時，丙烯的轉化是依據一級動力學反應趨勢而減少。相對\r 的，以pMMO 為催化酵素時，丙烯的減少趨勢則是依據零級動力學反應模式進行。在比較完\r Pipes 緩衝液、上清液蛋白質及內質膜蛋白質溶液之丙烯吸附量測試結果後，我們發現內質膜\r 蛋白可吸附的丙烯分子相對於其它兩種溶液是最多的。依據Michaelis-Menten 動力學理論，\r 可得到以下結論﹕丙烯的轉化在sMMO 中是以基質受限的催化形式進行，而在pMMO 中則\r 已達到最佳的催化速率。\r \r In methanotrophs, the oxidation of methane to methanol is catalyzed by methane\r monooxygenase. There are two distinct forms of the enzyme associated with different gene\r products. One is the soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) expressed in the cytosolic portion\r of the cell and grown under copper-limiting growth conditions. The other enzyme is the\r particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO), a membrane-associated protein that is expressed\r under high copper-to-biomass ratios. In addition to the natural substrates of methane gas,\r simple aliphatic alkanes, alkenes, or even aromatic compounds could be used as the substrates of\r the methane monooxygenase. In those gaseous simple alkenes and alkanes, propylene converted\r to propylene oxide by methane monooxygenase has been considered as popularly use for enzymatic\r activity determination because of its comparable activity to the methane gas. To measure the\r catalytic behavior of the methanotroph directly, we design a method to choose isobutane as the\r internal standard because of the negligible activity in the methane monooxygenase. The catalytic\r activity can be simply inferred from the decrease of the gaseous propylene signals in the GC\r chromatograms by generating the liquefied epoxides mediated by MMO within the methanotrophic\r bacteria. Under various kinetics measurements, when we incubate the methanotroph grown under\r copper-limiting concentrations, we observed the diminishment of propylene follow a first-order\r kinetic behavior with the over-expression of soluble methane monooxygenase. However, the\r growth of bacteria under 40 M presents the zero-order kinetic trend with the bulk expression of\r pMMO. After the quantification of the dissolved propylene in the deionized water, soluble\r proteins solution as well as membrane proteins solution, we observe the membrane proteins could\r adsorb more propylene molecules in comparison with the other solution mixtures. By considering\r Michaelis-Menten kinetics, we conclude the propylene conversion in sMMO is under substrate\r limiting catalysis whereas the pMMO has attended the optimized velocity of propylene conversion.
類固醇對斑馬魚胚胎細胞的影響
Steroid hormones are very important for physiological homeostasis, but some functions of steroids are still unclear during embryonic development. Embryonic cell movements are required forming embryonic body. Recently, there is already known Pregeneolone (P5) which could affect epiboly movement of zebrafish embryos is the first product of the steroidogenesis pathway, but effects of further downstream products on epiboly movement are unknown. In order to know this, we treat embryos with Pregnenolone (P5), 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone (17OH-P5), DHEA, Progesterone (P4), 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (17OH-P4), 11-Deoxycortisol (D), or Testosterone (T). We found out that P5 can accelerate epiboly movement, 17OH-P5 and D have no significant effects on it, and DHEA, P4, 17OH-P4, and T can decelerate it. These results indicated that steroids play important roles on embryonic epiboly movement in zebrafish. 類固醇荷爾蒙對生理平衡很重要，但其對於胚胎發育的影響仍舊不明。胚胎個體的形成需要胚胎細胞進行不同的移動排列。目前研究已知類固醇荷爾蒙生合成機制的第一個產物pregnenolone (P5)對斑馬魚胚胎epiboly 移動有影響，但其它更下游的類固醇荷爾蒙對epiboly移動的影響仍然未知。為了了解類固醇其他下游產物對魚卵早期細胞移動的影響，將胚胎處理Pregnenolone (P5) 、17α-Hydroxypregnenolone (17OH-P5) 、DHEA 、Progesterone (P4) 、17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (17OH-P4)、11-Deoxycortisol (D)、Testosterone (T)，發現17OH-P5、D對epiboly 的移動沒有影響，而DHEA、P4、17OH-P4、T 會使其變慢。這些結果說明了類固醇對胚胎細胞的移動扮演著重要角色。