鋅電極低污染性金屬浸鍍處理對銀鋅電池的影響
Because the electrolyte solution used in an alkaline battery is a concentrated KOH solution, the zinc electrode in such a battery undergoes both a charging reaction and a corrosive reaction with the alkaline solution. The corrosive reaction not only reduces the lifetime of the battery but also produces hydrogen, which can cause the battery to explode and burn. Most of the zinc alkaline batteries currently on the market use mercury plating on the zinc electrode to increase its resistance to corrosion. To reduce corrosion of the zinc electrode in an alkaline battery and to avoid the use of toxic mercury, this study aimed to design a device to measure the quantity of hydrogen gas produced during the charging of a zinc-silver battery. We plated the zinc electrode with the immersion electroless plating method, using several different kinds of low-polluting anticorrosive additives(metallic compounds such as lead, tin, and indium)instead of mercury. We also used the vacuum immersion electroless plating method and added zincate ion into electrolyte solution to reduce further the quantity of hydrogen produced. The results of the experiment revealed that either a 10:1 or 100:1 ratio of lead to tin under optimal conditions will yield much better results than mercury.鹼性電池中使用的電解質溶液為濃氫氧化鉀溶液，因此電池中的鋅極除了放電反應之外，也會與濃鹼溶液中發生腐蝕反應。鋅極的腐蝕作用不僅會降低電池放電壽命，而且所產生的氫氣更可能使電池發生爆裂燃燒的危險。目前市面上所售之含鋅鹼性電池，大多是用鋅極鍍「汞」作為鋅極抗腐蝕的方法。為了改善銀鋅鹼性電池中鋅極在放電時的腐蝕效應，以及減少其所產生的氫氣量，本實驗設計了一動態放電裝置，可用於檢測銀鋅電池的放電電壓、放電時間與鋅極腐蝕反應的氫氣生成量。本研究藉由浸鍍其他低污染性金屬溶液 (鉛、錫、銦的化合物)來取代不環保的鍍汞製程，並進一步設計抽真空的浸鍍裝置，以及電解質溶液採用含有ZnO22-的KOH溶液，有效的降低電池中氫氣生成量。最後綜合所有優良條件，以鋅極採用真空浸鍍(Pb:Sn)為(10:1)及(100:1)的條件，此舉非常有效地提高電池中鋅極抗腐蝕性。此項製程所使用的Pb、Sn污染性質遠遠低於目前工業上所使用的汞製程污染，而且製程成本也遠遠低於Hg製程成本。
The Main Features Of Climate Change On The South-West Of Yakutia In The Last 100 Years
1. Purpose of the research to detect the dynamics of the change of moisture regime on the territories of Olekminsk area for the past 100 years.\r 2. Procedures for analysis we used as materials of observations on the testing areas of school of ecological control of our Center, so and of the meteorological station Jikimda situated on the territories of Olekminsk reserve, as literary sources. Time-series analysis was conducted as to following scheme: for period 1901 -1914, 1949-1958 and for period 1996 -2009.\r 3. Data The changes of the temperature of air and sediments for the period of instrumental observations from 1901 to 2009 were analyzed\r 4. Conclusions Climate is characterized with many parameters coming in radiation, the heat and aqueous balances of territory. The most simple and widely measured parameters are the temperature of air and the quantity of atmospheric condensation. Carried out researches and the analysis of received results let us make tentative conclusions:\r 1. Average amount of precipitation increased on 41% (with 229 mm during the period 1901-1914 till 390 mm for period 1998 - 2006)\r 2. The decrease of firm precipitation in cold period and increasing of fluid precipitation in warm period are noticed for 100 years.\r 3. The gross amount of days with precipitation grows from 135 days (period 1901 - 1914) till 160 days (for period 1996 - 2006). For period 1901 -1914 a month with the greatest quantity of days with precipitation is January. The middle quantity of days with precipitation in it composes 16 days. A month with the least quantity of days with precipitation is July. The middle quantity of days with precipitation in it composes 8 days for period 1996 -2006. We should note that though increasing of the quantity of days with precipitation is on the cold period of year, increasing of the value of precipitation arises at expense of warm months. This reflects well the annual motion of the force of precipitation as to studied periods, the force of precipitation grows, in the first case achieving maximum in August, into second - in July. The maximal significances of the force of the precipitation of second period exceed of such the first period almost in two times.\r 4. The disposition of meteorological phenomena shows the change of climate to moistness. There are more days with fog, snow-storm, the quantity of days with precipitation increases from more 1mm, so more and 5 mm and it’s noticed that the quantity of days at a speed of wind more 10 and 15m/sec increases.\r 5. The change of the precipitation amount, especially in warm period affects the level and the expense of water in the Lena River. Analyzing as to decades the statistics on stratum of flow as to stratum flow since 1930 till 2006 can be noted tendency increasing of stratum flow from 132.8 mm in 1930 till 289 mm in 2006. The significance of the annualized expense of water with 6370 in 1999 till 8710 m/sec in 2006 enlarge, the annualized level of water changes from 282 till 376 cm. It is according. The area of the movement of the significances of the indicators changes to their increasing in the course of the year for the last 10 years. Averaging their significance exceed the norm of 18%.\r In conclusion we want to note that global change of climate actually touches all of us and already has significant influence on natural environment and the life of people. In simple words warming - the increase of temperature - for the many areas of our north country might become a favorable change of the conditions of life. But the trouble is that the change of climate is much more complex process, and one of its main manifestations is the augmentation of the instability of climatic conditions, changes of flora and fauna, increasing of infectious diseases. This influences badly on natural ecosystems and complicates the life of people. Besides, too quick warming does not let natural ecosystems adapt themselves, and they can be destroyed. And at least now we shouldn’t wait doing nothing, it is necessary to take all efforts to try to reduce climate change effect.
稀子蕨的生殖策略探討
稀子蕨（Monachosorum henryi Christ）生長在台灣中海拔山區，是少數具有特殊生殖方式(不定芽)的蕨類。本研究對東眼山的稀子蕨族群進行物候調查，以了解其進行孢子繁殖及不定芽繁殖的過程，並試圖探討稀子蕨的不定芽是否可增加其族群對環境的適應性。研究結果顯示稀子蕨的孢子體及原葉體都無法在乾旱的環境下生存，常有大規模乾死的現象；而其不定芽則具有很強的耐旱性，無論是在季節普遍性及幼苖發育程度上，生殖芽都比孢子繁殖較佔優勢。而且其不定芽於旱季結束後，可迅速萌發，長出的孢子葉可隨之進行有性(孢子)及無性(不定芽)生殖，使其族群不至於在旱季中有地區性滅絕之虞。;Monachosorum henryi Christ , which exists in the middle elevations of the mountainous regions of Taiwan, is a fern with a special reproductive system seldom found in other ferns.This study investigates the phenology of Monachosorum henryi population in the Don Yang mountain region. Its purpose is to understand the sexual and asexual reproductive cycles of these ferns and to interpret whether or not the buds can increase the fitness of their population during the dry season.The results show that it is extremely difficult for the sporophyte and prothallus of Monachosorum henryi to survive in a drought. However, the buds have a much stronger drought endurance. According to this investigation, the adventitious buds of Monachosorum henryi are superior to the spores in seedling development in every season. Adventitious buds are able to germinate soon after the dry season as well as in any other season, and are able to grow spores and buds on their fronds enabling both a sexual and asexual way of proliferation. In this way the fern avoids a district extinction of their population.
見微知「駐」-水珠律動與圓駐波
It is always fascinating to see water droplet’s dancing around on a Japanese teppanyaki hotplate surface. The water usually does not evaporate immediately, but form interesting shapes, dance around and follow by evaporation of gaseous water and disappear. In this experiment, we designed a very simple experimental set-up to observe the little water droplets dancing on a heated hotplate. A homemade stainless plate and a small heater attached to the plate, and a thermal couple was assembled. With this simple setup, we observed the variation of water droplet’s shape as a function of the hotplate temperatures. The temperature of the water droplets, the duration of the water on the hotplate, and the shape number were measured. The shape formation mechanism was proposed. We found when the water droplet was subject to high heat due to the contact of the surface and the hotplate, the abrupt evaporation of the water molecules and violent vibration cause the formation of the various shapes to reach thermal equilibrium; the number of the shapes and the oscillation can be described by Laplace’s equation,Using a high-speed camera, we found the higher the temperature of the water, the more variations of the water droplet shapes can be observed. In addition, at a certain temperature range, the number of the water shapes did not change, suggesting a similar phase transformation behavior on the shape formation.
緣起： 邂逅專題研究、水珠漫舞、剪輯影片，引起我們想更進一步揭開它的神秘面紗。
緣續： 了解熱平台上水滴大小的變化及水珠基本的形狀及變化律動。
緣繫： 進一步研究水珠多變的面貌，並探討水珠的大小、溫度、停滯時間及變化規律相關機制。
緣定： 糾纏在水珠圓舞曲中有如大珠小珠落玉盤的曼妙，其中埋藏了平均圓與能量量子化的律動。
以離子溶液催化醇與酸酐的之酯化反應
在酯化反應中，經由實驗結果，我們發現離子液體對於此反應有催化的效果。離子液體 是在室溫下呈現液態的離子化合物，將醇類與酸酐放入離子液體中有助於酯化反應的進行， 基於這個新的發現，我們開始尋找使用不同種類的離子液體做實驗，選出適當的離子液體， 並且測試離子液體在不同環境下的催化效果，以及適合的使用計量；更進一步，我們找出離 子液體在催化反應之後，將離子液體回收的方法：利用有機溶劑將離子液體和產物分層並萃 取出產物，把離子液體回收再利用，符合現代推動綠色化學的趨勢。接下來我們探討離子液 體對催化反應的擴展性與應用，先由不同結構的一級醇反應到醯胺鍵的生成，最後推展到合 成阿斯匹靈，實驗結果說明，用離子液體做催化劑，也可以成功的合成阿斯匹靈。 We have established for the first time that ionic liquids, which possess the property of Lewis acid, can facilitate acylation of alcohols with anhydrides to form esters with photo-excitation. With the initial finding, we then screen through different types of ionic liquids with varying counter anions, loading, and external light or heat sources to sort out the best reaction conditions. To gain insights into the working mechanism, the dynamic profile of the catalytic reaction was monitored by analyzing the reaction mixture by using ‘H NMR spectroscopy. The ionic liquids can be recovered by extractive separation from the acylation product, which meets the major theme of green chemistry. To extend the substrate scope and applications of the new catalytic process, different functional primary alcohols and amines were further examined. More importantly, we have utilized the new catalytic protocol for the acetylating of salicylic acid, leading to aspirin with high efficiency.