三等獎

1. Purpose of the research: Recovering bioethanol from fruit wastes by using brewing yeast and enzyme Viscozyme L\r 2. Procedures: Four different experiments were conducted in our project.\r Experiment-1: Samples in RM by the addition of only S.Cerevisia.\r Experiment-2: Samples in RM broth meduim by the addtion of 100 μl/g ViscozymeL and S. Cerevisiae\r Experiment-3 : ViscozymeL with different concentration\r Experiment-4: to determenine whether the enzyme with high concentration inhibited the fermentation.\r Analysis of ethanol: HPLC method was used for the analysis;\r HPLC method: (high performance liquid chromatography)\r 3. Data\r HPLC measured initial and final concentrations of glucose and ethanol by the addtion of S. Cerevisiae.\r Initial glucose concentration and final ethanol concentration was the highest in Grape pulp 12 and 9 g/L respectively. Despite the glucose concentration was the lowest, the ethanol concentration was quite high (7 g/L) in the mixture with orange. The lowest ethanol was produced in the mixture with pomegranate.\r Concentrations of ethanol and glucose from the samples in RM broth meduim by the addtion of 100 μl/g ViscozymeL and S. Cerevisiae\r After the 24 hour incubation by the addition of enzyme glucose concentration incresed by 1, 4 and 2 respectively in sample 1, 2 and 3. The ethanol concentrations in comparison to first experiment were higher especially in the sample1 (grape pulp).\r Effect of ViscozymeL with different concentration on glucose production.\r The glucose concentration generally increased by the addition of 200 micro L of enzyme as the time proceeded. In grape pulp sample glucose concentartion didnt increased by the addition of 500 micro L enzyme.\r The remaning glucose and produced ethanol concentrations by the addition of viscozyme L with two different concentartion and S. Cerevisiae\r As the concentartion of enzyme added incresed the amout of ethanol also inreased in sample 2 and 3 but in the sample 3 the fermentation was inhibited.\r 4. Conclusions\r In this study sugars in fruit wastes that are regularly not recylecled were fermented successfully into ethanol by using S. Cerevisiae.\r Generally we get more ethanol from the samples when the enzyme was used. As the graph5 shows the ethanol concentration generally increased as the enzyme concentration increased. But especially in the sample1 (mixture with pomegranate) at 200 and 500 micro liter concentrations, ethanol production were 2 and 0 g/L respectively. In the light of this daha we conluded that the enzyme with high concentartion might inhibit the fermentation. When the activity of enzyme was inhibited by keeping the pretreated enzyme in boiling water, the fermentation restarted and recovered more ethanol; 8 and 12 g/L at the enzyme concentration of 200 and 500 microliter respectively.

本研究自2005 年12 月開始，以臺北市內湖區大湖自公園死亡的漂浮琵琶鼠魚(Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish )為主要研究對象，探討外來物種與放生行為對大湖生態系的影響。 研究期間共觀察到死亡的琵琶鼠魚隻數計有1085 隻，可記錄到個體形質資料的隻數為910 隻，背鰭棘數則有11 棘、12 棘、13 棘與14 棘四種，分析四種不同棘數的琵琶鼠魚後發現：在體長、頭寬及吻到背鰭長度均無差異(p>0.05)，因此判斷所記錄的個體應是棘甲鯰科(Loricariidae) Pterygoplichthys 屬中的同一種魚種。由檢視魚體並分析記錄數量與環境因子相關性後推測：琵琶鼠魚死亡主因是劇烈起伏的溫度差異，其次是人為因素的刻意傷害。 所記錄到大湖池塘水棲動物有：環節動物、軟體動物、節肢動物、魚類、兩棲動物及爬行動物等六大類共34 種，其中外來物種有16 種，本地入侵物種有3 種，而這些外來動物進入大湖的主要管道應是由個人的棄養或放生行為所造成。琵琶鼠魚因繁殖能力強、具攻擊性、吞食其他魚種卵塊、可適應高污染水體及垂釣客對魚種的篩選等因素，而成為最具生存競爭能力的優勢魚種。不但造成大湖池塘呈現嚴重魚種單一化，更可由靜止水域大量擴散至流動水域。未來如何將政府相關部門、學術研究單位與民間社團等力量結合，共同防範大湖琵琶鼠魚的持續蔓延、宣導民眾正確的放生觀念、積極改善大湖水體污染狀況，並訂定完整之外來物種移除計畫，以期恢復大湖池塘物種歧異度，都將是刻不容緩的重要生態課題。;This research began in December of 2005. Focusing on dead floating Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish in Dahu Park, Nei-hu Distrct, Taipei city. We discuss the impacts of Alien and of behaviors of the release of captured animals on Dahu Park’s ecosystem. During observation period, there were totally 1085 dead Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish, of which 910 bodies were found. The number of the thorn bushes on dorsal fins includes 11, 12, 13,and 14. After analyzing four kinds of different thorn bushes, we find that no differences exist in Total length, Head width, Predorsal length (p>0.05). We hence conclude that the recorded object should be species with identical with Loricariidae Pterygoplichthys. With the inspection of the fish’s body and the analysis of the relevance of the recorded quantity and the environmental factor, we infer that the main reason of the Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish’s death is violent temperature differences and the second is attributed to human’s intentional abuse. The aquatic animals of Dahu Park amount to 34 kinds and six classes such as Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Pisces, Amphobian, and Reptilia. Among them, 16 kinds that are Alien and 3 kinds are Native Invasive Species. Intentional abandon and release behavior channel of these Alien to Dahu Park. Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish are highly productive, aggressive, and adaptable to highly polluted water. Besides, they eat ovums from other fishes. Moreover, they are not the fisher’s preference and hence often thrown back into pond once hooked . Thus, they become the most competitive survival fish species in Dahu Park. The high competitive ability of Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish causes Dahu Park to present a serious unification of fish species. This serious unification of fish species could also be spread from static water areas of Dahu Park to flowing water areas. According to our research, certain urgent ecological issues in Dahu Park are to take precautions against the spread of Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish, to promote the correct idea of releasing captured animals, to improve Dahu Park’s water pollution, and to stipulate a complete plan about eliminating Alien. Our research suggest that government’s relevant departments, academic research units, and folk corporations should be cooperated to achieve the above four goals. Once the four goals are achieved, we believe that the fish species of Dahu Park will be full of varieties again.

黑擬蛺蝶(Junonia iphita iphita)為台灣地區常見的蛺蝶，其幼蟲具有築巢行為，但文獻中對其幼蟲行為的描述極少，因此本實驗探討黑擬蛺蝶幼蟲在野外的族群變化與環境之關係，並研究幼蟲築巢行為，以探討其適應環境的生存策略。首先於室內及恆溫生長箱中飼養幼蟲，以建立其生活史基本資料，並於野外統計各齡期幼蟲在不同植物上的數量變化及築巢行為的差異，以探討不同環境因素對幼蟲築巢之影響。由實驗結果得知，黑擬蛺蝶生活史短，可取食多種爵床科(Acanthaceae)之植物，其寄主植物除文獻所紀錄之台灣馬藍(Strobilanthes formosanus)及賽山藍(Blechum pyramudatum)等外，也取食大安水蓑衣(Hydrophila pogonocalyx)、無花水蓑衣(Hygrophila violacea)、易生木(Hemigraphis repanda)及翠蘆利(Ruellia brittoniana)等。黑擬蛺蝶幼蟲野外族群波動與溫溼度及雨量等環境因子並無直接關係。黑擬蛺蝶一年發生多世代且有世代重疊情形，世代波動與四季律動關係不明顯，顯示黑擬蛺蝶對環境的適應力大。黑擬蛺蝶幼蟲利用築巢以適應環境變化，應是其幼蟲良好的生存策略。且幼蟲在強風及光線強的環境下築巢率增加，降雨時則減少。Junonia iphita iphita belongs to Nymphalidae（Lepidoptera）. They can be found easily in the wilderness of Taiwan. Its larva shows nest-making behavior. However, there is little literature documenting the behaviors of its larva. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the quantities of Junonia iphita iphita’s larvae and its natural habitat, to research its nesting behaviors, and to investigate its survival strategies to adapt to the environment. I started by raising larvae in a growth chamber under a controlled temperature in order to obtain its initial information regarding its life history. In the field, I documented the numbers and the changes of larvae at each stage on different host plants and recorded the differences in its nest-making behavior in order to find out which environment factors influence the nest-making of Junonia iphita iphita’s larvae. These experiments concluded that the life history of larvae is short. The immature intaking habit showed that the larva takes various plants of the Acanthaceae. In addition to the host plants mentioned in the literature, such as Strobilanthes formosanus, and Blechum pyramidatum, Junonia iphita iphita’s larvae also live by Hydrophila pogonocalyx, Hygrophila violacea, Hemigraphis repanda, and Ruelba brittoniana, which were not listed in the literature. Through experiments, I discovered that there is no direct correlation between the population fluctuations of larvae and it’s enviroment including factors such as temperature, humidity or rainfall. Junonia iphita iphita can produce multi-generations in a year accompanying generation overlapping. There is also no obvious correlation between the generation fluctuations and changing seasons, showing that larvae can easily adapt to the environment. Junonia iphita iphita’s larvae adapt themselves to the different environments by nest-making which should be a good survival strategy. Besides, the rate of nest-making increases when larvae are under strong winds and strong lights and decreases when the rain falls.

本研究首先確認培地茅根系具有碎形之基本特性，再進一步以方格覆蓋法計算之碎形維度來分析培地茅根系在不同時間及環境因素下的生長。主要探討碎形維度與抓地力之關係，並設計以實際根系模型來加以模擬，並發展出一可描述抓地力與碎形維度及深度關係的方程式。我們的結論為：（1） 經由方格覆蓋法之計算，培地茅此種植物，不管是整個根系或單枝根，均具有碎形基本特性，適合進一步實驗研究。（2） 碎形維度會隨著培地茅生長時間增長而增加，並且在自然光照及30℃左右會有較大值，而種植於土壤中根系發展較廣，其碎形維度比種植於沙耕中來的高。（3） 實驗結果顯示，抓地力受碎形維度及根系深度兩因素影響，而培地茅根系對土壤有較強的抓地力，推測是因為兩者根系皆又深又長，土中培地茅根碎形維度較大，接觸面積較廣，而又進一步以矽膠模型做實驗驗證。（4） 矽膠模型之目的在於減少難控制之自然變因，實驗之前，測量了根系模型與洋菜凍之基本性質，實驗結果顯示抓地力與碎形維度及根系深度皆呈正向關係，可用數學方程式加以描述。This project is mainly a research into the fractal dimension of the vetiver root system. First, we confirm the vetiver root system has the basic fractal structure by checking its self-similarity, then using box-counting method to calculate fractal dimension. We begin with a fundamental investigation into the relation between different time and environmental factors and fractal dimension. Then we move to our main point: the relation between fractal dimension and its pull-out resistance. In the next step, we make a fundamental silicon model, simulating the vetiver root system, to continue our experiments. In the end, we develop a formula that can describe the relation between its pull-out resistance, roots depth and fractal dimension. Here are our conclusions: （1） After using box-counting method to calculate fractal dimension, we discover that not only the whole vetiver root system but also a single vetiver root has the basic fractal structure. （2） Fractal dimension increases when time goes on. Also the value of fractal dimension is larger in natural sunlight and the temperature at about 30℃.The vetiver root system grows more widely in soil than those in sand. That’s why it has larger fractal dimension. （3） Data shows that its pull-out resistance is influenced by both fractal dimension and the depth of the roots. The vetiver roots, in the meantime, show greater pull-out resistance than some other plants. Thus we draw the assumption that the vetiver root system grows deep and wide, and in natural soil its fractural dimension is greater and reaches greater area. Therefore, a silicon model is constructed to further confirm the findings of the experiment.（4） The design of the silicon model is to reduce the uncontrollable variables in nature. Before starting the experiment, we measured some basic characteristics of the silicon model, including density and angle of repose. Furthermore, the experiment demonstrates that pull-out resistance and fractural dimension have a commensurate mutual relation: the stronger the pull-out resistance, the wider the fractural dimension and the deeper the root system. Thus we derive a math formula to describe this relation.

本研究針對台灣產水生植物，蓴菜之構造與生長環境、蓴菜對腸胃道常見致病細菌之抑菌效果以及主要成分暨化合物分析。由本研究結果得知，崙埤湖內之稀有浮葉型水生植物蓴菜，其生長環境為無汙染之乾淨偏酸性水源，最適合生長之生深為50-160 ㎝；水溫則為22-25℃；而蓴菜之地下根莖對表皮金黃葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）具有輕度之抑菌效果，經由分離純化得知為BS-1：沒食子酸（Gallic acid）；另外，由蓴菜之葉片分離出十種成分分別為BS-2 （Kaempferol-7-O-Glucosids）、BS-3 （Quercetin-7-O-glucosids）、BS-4（5,8,4’-Trihydroxyflavone-7-O-glucosids）、BS-5 （3,5,8,3’4’-Pentahydroxy flavone）、BS-6（Vitamin E: d-Tocopherol）、BS-7 （Glyceride）、BS-8 （Phenolic A）、BS-9（Quercetin）、BS-10（Kaempferol）、BS-11（Phenolic B）。其中發現BS-8 對神經膠腫瘤細胞株有18.42%之抑癌效果，另外，BS-2、BS-3、BS-5、BS-10、BS-11 等成分，呈現良好之美白作用。This investigation is to analyze Brasenia schreberi Gmel., a native rare floating water plant in Taiwan, focusing on the plant’ s structure, its growth environment and, most importantly, the effect of chemical compounds it produces on restraining the common pathogenic bacteria in human stomach. The result indicates that the most suitable growth environment for Brasenia schreberi Gmel. is in slightly acid, pollution-free water such as that in the lake Lung Pi in northern Taiwan. The ideal water depth for its growth is 50-160 cm, and the water temperature is 22-25°C. The impractical BS-1 (Gallic acid) extracted from the izome of Brasenia schreberi Gmel. by separation and purification has a light effect on restraining Staphylococcus aureus, a bacteria in the stomach. From the epidermis of the blade of Brasenia schreberi Gmel., ten other ingredients are also isolated, including BS-2 (Kaempferol-7-O-glucosids), BS-3 (Quercetin-7-O-glucosids), BS-4 (5,8,4’-Trihydroxyflavone-7-O-glucosids), BS-5 (3,5,8,3’,4’-Pentahydroxyflavone), BS-6 (Vitamin E: d-Tocopherol ), BS-7 ( Glyceride ), BS-8 (Phenolic A ), BS-9 (Quercetin), BS-10 (Kaempferol),and BS-11 (Phenolic B). BS-8 is found to resist cancer C6 ( Glioma ) by 18.42%, while BS-2,BS-3, BS-5, BS-10, and BS-11 show an outstanding effect on skin-whitening.

牛樟芝(Antrodia cinnamomea)是台灣特有的原生藥用真菌，長期被民間認為具有治療癌症、腹瀉、高血壓或保肝的效果。本研究的目的是探討牛樟芝子實體乙醇萃取物對人類乳癌細胞的抑制效用，乳癌是全世界女性最常見的癌症之一，我們透過比較不同培養時期三個月(AC-3)、六個月(AC-6)及九個月(AC-9)子實體之化學指紋圖譜，並測試它們抑乳癌細胞活性之差異。結果顯示，培養三個月的牛樟芝子實體AC-3抽出成份對乳癌細胞的生長抑制作用最佳；而利用西方墨點法探討牛樟芝對細胞週期或凋亡相關蛋白質的變化，推測AC-3可影響乳癌細胞的細胞週期調控，並誘發細胞凋亡。未來我們將進一步深入研究牛樟芝子實體AC-3之抗癌作用機制，並研究對乳癌細胞轉移作用的影響，找出牛樟芝子實體中主要的抗乳癌活性成分。

Light diffraction and interference are two of most basic experiments, but they’re the most powerful evident of wave properties of light. Due to the lack of high-quality and fairly accurate equipment, these important experiments are limited to the simple demonstration of the phenomena. Especially, the spatial intensity variations of diffraction and interference patterns are, however, completely not drawn to scale. In order to precisely measure the diffraction and interference patterns intensity, we consult lots of reference, search for suitable materials and reuse waste old and useless laser printers. Finally, overcoming disadvantages of time consumption and poor spatial resolution, we develop two accurate, practical and delicate methods. We use optical power control circuit created on our own to steady the brightness emitting of laser diode. Then the high linear photoelectric detector is stored on XYZ axis micro movement control platform. Next high degree of reflection rotating polygon mirror employing optical lever is collocated with low vibration blushless motor. Thus, a self-scanning intensity pattern plotter is accomplished. At the same time, it overcome difficulties like time wasting and low reliability during doing these kind of optical experiments. In this article these two dependable and worth popularizing measurements of light diffraction and interference is going to be introduced. 光的繞射與干涉實驗是光學中最基本的實驗之一，也是證明光的波動性質之最主要的依據。在一般的高中物理實驗室中受限於器材的等級與精度，只能對光的繞射與干涉做近似定性的實驗，尤其是繞射、干涉圖形上的光能量分佈，完全無法以現有的器材做精準的測量。 在這一年的專題研究中，我們小組針對測量光的繞射、干涉能量分佈為目標，參閱許多相關文獻，四處尋找適用的材料及零件，發揮廢物利用的精神，克服萬難，發展出兩種精巧、實用又準確的測量方法，我們以自行發展的光功率控制電路使雷射二極體的光度穩定，並且以高線性度的光感測元件裝載在自行設計的X.Y.Z微動機台上，同時利用光槓桿原理所構成的高反射度的旋轉六面鏡，配合低震動的無刷馬達，完成了一套能自動掃瞄繞射能量分佈曲線的測試儀，經實際使用相當地穩定可靠，可以快速而精確地獲得大量的實驗數據，比對這些數據不僅能驗證繞射理論，並能更深入地延伸理論的探討。

線蟲捕捉菌Arthrobotrys musiformis 是一種可經線蟲誘導產生捕捉網來捕捉線蟲的真菌，本實驗即針對A. musiformis 的捕捉網黏液相關基因：Manosyltransferase（AH73）, β-1,3-glucan transferase（AH102）, fimbrin（AH121）及mannose-specific lectin precursor（AH338）進行選殖與功能界定，希望建立這方面的研究基礎，將來能應用在松材線蟲的生物防治上。首先我們大量培養A. musiformis，萃取菌絲體的DNA；接著進行聚合?連鎖反應 (Polymerase Chain Reaction，PCR) ，利用專一性引子對 (primer) 大量增幅AH73、AH102、AH121 及AH338之基因片段；增幅後的產物經過純化、選殖，定序並進行分析比對，確認增幅之序列無誤後，以 Digoxigenin (DIG) 標示當為探針，篩檢A. musiformis 的Fosmid Library﹔目前已成功選殖出AH73 之可能基因，完成AH73 之探針製備，並以其篩檢A. musiformis 的Fosmid Library﹔呈雜合正反應之選殖株 (clones) 將以散彈槍方法（shotgun）定序，作序列組合，探索相關的基因；接下來用 Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends（RACE) 做出互補DNA (complementary DNA , cDNA) 全長度後；最後建構基因缺失株，驗證此基因所調控的生理以及生化機能。 Nematode trapping fungus Arthrobotrys musiformis can capture nematodes by producing adhesive nets when nematodes go through. Many kinds of nematodes, including pine wood nematode (Bursaphelencus xylophilus), can be captured. Pine wood nematode causes serious pine wood disease. Therefore, A. musiformis has the potential of biocontrol in pine wood nematode. Our research focused on adhesion and adhesive relevant genes of A. musiformis ：Manosyltransferase (AH73), β-1,3-glucan transferase (AH102), fimbrin (AH121), and mannose-specific lectin precursor (AH338). We try to clone these genes and carry out functional analysis. In order to achieve this goal, we used specific primers derived from previously obtained complementary DNA (cDNA), by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to amplify these genes and gained adequate quantity of genomic DNA products. After sequencing and verifying of the identity of the genomic DNA, we use Digoxigenin （DIG） to label them and use them as probes to screen the constructed A. musiformis Fosmid Library. Currently, the Southern colony hybridization is undergoing. The positive Fosmid clones against the specific probes will be sequenced completely by shotgun library to monitor the existence of adhesion related gene cluster. After working out the full length cDNA of these genes, we will use them to construct replacement vectors to knockout the adhesion related genes, creating mutants and further verify their functions through genotype or phenotype bioassay.

This study was to explore the nature of two basic constitutes of the regular pentagon,With these two constitutes, the regular pentagon could be multiplied into any times. We used four multiplication methods (m2 = 2m1 + n1 、n2 = m1 + n1 、m2= k2m1 、n2= k2n1、a2 = a1 + 1、a2 = a1 + ) to show how the regular pentagon could enlarge and to verify that the enlarged regular pentagons derived from computer did exist. By integrating these four multiplication methods, we were able to arrange regular pentagon of any length of side, and evidenced the equation was ( If the side length of a regular pentagon is a form of m,n is the number of A,B respectively ) We further proved that the first multiplication method could be developed into a new modified method, which could divide a regular pentagon with a given side length into a combination of A and B. But only when the x and y of side length of a regular pentagon could be divided by a natural number, k, and made x/k into an item of the Fibonacci Sequence and y/k a successive item. When we tried to verify if any regular pentagon could be constituted by other smaller regular pentagons, we also found that it was un-dividable only if the length of pentagon side were ( the number of A, B were the 2n and 2n-1 item of Lucas Sequence). Otherwise, any regular pentagon might be able to be constituted by other smaller regular pentagons. 本研究是以正五邊形的兩個基本組成元素(B)作為討論對象，利用此二元素可以將正五邊形做任意倍數的放大。我們共使用4種繁殖法則(m2 = 2m1 + n1 、n2 = m1 + n1 、m2= k2m1 、n2= k2n1、a2 = a1 + 1、a2 = a1 + ) 來說明正五邊形的放大情形，並利用此4 種繁殖法驗證電腦運算出的放大圖形確實存在。利用這4 種繁殖法則的改良與整合，已達到能排出任意邊長之正五邊形的目標，並能計算並證明出其通式為。 (若正五邊形的邊長為形式,m、n代表、的個數) 更特別的是，我們能用第一繁殖法反推出一種方法，將給定邊長的正五邊形利用簡單的切割方式分成由A、B 組合成的形式，但只有正五邊形邊長之x、y 值可同除以任一自然數k 而使 x/k 為費波那契數列之一項且 y/k 為其後一項者才可以使用。 將此想法推廣至一個正五邊形能否由比他小的其他五邊形組合而成時，我們也發現當正五邊形之邊長為時（其A、B 個數為盧卡斯數列之第2n,2n-1 項），不可分解，否則應該皆可將一個正五邊形分解成比它小的其他五邊形組合（我們也可以利用這些質形檢驗出其他正五邊形是否也為質形）。但其分解形式，不只一種，而我們推測只用兩種較小的正五邊形就能達成，我們期待能找出一或多種分解方法，能將正五邊形分解成標準的分解形式。

A pair of bacterial two-component system RssB-RssA was cooperated into Serratia marcescens for toxicity phenolic compound detection. First step of this study, E coli was used to accept the plasmid and certified by fluorescent. Then transfer the system from E coli into Serratia marcescens. Finally, 7 kinds of chemical, included phenol, benzene, toluene, xylenes, 4-chlorotoluene, 2-nitrotoluene, and kerosene, were used to check the sensitivity of this gene modified Serratia marcescens line. The results showed that this gene modified Serratia marcescens line had good performances and responses to those chemicals. 本實驗是以一受到二元訊號傳遞系統調控的發光基因重組質體，送入黏質色拉雷菌中，並以製備好的菌株進行毒性化合物之測試。在實驗的第一階段，我們將重組質體送入大腸桿菌內，並以其發光的有無來判斷是否達到送入的目的，其後再以電泳法確認各基因片段是否正確。第二階段再以相同的方法將選殖好的重組發光質體送入黏質色拉雷菌。第三階段，以發光重組菌針對酚、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、4-氯甲苯、2-硝基甲苯及煤油進行發光測試。結果方面，我們發現黏質色拉雷菌發光重組菌對於這一系列的酚環類化合物的確具有相當高的敏感度。