地球與環境科學

Washing is one of the things that must be done by every household. Rural and urban communities have to wash clothes every day, to get clean clothes so they can be reused. But it turns out that with many households doing this activity, it will cause side effects that are not good. The impact will worsen the quality of the surrounding water because this activity is not equipped with a waste treatment process, but instead is dumped directly into the nearest ditch or river. As a result, this waste causes water pollution. The chemical compositions contained in detergents are grouped into 3, namely surface active substances ranging from 20-30%, reinforcing agents are the largest detergent components ranging from 70-80% and other ingredients around 2-8%, where surfactants are the main ingredients. cleaning agent in detergent. If not managed properly, it will cause environmental problems in the future. This research was carried out for 4 months at MAN Sidoarjo and Brawijaya University. The research method used was research and development and experiment methods, and data collection techniques using the observation method. From these problems, we offer a solution by making an internet of things-based device which we call HOPE WASTE (House Processor Waste) with IoT (Internet of Things) as the processing of household laundry liquid waste. HOPE Waste is a house-shaped device that functions to treat Laundry Liquid Waste which combines electrocoagulation methods and utilizes Biosorbents, namely Barringtonia Asiatica and Activated Charcoal which are made into powder. Where the Biosorbent content can bind chemicals in laundry liquid waste so that we can combine them using environmentally friendly IoT-based electrocoagulation methods.

涇渭分明是世界上少見的河流現象，濁水與清水可以各自分流互不混合。此次研究透過實驗，改變兩水體流量差、匯聚角度、水體泥沙濃度、水中鹽濃度探討濁水及清水混和程度，並藉由水體顏色的透光程度數據化實驗結果，並透過程式與圖表進行推演，得出影響混和程度的變因及其相關程度。 根據實驗數據，角度越小、清水大於濁水的流量越大、濃度在一定範圍下，河流分明的現象將越明顯，然而礙於實驗尺度不如自然界，實驗結果存在臨界值。而此結論與自然界狀況做對照亦有類似結論。 整體來說,分流現象是多種自然因素下的結果，單一因素的討論難以完整表達全體效果，但可以看出其趨勢，以及對於涇渭分明現象的影響程度。

本研究主要成果爲： 一、 利用本分析法成功驗證颶風Bill (2009) 侵襲美國東岸期間沿著棚裂形成的“stormquakes” 現象（下文稱爲「風暴震」）。 二、 探討並確認近十年間10個中、強颱通過臺灣附近水域時，臺灣的地震測站沒有記錄到風暴震產生的訊號。 我們透過頻譜分析發現，0.01 ~ 0.05 Hz頻段的地震波形數據在我們研究的多數西太平洋颱風通過期間有顯著的能量增加，卻沒有產生來自海域的點源訊號。不過在2009年莫拉克颱風與2013年天兔颱風期間，波形記錄到了數十起來自陸地的振動訊號（經判定爲山崩）。我們發展了一種定位方法，成功定位颶風Bill與上述兩颱風期間的訊號；並且對比了20次已知震央的構造地震，確認定位方法的可行度。

海洋污染是本世紀最大議題之一，其中聚苯乙烯為最大量的塑膠微珠汙染，危害許多的海洋生物，影響海洋浮游藻類的基礎生產力，為了瞭解塑膠微珠以及其降解物對浮游藻類的影響性，本實驗選擇海洋中碳酸鈣沉降最多的鈣板藻進行研究，並探討塑膠微珠與其降解物對海洋生態的影響，利用流式細胞儀研究塑膠微珠(聚苯乙烯)和塑膠微珠降解物(苯乙烯單體)對鈣板藻數量、細胞複雜度、細胞大小、葉綠素含量等多重影響性，並利用質譜儀方法分析苯乙烯在細胞中和細胞外增加或減少的含量。

As part of the European project GEOTHERMICA - ERA NET and in order to assess the capacity of heat storage in Switzerland, the Centre d'Hydrogéologie et de Géothermie de l'Université de Neuchâtel (CHYN) is taking part in the HEATSTORE project, launched in 2018. The latter is expected to lead to commercial heat storage projects in the near future in Geneva and Bern, in fractured aquifers. The evaluation of the geological characteristics of these aquifers is essential to understand the thermal energy transport processes of fractured aquifers. For this, it is necessary to be able to measure the temperature distribution along boreholes. Thus, the study focuses on the evaluation of a distributed temperature system (DTS) and its optical fiber in order to determine its operation, limits and potential for use in geothermal energy. Laboratory and field tests have been carried out that the water temperature deviation measurements, with a scan time of 30 s, are reliable at less than 0.5°C at +/-5 m over 500 m of fiber. For absolute temperature values, however, a bath and a reference probe must be used to recalculate the absolute temperature to within 0.5°C. The acquired data are essential for a broader understanding of the locations of fractured and karstified aquifers at Concise, allowing the system to be used to better understand the potential for water storage at a depth of 45°C at 35 m.

深海複雜多變的環境因子塑造了多樣的生態棲地，海底峽谷便是其中之一。全球9000個海底峽谷涵蓋了大陸斜坡總面積的11.2%，其中有6個峽谷分佈在臺灣西南海域。本研究結合作者出海採得的樣本與國內海洋研究所的採樣資料，探究西南海域高屏與枋寮峽谷的生態結構。 本研究應用生態統計分析，發現兩峽谷的主要差異為沉積物來源、粒徑分佈與物理性擾動強度不同，使兩峽谷的生物密度隨深度變化趨勢截然相反，生物組成亦存在顯著差異。接著藉由建立模型分析，驗證環境擾動與食物量為形塑區域性生態結構的主導因素，結果發現環境擾動對生物的影響幅度大於食物量，並討論了峽谷地形作為天然實驗室的潛力及未來研究發展。

在本實驗中，我們亟欲了解木星大紅斑其周圍不穩定之形成機制，意即探討大紅斑渦旋本身與其周邊風切帶之互動情形。第一、我們討論了風切帶之形成：有別於前人研究，我們使用全球準地轉淺水模式，在準地轉平衡的狀態下，渦漩會逐漸合併並緯向延伸，最終得出行星風系條帶狀僅為低頻波所產生之效應，且自轉越快帶狀越明顯；第二、透過克希霍夫渦旋理論，大紅斑始終能保持橫向的橢圓形結構且長軸不會旋轉係因為風切帶之加速效應；第三、我們使用淺水模式進行模擬實驗，發現大紅斑之非對稱西側擾動形成原因有二：一為大紅斑對風切帶之加速，以及木星低緯度風速較快加上風切帶之間具有渦度梯度形成之正壓不穩定效果。二來緯度越低則行星渦度越低，慣性不穩定易形成，即力學能差異越大不穩定越易形成，而此部份我們也以水工實驗展示。

本研究利用光柵繞射原理，結合慣性振盪之單擺，探究震動造成繞射光點間距變化關係，以光點振幅測量震動，建立以光學繞射變動結果顯示結構震動之響應關係。先確定光柵片旋轉、擺角改變對於繞射光點位置偏移，並以GeoGebra軟體分析函數關係，接著測量實際結構震動之加速度與光柵繞射光點位置的動態變化關係，藉此分析地震造成建物擺動時，光柵繞射光點間距變動的關係與趨勢函數，並由訊號反應建立結構震動之繞射光點振幅變動的響應關係。以標準震動訊號產生平台，量化之振動訊號強度，測量出本研究裝置在二維平面之地震訊號測量之表現，獲得二維震動訊號方向分量之關係。並以OBSPY程式分析裝置所測量之震動頻譜圖，確認繞射光點振幅變動可顯示地震訊號之特徵頻譜，更進一步採用Python開發繞射光斑即時影像追蹤軟體，成功透過裝置分析環境的震動響應。未來希望能微小化裝置，以監測建物震動，作為區域範圍測量地震對建物影響之發展基礎。

槍蝦閉合大螯所發出聲響為海洋珊瑚礁生態系中最主要的聲源，其聲音受多項環境因子影響，具有分析珊瑚礁生態系健康程度的可行性。本研究利用基隆潮境海域蒐集到的高時間密度採樣資料，嘗試分析槍蝦聲響在不同時間尺度下的變化與水溫、光度之關聯性，比較不同觀測期間與深度之資料，了解槍蝦聲響之特性。 研究結果顯示槍蝦聲響在長時間尺度下與水溫呈現高度正相關，且相同觀測期間、不同深度的兩筆資料變化趨勢相似；但相同深度、不同觀測期間的紀錄不僅變化趨勢與季節差異相關，整體數值也不同。槍蝦聲響每日亦具有規律的晝夜週期性變化，在清晨、黃昏出現高峰，白天期間與光度呈現負相關，夜晚期間與水溫高度正相關。最後，聲響峰值出現時間與日出日落時間最為相關，不同季節下之晝夜長短差異更造成顯著影響，不過仍會受水中實際接受到的光度影響。

Carbon Monoxide is a very toxic and dangerous that threatens our life and can cause sudden illness and death. It is the most abundant, by mass, pollutant gas generated by the engine due to the lack of oxygen and thus presented in our lives. It is true that the oxidation catalyst absorbs carbon monoxide from the exhaust of cars during combustion. But that is not enough, the catalyst is only effective when the exhaust temperature is high (more than 400°C) which is not available in a short path. To protect ourselves from this toxic gas, we must find solutions and innovative ideas to fulfill this objective. And this is how our project was created. Our focus in this project is to create a filter that can absorb carbon monoxide using the minimum of energy possible. It will be more efficient unlike the traditional method that not only needs high range of temperature (higher than 400°C) but also takes a long period for the reaction to occur.