地球與環境科學

As part of the European project GEOTHERMICA - ERA NET and in order to assess the capacity of heat storage in Switzerland, the Centre d'Hydrogéologie et de Géothermie de l'Université de Neuchâtel (CHYN) is taking part in the HEATSTORE project, launched in 2018. The latter is expected to lead to commercial heat storage projects in the near future in Geneva and Bern, in fractured aquifers. The evaluation of the geological characteristics of these aquifers is essential to understand the thermal energy transport processes of fractured aquifers. For this, it is necessary to be able to measure the temperature distribution along boreholes. Thus, the study focuses on the evaluation of a distributed temperature system (DTS) and its optical fiber in order to determine its operation, limits and potential for use in geothermal energy. Laboratory and field tests have been carried out that the water temperature deviation measurements, with a scan time of 30 s, are reliable at less than 0.5°C at +/-5 m over 500 m of fiber. For absolute temperature values, however, a bath and a reference probe must be used to recalculate the absolute temperature to within 0.5°C. The acquired data are essential for a broader understanding of the locations of fractured and karstified aquifers at Concise, allowing the system to be used to better understand the potential for water storage at a depth of 45°C at 35 m.

本研究利用光柵繞射原理，結合慣性振盪之單擺，探究震動造成繞射光點間距變化關係，以光點振幅測量震動，建立以光學繞射變動結果顯示結構震動之響應關係。先確定光柵片旋轉、擺角改變對於繞射光點位置偏移，並以GeoGebra軟體分析函數關係，接著測量實際結構震動之加速度與光柵繞射光點位置的動態變化關係，藉此分析地震造成建物擺動時，光柵繞射光點間距變動的關係與趨勢函數，並由訊號反應建立結構震動之繞射光點振幅變動的響應關係。以標準震動訊號產生平台，量化之振動訊號強度，測量出本研究裝置在二維平面之地震訊號測量之表現，獲得二維震動訊號方向分量之關係。並以OBSPY程式分析裝置所測量之震動頻譜圖，確認繞射光點振幅變動可顯示地震訊號之特徵頻譜，更進一步採用Python開發繞射光斑即時影像追蹤軟體，成功透過裝置分析環境的震動響應。未來希望能微小化裝置，以監測建物震動，作為區域範圍測量地震對建物影響之發展基礎。

在本實驗中，我們亟欲了解木星大紅斑其周圍不穩定之形成機制，意即探討大紅斑渦旋本身與其周邊風切帶之互動情形。第一、我們討論了風切帶之形成：有別於前人研究，我們使用全球準地轉淺水模式，在準地轉平衡的狀態下，渦漩會逐漸合併並緯向延伸，最終得出行星風系條帶狀僅為低頻波所產生之效應，且自轉越快帶狀越明顯；第二、透過克希霍夫渦旋理論，大紅斑始終能保持橫向的橢圓形結構且長軸不會旋轉係因為風切帶之加速效應；第三、我們使用淺水模式進行模擬實驗，發現大紅斑之非對稱西側擾動形成原因有二：一為大紅斑對風切帶之加速，以及木星低緯度風速較快加上風切帶之間具有渦度梯度形成之正壓不穩定效果。二來緯度越低則行星渦度越低，慣性不穩定易形成，即力學能差異越大不穩定越易形成，而此部份我們也以水工實驗展示。

The research project has an extremely relevant topic - the creation of an air quality monitoring system for general secondary education. In the context of the Covid 19 pandemic, proper air sanitation is a determining factor in counteracting the spread of coronavirus infection. Special requirements for the procedure of systematic ventilation of educational premises are set before teachers and technical staff of schools "Sanitary Regulations for General Secondary Education Institutions", which is mandatory for implementation in general secondary education institutions. Together with measures to counter the Covid 19 pandemic, the new health regulations somewhat neglect resource conservation and energy efficiency issues: ventilation during the heating season can lead to wasteful heat losses. Monitoring the quality of air purification is simply necessary if teachers and parents care about creating a safe educational environment for students at school. Requirements for air safety determine and regulate its characteristics such as temperature, humidity, the presence of dust particles of different sizes, the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and formaldehyde vapors. The level of hazardous substances such as formaldehyde, which can be released from building materials, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, should be closely monitored in accordance with the recommendations of sanitary regulations and hygiene requirements of health care facilities. With increased concentrations of carbon dioxide above normal, the human body will experience the negative effects of hypoxia: poor health, drowsiness, decreased cognitive processes, learning becomes less effective. Carbon monoxide is a poisonous substance that can damage the body, poison hemoglobin and cause constant hypoxia of all organs and systems, long stay indoors with it leads to death. Formaldehyde causes carcinogenic effects, and the excess concentration of dust particles worsens the condition of people with allergies and bronchial asthma, as well as dust promotes bacterial growth and the spread of viral particles, which is especially dangerous in a coronavirus pandemic. Our solution allows for a transparent permanent monitor of air quality in the school, makes this monitoring completely inclusive - because any user from among the participants in the educational process has access to up-to-date information about the air in the school and can make informed decisions about proper behavior Our system allows students to become more responsible, independent in terms of sanitary requirements and compliance. Therefore, the main idea of our project is extremely relevant today - to organize a digitalized system for monitoring the quality of air purification in the school, thus preventing inadequate ventilation with wasteful heat loss and reduced energy efficiency of the school building. The project has signs of sustainability - it is in line with the Sustainable Development Goals – 3 «Good health and well-being», 4 «Quality education», 5 «Gender equality», 11 «Sustainable cities and communities», 12 «Responsible consumption and production» and 13 «Climate action»

在暖雲的形成過程中，吸濕性凝結核佔有舉足輕重的位置且在大氣層中常會有不同種類的凝結核。本研究以自製的減壓雲室瓶模擬絕熱膨脹情況，並探討不同凝結核之成雲效果。減壓使凝結成長的效果在消光量的測量上符合比爾定律。而且利用絕熱膨脹估計出本系統在0.85 atm環境下每立方公尺的液態水含量LWC大約落在1.9~2.1公克，0.93 atm環境下每立方公尺的液態水含量LWC大約落在0.3公克，表示本實驗方法能擬合絕熱膨脹過程。且0.85大氣壓下，氯化鈉與線香粒子的成長可以達到1.68至1.94μm；硫酸銨粒子成長則達到1.01~1.12μm。而0.93大氣壓下，硫酸銨粒子成長則是0.77~1.04μm。另外，比較水溶性粒子與固態微粒化學性質，發現水溶性粒子如氯化鈉和硫酸銨的確較適合做為水氣之凝結核。

上高中後，我們將國中對閃電研究的興趣延續，國中的研究著重於閃電與降雨地形及溫溼度的關係，高中這幾年我們的目標是希望找出以容易取得的雷達迴波圖推估閃電得發生，高一及高二上學期間我們在研究過程中，對閃電的資料記錄方式、形成條件、現象等越理解，讓我們除漸漸得出穩定的研究結果，但也發現因為需不斷的調整以趨向大自然的真實狀況，我們方法有限制。本報告以我們初始研究為基礎，以調整後的方式進行深入分析，期望以其他的氣象資料輔助雷達迴波圖的可行性，並且以三維雷達回波資料分析降水粒子對閃電發生的影響，最終希望建立利用資料推估閃電發生的簡易閃電預報模式。

本研究以具空間梯度的臺灣周邊離島測站實測數據及衛星氣膠光學深度時空變化及相關性推斷東亞境外氣膠對臺灣北端PM 2.5濃度的影響。我們選取鄰近中國的金門與馬祖、中等距離的馬公及臺灣北部(富貴角、基隆)、遠離大陸的日本離島(石垣、那霸)共七站，分析2015-2021年東北季風盛行冬春季與西南季風盛行夏季的資料。結果顯示各測站冬春季PM 2.5濃度均較夏季高2-3倍並由西向東下降，冬春季相關性均較夏季高；針對高濃度事件，氣膠光學深度顯現冬春季高PM 2.5傳輸和各站測值在時空上緊密連結，由西向東下降；冬春季當地汙染極低的馬公平均濃度與臺灣北端兩站數值一致但夏季顯著較低，顯示季節性境外汙染對馬公和富貴角、基隆影響程度的一致及重要性。以上結果均支持東亞境外氣膠傳輸為臺灣北端冬春季PM 2.5主要來源。

Carbon Monoxide is a very toxic and dangerous that threatens our life and can cause sudden illness and death. It is the most abundant, by mass, pollutant gas generated by the engine due to the lack of oxygen and thus presented in our lives. It is true that the oxidation catalyst absorbs carbon monoxide from the exhaust of cars during combustion. But that is not enough, the catalyst is only effective when the exhaust temperature is high (more than 400°C) which is not available in a short path. To protect ourselves from this toxic gas, we must find solutions and innovative ideas to fulfill this objective. And this is how our project was created. Our focus in this project is to create a filter that can absorb carbon monoxide using the minimum of energy possible. It will be more efficient unlike the traditional method that not only needs high range of temperature (higher than 400°C) but also takes a long period for the reaction to occur.