地球與環境科學

本研究探討年際氣候震盪對全球平均海平面的影響，故將衛星測高儀數據剔除長期趨勢與季節波動後，與數個氣候指數進行互相關及同調性頻譜分析，其結果為：(i) 海平面與 ENSO，尤其是 Central-Pacific Types 在一年半以上的時間尺度，有高度相關，相關的原因可能與混合層溫度變化、陸地降雨海陸分布的變化有關。(ii) 海平面與 PDO、AMO 的相關性分別集中在 4 年以上與 2 年到 10 年，海水的熱含量變化可能是主因。AMO 相關性最高是在其比海平面早發生 8 個月的時間。 (iii) 雖然研究資料不包含北極海，但結果指出海平面與 AO 有弱相關，意味著北極海的年際溫鹽變化，對於全球海平面有遙相關的影響。(iv) 海平面與 AAO 似乎有弱相關，但是無法確定。最後本研究將上述五個指數以最小平方法擬合海平面年際變化，得到各指數的相對強度貢獻比例，有助於了解在未來全球暖化下的海平面變化。

本研究定義1967~2016年的極端寒流並將其分成1985前與1986後兩個時期，進行前後期寒流個案合成之綜觀環境場的比較，得知前後期確實有所不同，且以天為單位，後期寒流及非寒流差異較不明顯，推測需要更長時間尺度才能凸顯差異。再以臺北冬溫與世界冬季的溫度、風場做相關性分析，發現緯向風的蒙古地區，在前後期正相關性都相對明顯；經向風則是西伯利亞西部的負相關在前後期皆較明顯。因此，我們分別取蒙古緯向風及西伯利亞經向風以月為單位做不同季節延遲、同步及領先的迴歸分析，並發現與臺北冬溫相關性最高者，分別為蒙古冬季同步緯向風，及西伯利亞春季領先2經向風。最後為了驗證，再將此二風場1967~2016年的數據分為寒流、非寒流期間及全部數據進行比較，觀察同個月份在寒流及非寒流期間與平均值的差別，也探討這些差異與臺北冬溫三個月份間的差異有何異同，結果證實寒流及非寒流大多具有明顯不同。

Markers have become essential in school and work life due to their great usefulness for teaching and homework. Despite the benefits they have brought, markers are the cause of great contamination from the ink manufacturing process to the excessive production of plastic. Ecological inks in markers and the innovative design of a refillable marker, allow to generate less pollution without having to stop using this product. From dyes created with coffee, fruits and vegetables that pass through different processes, natural inks arise that replace the use of polluting dyes. Likewise, implementing recycling plans in different institutions, markers that were no longer used were collected to be filled with ecological inks and used again. In addition, the excessive production of plastic is reduced by selling and refilling markers and ink kits.

本研究初步分析颱風雷達回波圖發現，利奇馬、蘇力、柯羅莎、杜鵑4個雙眼牆的颱風，內眼牆有沿著外眼牆內側旋轉的現象，時間尺度約為3至14小時。接著比較颱風個案，選定杜鵑颱風作為主要觀察研究對象，以探討影響雙眼牆颱風內眼牆滾動週期的因素為研究目標，並以數值模式簡化問題。我做出兩種猜測，認為此一現象的成因，有可能是眼區的繞轉，或是內眼牆被眼區內的正渦度帶動旋轉。我先後設計了單、雙眼牆旋轉實驗，發現影響此二系統旋轉週期的主因不盡相同。其中，從雙眼牆實驗的結果可以發現，影響內眼牆滾動週期的參數，主要是眼區半徑以及眼區渦度，呼應了內眼牆受眼區內渦度帶動旋轉的猜測。最後，我在模擬杜鵑颱風的實驗中，做出相似的旋轉週期，證明內眼牆滾動的機制，主要以水平動力為主，也證明先前實驗的參數，即是影響旋轉週期的要素。

當高鐵行經地層下陷明顯區域、或土壤液化中高潛勢的沖積層時，行車的車身震動會更劇烈嗎？本研究基於這樣的動機，經由測量高鐵沿線不同區段的震動訊號，了解各段的震動特徵。 本次研究使用微機電加速計（MEMS sensor）來量測高鐵行經左營至台北路線上車廂內之震動，並利用QCN Live軟體分析波形，分析行經各站間之頻率與振幅特徵，結果發現，行經台南到嘉義、嘉義至雲林、雲林至彰化三段路線的震動，在濾波0.5-4.0 Hz之平均振幅大於其他非地層下陷與土壤液化地段，同時我們也發現低頻振動的最大振幅在列車行經土壤液化區時有顯著的增加。

本研究利用海冰覆蓋面積的變化、北極震盪指數(Arctic Oscillation index, AOI)和南方震盪指數(Southern Oscillation index, SOI)的相關性，希望可以探討與聖嬰現象的關聯。 取用1950年到2020年的海冰覆蓋面積資料及195!年到2020年的SOI及AOI資料。我們將AOI和SOI做折線圖、X-Y圖，數據分成平常年、聖嬰前、聖嬰時、聖嬰後、反聖嬰前、反聖嬰時、反聖嬰後，試圖找出一些規則。利用區間分析來觀察區間範圍大小及上下界的數值隨不同事件發生的次序，探討各個事件的特徵。 聖嬰年時，區間縮小，反聖嬰年則區間略為放大且數值上升。最後將1997年聖嬰年的數據和區間做疊圖，並以2018年底到2020年的聖嬰轉反聖嬰來做驗證。若AOI的區間縮小、或海冰覆蓋面積下降後上升，表示可能是聖嬰現象要來的前兆。此外，本研究也發現，無法單獨區隔聖嬰年和反聖嬰年，兩者間會相互影響，應該要把聖嬰跟反聖嬰合併為一個氣候變化週期，才能做準確的預測。

The use of brine shrimp nauplii to test for the overall toxicity of sediment samples is proposed. Brine shrimp nauplii were cultured with different concentrations of heavy metals, including chromium (III), copper (II), nickel, lead and zinc, and organic pollutants, including triclosan, oxybenzone, octinoxate and bisphenol A. The brine shrimp nauplii were observed under a dissection microscope to determine the death rate. Results showed that brine shrimp nauplii are more sensitive to copper, cadmium, bisphenol A and oxybenzone. The LC50 (24h) are 55.5, 24.9, 5.6 and 2.7 ppm respectively. Zinc is likely to have synergistic toxic effect with nickel or lead. The synergistic toxic effects of other heavy metals and organic pollutants should be confirmed with further investigations. Brine shrimp nauplii were treated with extracts from sediment samples collected from the oyster culture zone of the Deep Bay, namely Pak Nei, Sha Kiu Tsuen and Hang Hau Tsuen. The sediment samples were extracted with neutral sodium acetate to dissolve the exchangeable heavy metal ions and some organic pollutants. The death rate of brine shrimp nauplii treated with the sediment extract of Hang Hau Tsuen was similar to 1 ppm PBA. It was also about 10 to 20% higher than that of the other two sites (Pak Nei and Sha Kiu Tsuen). Since Hang Hau Tsuen is closer to the residential area and Lau Fau Shan Seafood Market than the other two sites, its sediment sample is likely to have a higher level of environmental pollutants. The results suggest that brine shrimp nauplii may be used as a biomarker to monitor the environmental changes in the overall level of pollutants in sediment samples.

本研究以維繫現今環境，使人類保有生存優勢為前提，旨在探討於海水面下裝設風扇，藉風扇擾流改變沿岸流所挾帶漂沙之沉積分布，延緩突堤效應造成之負面影響。研究先以煙霧觀測五葉、七葉及九葉風扇擾流情形，再透過水流及螢光沙模擬安平商港外海，取得裝設各風扇後漂沙沉積變化過程。除可用於預測近表層沿岸流沉積外，也可套用於海底恆流。未來期望針對流量、流速與地形坡度等作出量化數據，以求得函數模型。另外，亦期望發展洋流發電、綠色能源等各種應用。

The use of brine shrimp nauplii to test for the overall toxicity of sediment samples is proposed. Brine shrimp nauplii were cultured with different concentrations of heavy metals, including chromium (III), copper (II), nickel, lead and zinc, and organic pollutants, including triclosan, oxybenzone, octinoxate and bisphenol A. The brine shrimp nauplii were observed under a dissection microscope to determine the death rate. Results showed that brine shrimp nauplii are more sensitive to copper, cadmium, bisphenol A and oxybenzone. The LC50 (24h) are 55.5, 24.9, 5.6 and 2.7 ppm respectively. Zinc is likely to have synergistic toxic effect with nickel or lead. The synergistic toxic effects of other heavy metals and organic pollutants should be confirmed with further investigations. Brine shrimp nauplii were treated with extracts from sediment samples collected from the oyster culture zone of the Deep Bay, namely Pak Nei, Sha Kiu Tsuen and Hang Hau Tsuen. The sediment samples were extracted with neutral sodium acetate to dissolve the exchangeable heavy metal ions and some organic pollutants. The death rate of brine shrimp nauplii treated with the sediment extract of Hang Hau Tsuen was similar to 1 ppm PBA. It was also about 10 to 20% higher than that of the other two sites (Pak Nei and Sha Kiu Tsuen). Since Hang Hau Tsuen is closer to the residential area and Lau Fau Shan Seafood Market than the other two sites, its sediment sample is likely to have a higher level of environmental pollutants. The results suggest that brine shrimp nauplii may be used as a biomarker to monitor the environmental changes in the overall level of pollutants in sediment samples.

本研究使用NOAA NECP Reanalysis Data 2000年~2020年冬季之緯向風、重力位高度場及其距平變化，探討北極震盪指數(AOI)、極地渦旋對北半球區域極端寒冷事件之關係。AOI與對流層300hPa北緯50~65度緯向平均之緯向風速變動關係較顯著，而與平流層(50hPa)極地渦旋的緯向風速變動僅呈現中度正相關。在太平洋區中，極端寒冷事件發生在AO負相位的比例最高，不過，極端寒冷事件不必然僅發生在AO負相位的大氣條件下，而是與極區的重力位高度場變動有關，且可能發生延遲影響。當極區平流層(50hPa~100hPa)或極區對流層(300hPa~500hPa)的週平均重力位高度距平值明顯上升，代表極地渦旋發生變化，大多有伴隨有極端寒冷事件的出現，即使處於AO正相位的情況亦然，本文對於區域極端寒冷天氣事件之重力位高度場特徵做歸納與說明。