地球與環境科學

ELVES (Emissions of Light and VLF perturbation due to EMP Sources) is a transient luminous phenomenon of ionosphere induced by the electromagnetic pulse of lightning. In this report, we use the data of ISUAL science payload of FORMOSAT-2 to investigate the luminosities and the stepped-leader signals of the different kinds of ELVES.淘氣精靈全名Emissions of Light and VLF perturbation due to EMP Sources簡稱ELVES，為閃電的電磁脈衝波引發電離層短暫發光的現象，本研究是分析福爾摩沙衛星二號上科學酬載ISUAL的光度資料，以探討淘氣精靈類型與光度訊號強度以及閃電前導訊號的關係。

If we place a block in continuous, steadily flowing water, some periodic eddy currents will appear behind it. In my report, I would like to introduce a new way to explain how the periodical movement of eddy currents would help to triggering El Nino. According to my experiment, these eddy currents have a certain life cycle, and the eddy current give a force, which drag water form the area they just went by. It will cause water level became lowest for a period of time. These phenomena are also shown in the real data of “Sea Surface Height Anomaly”, it is a quiescence period, and then changes into the highest one it is interesting that highest one always follows by the starting of El Nino. Another important result from my experiment is that, in the same fluid, the frequency of eddy currents is controlled by 2 variables: Size of the block and velocity of the flow, From this result, then get the frequency of eddy current-occur every 3.2 years. It is just correspond with frequency of historical data the El Nino from the 70’s to the present. 本報告嘗試以南極繞極環流在南美洲南端產生週期性渦流脫離的現象來解釋聖嬰的發生根據水槽實驗的結果，水流在通過障礙物後渦流脫離瞬間，會形成一水位低的空區，之後在周圍的水大量湧入，水位突然升高，並有一段時間的振盪。另外，實驗結果也顯示，渦流形成和脫離頻率大致上和注水流速成正比，且和障礙物的大小成反比。根據此結果，對照實驗結果，我認為1993 年3-4 月，1996 年1-6 月及2001 年7-10 月三個「海平面高度異常」的最低值密集帶，此極可能是渦流脫離的時段。且對照「海平面高度異常」實際資料後，發現「海平面高度異常」的「最低值密集帶」後均伴隨水面「寧靜期」，接著就出現周圍暖水流大量湧入的「最高值密集帶」，此時南美洲東南側海水溫度驟增，接著馬上接續著聖嬰的到來。「海平面高度異常」分析的結果，指示渦流脫離的「最低值密集帶」和顯示著聖嬰到來的「最高密值密集帶」間約間隔半年左右。我們推算水的史托爾數約為1，以這個值代入實際南極繞極環流通過南美洲南端，得到渦流脫離的頻率約每3.2 年一次，和長期聖嬰發生的平均頻率非常接近。

本研究主要是以一連串的地震分析，來討論台灣地區地震能量的釋放型態。 首先是求出地震的活動參數，接著再繪製地震規模的年發生率，最後是推算台灣地區 地震能量釋放時前餘震與主震所占之比重。 在地震參數上，發現地震活動度較高的月份中，在該月都發生了芮氏規模六級以上的 大地震，因其餘震發生的頻率較小震頻繁，因此造成其a值較大。 在地震規模年發生率方面，我們繪製出圖表，而最後發現台灣地區的地震仍以小震多，另外大地震則有一定的週期。 在研究的最後，了解台灣地區的地震常數之後，本研究以ESRI公司的GIS軟體ArcView8.3版疊合各種圖層，分析人口密集區及水庫的地震危害度分析，提出地圖，對大台北地區，人口稠密的幾個行政區提出警訊；另外在水庫方面，本研究則對幾個在斷層線上的水庫提出警訊。 ;This research presents a series ofearthquake analyses to discuss earthquake’s energy release type. First, we evaluated earthquake’s constant and charted the percentage of earthquake measurement every year. Finally, count the after-shocks and the major earthquake measuring 6.0 and above on the ML happening in Taiwan area. Because the after-shock frequency is more than light earthquakes, as a result it causes the “a” enumeration is large. According to the percentage of earthquake measurement happening frequency every year, we illustrate a chart. Finally we find that in Taiwan area mirror earth-quakes account for a large percentage and major earthquakes happened regularly. When we realize the constant of earthquake, the study folds a variety of layers by using ArcView 8.3 edition of GIS (Geography Information System) of ESRI co., LTD, analyzing the density-populated areas and the dams for seismic hazard to export the map. We raise a warning for the greater Taipei where some districts are densely-populated, and we also warn the dams on the line of fault of large of damage.

我們藉由電腦模擬來研究宇宙微波背景輻射中之Sunyaev-Zel’dovich 效應，以探討星系團及宇宙的一些根本性質。重要的發現有： 以上的結果，將可在短期的未來直接應用在許多期待中的觀測結果上，以揭開星團的總質量、質量密度、以及宇宙中的黑暗能量等神祕面紗。 We study the important properties of the galaxy clusters and our universe by using numerical simulations for the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect in the Cosmic Microwave Background. We found that: These results can be applied to the observations in the near future, in order to reveal the total mass of clusters, their mass density profile, and the dark energy of our universe.

Earthquakes are results of rapid sliding of two crystal blocks around fault inducing seismic motions. Huge disasters caused by large earthquakes as the Ji-Ji Earthquakes occurred on 21* September 1999 show importance of earthquakes forecast. In our country and foreign countries , there appeared not a small number of reports suggesting there are clear precursors of ground water and electro- magnetic changes amount other numerous phenomena. Recently there are reports that point out the possibilities to investigate slight motion of ground water near active faults using electro- magnetic instruments. In order to investigate the problem more in detail a simple laboratory experiment is designed to study the electric field induced by the simulated water flow. The electric field changes are compared with at without water flow. It is shown that there appeared electric potential changes of an order larger than measurement limits water motion during earthquakes occurrence process, and that monitoring the flow of ground water near active faults is useful method in the earthquake prediction.近年來科學家從事地震研究，發現地震前斷層附近地下水流以及電磁場會發生變化。但或因位置不確定，或因變化量甚小而不易量測。本研究真對上述地震預警中兩項重要的關鍵 - 水及電，嘗試製作電極，並利用室內模擬地下水流動而野外斷層的電位量測，檢測斷層活動期間電場的變化。其結果顯示，當地下水因地殼受擠壓而流動時，可明顯觀察到電場的變化。這表示借由本實驗測量地震前發生的電位變化，可監測地震前版塊應力的改變，進而提供地震可能發生的資訊。

微孔珊瑚是優良的生物氣候記錄器，可準確記錄海水表面水溫、陸源沉積物通量和其他微量海水組成等，已成為熱帶氣候變遷研究的重要工具。然而，珊瑚成長速率則顯著受限於海水表溫影響（邱景星，1999）。太陽是地表能量最主要來源，其活動狀態能深遠掌控地球氣候變化，因此其週期性變動規律，已成為近期地球科學家探討環境變遷的重要資訊。 本研究以台灣東南外海綠島採集的微孔珊瑚骨骼樣本，藉由X-ray精確測量其年平均生長速率及觀察骨骼內微量腐殖酸螢光特性，並透過比對太陽輻射量、珊瑚生長與太陽黑子數目的相關性分析，以推倒百年來控制地表氣候變遷的主要因素。 本研究經由頻譜分析、主變量計算、平均標準差和太陽輻射角修正，獲得正確太陽黑子數目、地區性輻射、海水表面溫度和珊瑚生長速率等資料，並討論其間的相互關係。 結果顯示，太陽輻射、海水表面溫度和氣溫有高度正相關（r2>0.62），證實太陽對地球氣候系統的重要性。太陽黑子與輻射資料，則因大氣折射、日照時數等因素影響，正設法解決這些干擾效應；而珊瑚生長速率與海水表面溫度的相關性，則涉及雙極化效應（註）及其他未知因素影響，尚待進一步釐清。 （註）：雙極化效應指珊瑚在過高或過低的環境下，生長速率皆會停止 The skeleton of Porites corals is one of the most useful biogenic recorders, which provide relevant information of abrupt climate change, such as sea surface temperatures (SSTs), riverine sedimentary flux, and seawater compositional variations. Information retrieved from coral skeleton, therefore, has become a powerful tool for studying tropical climate change. The annual growth rate of Porites corals, however, was affected strongly by local SSTs (Chiu, 1999). On the other hand, the climatic condition on Earth surface is regulated significantly by solar activity. Subsequently any intensity or periodicity variation in sunspot activity will cause major global environmental changes. This research aims to study coral skeleton collected from the Orchid Island (Lan-yu) offshore southeastern Taiwan for precise measurement of annual growth rate using X-ray density bands, as well as the luminous characteristics of trace humic acids in skeleton. A systematic comparison among solar irradiation, SSTs and coral growth rate will provide critical information on major factors that may affect environmental changes occurred during the last millennium. In this study, we apply spectrum analyses, principal component, mean standard error method, and modified sun irradiation angle to correct biases presented in the available data of observed sunspot number, local irradiation, SSTs and coral annual growth rate and to examine possible relationships among these factors. We have found excellent correlation coefficient (r2>0.62) in solar irradiation, SSTs and air-temperature, which support the importance of solar irradiation to the earth surface climate. However, effects on cloud and length of sun irradiation need further investigation to emphasize the importance of sunspot activity to the annual growth rate of Porites corals. No straight forward relationships were observed between coral growth rate and local SSTs due to complicated biological effect (1*) or other unknown factors, waits for further investigation in the near future. 1* Complicated biological effect means that coral may stop growing their skeletons when the temperature it lives in is over range for growth.

本實驗的目的在於探討凌日時的黑滴效應。實驗以投影機在螢幕上投射出亮區模擬太陽，以保麗龍球模擬內行星橫越太陽表面，以相機作為觀測記錄器材，結果發現在內行星與太陽的第二及第三次接觸時會有黑滴現象。黑滴效應在光源顏色越接近紅色、拍攝相機的光圈值越小越明顯、相機對焦比實際值越小越明顯；光源的明亮度對黑滴效應沒有顯著影響。金星大氣、地球大氣不是造成黑滴現象的主因，而影響黑滴效應的因素與光的繞射相同。實驗結果發現，黑滴效應的成因主要發生在觀測紀錄的器材上面。This study is conducted to explain the black drop effect for the transit of a planet. A video projector projects a bright square on the screen to simulate the Sun. A ball simulated the planet crossing the sun’s disk. And a digital camera takes the images of transit. The Black-drop Coefficient is defined and a computer program is designed to analyze the image of black drop. The results show that the resolving power of the observation instrument is the main factor in the effect. The atmosphere and the solar limb darkening do not directly respond to it.

This study analyzed how short-term solar activities interact with the earth atmosphere, by using two statistic methods: Diffusion Entropy Analysis (DEA), and Standard Deviation Analysis (SDA). Since solar activities influence the Earth atmosphere in its radiating heat and magnetic field, we use DEA and SDA to calculate the exponents, H and δ, of the scaling law in three time series: “the intensity of solar flare” (representing by SOLAR H-alpha flare index), “magnetic anomaly of magnetosphere” and “sea surface temperature anomaly”. The values of H and δ show the time memory and correlative relationship between the event and next event happening in time series. When H = δ = 0.5, events occur in random. When 0.5

本研究針對利吉惡地進行探討，研究此區之泥岩含水量、有機質含量、pH值、比重、可溶性陽離子含量、滲水特性和該區之植物種類，並探討坡度、水量對沖蝕率、山脊密度和溝痕形成之影響。 研究結果發現： 一、表層泥岩之含水率較高，深層泥岩最低。中層泥岩之有機質含量較高，表層與深層泥岩較低。各層泥岩pH值約8.1；無植被採樣點之 pH較高，有植被採樣點偏中性。有植被採樣點，其 Ca2+含量較高。 二、此區共發現十九種植物，其中銀合歡、相思樹屬優勢種。 三、坡度增加時，沖蝕率亦增加；水量增加時，沖蝕率、溝痕寬度也隨之增加，兩者呈高度正相關。第一區坡度較緩，山脊密度較大，第二區坡度較陡，山脊密度小，表面較平坦，溝痕較淺。Our research discusses with the contents of water in mudstone, the organic content, pH, the specific weight, the contents of dissoluble cation, dankness and the category of plants in Ligiligi Badland. Dissecting it`s slope, the abrasion of water, the density of mountain ridge and the formation of scuff mark. Outcome of our research： 1.Solum of mudstone is the dampest. Intermediate of mudstone has more organic content than others. Every bed of mudstone`s PH is 8.1. Having plants area is indifferent and having more Ca2+.2.We found nineteen categories of plants. For example Leucaena glauca and Taiwan acacia. 3.The more augmentation of gradient,the more increase of the abrasion of water and the breadth of the density and the abrasion of water too.

本研究以模擬實驗探討波浪在斜坡海灘上的行為。實驗在長1.8公尺、寬0.75公尺的透明水波槽中進行，以長0.90公尺、寬0.60公尺的木板在深水區產生單峰波向淺水區前進，同時以數位錄影機錄影後進行分析。結果發現單峰波由深水進入淺水，波速會變慢，但當波高對水深的比值增加到一定值時，波速隨水深變淺而變快，波高也變高。當比值繼續增加，波前方的水面形成垂直的水牆，接著波就碎了。如果坡度較緩，碎波點會離水岸線較遠，水牆維持的時間也較長。有趣的是，水波槽中的單峰波移動時，有蠕動現象，波寬會伸縮，波高會起伏，波速也會些微地忽快忽慢。 ;This study simulates the behavior of the wave on a sloping beach. Experiments are performed in a sloping wave tank. A paddle wave maker at the deeper end generates single crest waves. To analyze the wave height, speed and breaking point, a digital camera is used. The results show that when the wave moves toward the coast, the shallower the water is, the slower the wave moves. But when the ratio (wave-height/water-depth) exceeds a critical value, it turns out that when the water is shallower, the wave speed becomes faster and the wave height, higher. As the ratio keeps on increasing, the front part of wave becomes a vertical water-wall, and then breaks. If the slope is gentler, the breaking point will be farther from the coast and the water-wall will keep for a longer time. An interesting phenomenon is also found that a single crest wave squirms with slightly undulated changing of width, height, and speed while it propagates in the sloping wave tank.