橡膠鍵鏈結構與自由能的關係
受應力拉伸時，橡膠溫度明顯上升；縮放回原長，橡膠溫度驟降。由文獻得知橡膠內部具有特殊的鍵鍊結構，在一般的情況下，交鏈分子糾結成一團，狀態複雜；受外力拉伸時，交鏈分子依橡膠長度之增加而伸展，排列較為整齊，狀態之複雜度減小。根據熱力學第一定律，當內能變化為零，則外力作功會造成能量變化。在定溫之下，橡膠內能變化為零，當其受應力拉伸，使其內部交鏈分子排列複雜度降低，造成橡膠熵值減小，而有能量（dQ=TdS）的釋出。測量此一能量dQ 變化，即可計算出熵與狀態數之變化The temperature of rubber rises as it is stretched, its temperature comes back again while it restores to its original length. It is known that the rubber is consisted of long-chain molecules, the long-chain molecules strangle each other at normal state, however, they become more order when the rubber is stretched. Based on the 1st law of thermodynamics dU=dQ+dW, The deformation caused by applied force supplies energy to the rubber and reduce its entropy, the heat dQ (=TΔS) released by the reduction of entropy causes the temperature rise of rubber as dU=0. We report the study on the correlation of thermal properties and the molecular network in rubber, from the measurements of temperature change, the changes of entropy and the changes of states’ number were estimated.
低雷諾數圓形及多邊形水躍的研究
打開水龍頭，水鉛直落到正下方的水平板時形成圓形水躍。我們實驗研究20＜Nr＜150 的低雷諾數圓形水躍的變因，探討圓形水躍半徑和流量、出水口高度、以及液體黏滯係數間的關係。改用高黏滯係數的液體（4：1 的乙二醇水溶液），鉛直落入板上方深h 的相同液體時，先形成圓形，h 漸大時形成環形圓紋曲面，再加大h，形成多邊形水躍，內外圍同方向旋轉，轉速ω；液中加水，黏滯係數高於及低於某定值，多邊形都消失，側面觀察，外圍液體作鉛直面旋轉。將水平板改置於旋轉盤上方，使高黏滯係數（4：1）的乙二醇水溶液鉛直落入板上方形成多邊水躍，逐漸加快旋轉盤的轉速至 ω 時，多邊形都消失；逐漸減少乙二醇的濃度，至完全用水實驗，亦有多邊形出現，我們認為；平板上方的液體的轉動是非圓形水躍的成因。When a jet of water falls vertically on to a horizontal plate, it spreads out rapidly in a thin layer until it reaches a critical radius at which the layer depth increases abruptly. This phenomenon commonly called the circular hydraulic jump. We study the variations of the circular hydraulic jump radius, as a function of volume flow rate of the jet, the drop height, and the viscosity of the fluid at low Reynold numbers (20＜Nr＜150). When a jet of ethylene-glycol mixed with water (the kinetic viscosity is 10 times of water) falls on to a horizontal plate which is immersed in the same liquid with height h. We find the circular state frequently undergoes spontaneous breaking at its axial symmetry into a stationary polygonal shape. Rather than displaying the weak angular deformation generally seen in fluids, the jump forms clear corners and edges that are often straight. Several of these polygon formations show consistency in height h. And we find the polygon structure rotates in a horizontal motion. When a jet of water falls on to a horizontal plate, and the plate is rotated by a motor ,we find the axial symmetry of the free surface of circular hydraulic jump is spontaneously broken a various number of cornered polygonal shapes. We study the number of corners as a result of the volume flow rate of the jet, the drop height and the viscosity of the fluid in the experiment. And the frequency of rotation of the plate is taking into consideration.
以Geobacillus thermoleovorans T4 菌株轉化農業廢棄纖維素為葡萄糖以發展生質酒精
我們得知從高雄糖廠及堆肥中篩出的嗜高溫好氧菌Geobacillus thermoleovorans T4，是本種細菌首先被報導具有纖維素分解能力的菌株，但目前僅止於學術研究階段，尚未實際應用於廢棄纖維素的分解上。本研究以廢棄農作物纖維素取代學術研究所用的羧甲基纖維素(Carboxymethyl Cellulose，CMC) ，將T4菌株置於稻稈與米糠培養基內，進行分解效能比較，再利用酵母菌的發酵作用進一步將葡萄糖轉化為酒精。本研究發現，在60℃的環境中，活化的T4 菌株可在CMC、稻稈及米糠培養基中生長繁殖且發揮其分解纖維素為葡萄糖的能力，尤其在米糠培養基中的分解效果最快也最好。此外，將生產的葡萄糖加入酵母菌之後，初步發現也能成功地進行發酵作用產生酒精，生質酒精的產出指日可待！;The Research on Using Geobacillus thermoleovorans T4 to Turn the Deserted Cellulose in Agriculture into glucose in Order to Produce Bio-Renewable Energy It has been found that Geobacillus thermoleovorans T4, a thermophilic aerobic bacterial strain isolated from a sugar refinery wastewater （55-60℃）in Kaohsing, Taiwan, can secrete thermostable endocellulase and hydrolyze carboxymethylcellulose （CMC）in some academic research, but it is stillunknown whether T4 hydrolyzes deserted cellulose in Agriculture. The aim of this study is to investigate the best conditions of T4 cellulase activity after mixing with deserted cellulose (such as rice bran and rice straw) by measuring the glucose concentration and bacteria number, and to produce the ethanol by activated yeast. T4 was added rice bran and rice straw medium, and cultured in 60℃ for 10 hours. The number of T4 and the concentration of glucose were measured every two hours. The best conditions were examined by comparing the hydrolyzation efficiency of T4 in different cellulose medium. We observed that T4 grew efficiently in different cellulose medium and hydrolyzed cellulose into glucose, especially in rice bran medium. The yeast also converted glucose into ethanol. Our research may shed light to the development of bio-renewable energy!
立體尺規作圖-PES 作球
In this study, we mainly explore the geometric construction in 3D. By conducting some problems about constructing circles, we define the PLC construction in 2D as constructing a circle, either passing through a given point (P), tangent to a given line (L) or tangent to a given circle (C). Besides, we aim to discuss the properties of the PLC construction and the relations between each other. We discover if we find a plane satisfying certain conditions in space, the properties in the PLC construction can apply to such a plane. Furthermore, we extend the properties in PLC to the PES construction in 3D, defined as constructing a sphere, either passing through a given point (P), tangent to a given plane (E) or tangent to a given sphere (S). Also we discuss the relations among them.這個研究主要在探討3D 的尺規實作。藉由歸納某些有關作圓的題目，我們定義2D 中的PLC作圖─作圓，過已知點（P）、切已知線（L）、切已知圓（C）。並探討PLC 作圖的性質及彼此的關聯性。而我們發現：在空間中只要找到滿足特定條件的平面，則2D 幾何作圖性質在該平面仍能沿用。此外，運用PLC 作圖性質，我們進一步推廣到空間中的PES 作圖─作球，過已知點（P）、切已知面（E）、切已知球（S），並探討各個類型間的關聯性。
Automated Traffic Light
This Project is inspired by the situation incurred by pedestrians, which for the most part are students who need a crossway in order to obtain public transportation or to get to the school; the difficulties that are faced by the personnel to exit the parking lot as well as the students who have a vehicle and to help those parents who drop and pick up their children at the school. At the same time, we would like to reduce the amount of contaminated gas emissions that are emanated into our environment. As consequence of the emission of toxic substances, the air contamination can cause side effects such as the burning of eyes or ears, throat irritation and itching and or respiratory problems. Under determined circumstances, some chemical substances that are found in the contaminated air can produce cancer, congenital malformation, brain damage and disorders to the nervous system, as well as, pulmonary damage and harm to the respiratory tract. For the present investigation it has been suggested as a primary goal: The development of a device, in this case a traffic light, which has the objective to reduce the previously mentioned traffic/security problems that arise upon entering and exiting the institution. The secondary goal is to have a friendly ecological impact within our community. This device was built and tested during a month to obtain figures and demonstrate benefits reported. The device should be low maintenance, it should have a long lifetime and, be simple enough to be operated by those who use it. Among the benefits found, the safety of the students, the prevention of accidents such as: car crashes and run overs, etc. Our studies indicate that per week it is consumed an average of 2,020.16 liters of gasoline, in schedules of 13 hours (from 7:00 AM to 8:00 PM) to lessen this figure would have a good ecological impact since all the hydrocarbon emission are harmful to health.
螺旋狀剝皮對樹木影響之初步研究
本研究的目的在於探討螺旋狀剝皮對植物生存以及芭樂果實的影響。實驗的設計是將選擇的植株或其枝幹分成四組，分別施予環狀剝皮、螺旋狀剝皮一圈、螺旋狀剝皮三圈及不剝皮等處理。 研究結果顯示，螺旋狀剝皮不會導致植株死亡，且於處理部位下方會長出新的枝葉。芭樂果實經100 天的生長之後，不剝皮處理之枝幹長出的芭樂重量都在 300g 以下，而螺旋狀剝皮一圈之枝幹長出的芭樂有重達300-400g(5%)及 400-500g(5%)，最重的達 490g；螺旋狀剝皮三圈之枝幹長出的芭樂也有重達 300-400g(占 7.7%)。此外，與不剝皮處理者比較之，螺旋狀剝皮也有助於高甜度芭樂比例的提升。 本研究成果若能成功應用在其他果樹上，有助於提高果農產收的經濟價值。 The purpose of our study is to examine spiral bark-stripping’s effects on trees, and observe what will happen with this treatment, especially in the survival of trees and fruit of Guava. The experimental design is as below. First, we divided tree samples or branches into 4 groups randomly, and then treated each group differently with girdling, spiral bark-stripping a circle, spiral bark-stripping 3 circles, or non-stripping on the trunks or branches. As a result, spiral bark-stripping did not cause death of trees. Instead, new green leaves grew below treated area. After 100 days of growth, the fruit of Guava treated with non-stripping weighed below 300 grams, while some fruit weighing above 300-400 grams(5%) and 400-500 grams(5%) grew on those trees treated with spiral bark-stripping a circle, with the heaviest of 490 grams. Besides, there are some fruit weighing 300-400 grams(7.7%) growing on those trees treated with piral bark-stripping 3 circles. The result shows that spiral bark-stripping, compared to non-stripping, promoted the proportion of high-sugar fruit. This study provides a possible way to increase the economic value of fruit harvest if applied to other kinds of fruit trees.
綠色陶土分子篩-污染大剋星
現今日常生活充斥著有機污染物，然而處理含有有機污染物的廢水需要極高的成本，有鑑於此，我們參考Fenton Reaction，從成本、毒性、活化能、操作方便性、二次污染及經濟效益的多方考量下，選擇以分子篩來固定鐵、鈷、鎳、錳、鋅之金屬離子，並決定以鐵分子篩為研究主軸，並探討其催化過氧化氫對有機物的分解。鑒於粉末狀的分子篩容易流失，我們以陶土固定分子篩，製作成反應杯槽，發現了分子篩與陶土的結合性。接著藉由二氧化碳感測器及光譜儀來感測有機物的分解速率，在控制溫度，濃度等條件下，探討分解有機物的反應及其反應時的特性。由實驗結果得知，分子篩能有效分解簡單醇類、氯仿、四氯化碳及indigo。使用0.35克陶土鐵分子篩，1M 以下的雙氧水50ml，其分解異丙醇所生成二氧化碳的速率可達0.34-0.55ppm/sec 之間（3.1-4.9×10-9mol/sec），此外有機氯化物分解後生成無毒性的氯離子；indigo染料分解後褪色。本實驗證實，陶土鐵分子篩：一、可以重複使用；二、可在較低濃度環境下運作；三、在酸性較弱環境下運作；四、可在低溫環境下運作(10℃)；五、不須對大量鐵離子做沉澱回收的工作（此五點優於Fenton Reaction）。相較於TAML 等人工合成的催化劑雖有避免污染的優點，但卻有無法重複使用的缺點，綜合以上幾點看來，陶土鐵分子篩在操作方便性及經濟與環境保護上具有相當的潛力及價值。With organic pollutants everywhere and the high cost to dispose of them, this study, a two-stage experiment, aimed first to evaluate the efficiency of zeolite with different metal ions and then to compare their rates in reacting to the decomposition of organic matter with hydrogen peroxide as the catalyst. Since zeolite powder can be easily washed away, we tested zeolite with clay to hold such metal ions as Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, and Zn and finally used the Argillaceous Fe-zeolite for its superiority on the basis of cost, toxin, activation energy, easy operation, and contamination. A carbon dioxide sensor and a spectrometer for visible light were used to measure the decomposition rate of organic matter under controlled temperature and resolution concentrations. The results of the experiments showed that zeolite achieved excellent effects in decomposing organic chlorides such as lower alcohols, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. When 0.35g of zeolite and less than 1M of hydrogen peroxide resolution were used the rate of carbon dioxide production reached 0.34-0.35 ppm/sec (3.1-4.9x10-9 mol/sec). The decomposition of organic chloride produced nontoxic Cl and the indigo dye faded after it was decomposed. Our experiments proved that Argillaceous Fe-zeolite has the following five advantages over Fenton Reaction. First, it can be reused. Second, it performed well at lower concentrations. Third, it worked well under weak acid conditions. Fourth, it worked at a lower temperature (20℃). And finally, there was no need to recycle a large amount of Fe ions. Argillaceous Fe-zeolite was also found to be superior to TAML, which has the advantage of avoiding contamination but is not reusable. The above observation and discussion demonstrate that Argillaceous Fe-zeolite possesses very significant value in terms of easy application, economy, and environmental protection.
培地茅根系碎形維度及抗拉力
本研究首先確認培地茅根系具有碎形之基本特性，再進一步以方格覆蓋法計算之碎形維度來分析培地茅根系在不同時間及環境因素下的生長。主要探討碎形維度與抓地力之關係，並設計以實際根系模型來加以模擬，並發展出一可描述抓地力與碎形維度及深度關係的方程式。我們的結論為：（1） 經由方格覆蓋法之計算，培地茅此種植物，不管是整個根系或單枝根，均具有碎形基本特性，適合進一步實驗研究。（2） 碎形維度會隨著培地茅生長時間增長而增加，並且在自然光照及30℃左右會有較大值，而種植於土壤中根系發展較廣，其碎形維度比種植於沙耕中來的高。（3） 實驗結果顯示，抓地力受碎形維度及根系深度兩因素影響，而培地茅根系對土壤有較強的抓地力，推測是因為兩者根系皆又深又長，土中培地茅根碎形維度較大，接觸面積較廣，而又進一步以矽膠模型做實驗驗證。（4） 矽膠模型之目的在於減少難控制之自然變因，實驗之前，測量了根系模型與洋菜凍之基本性質，實驗結果顯示抓地力與碎形維度及根系深度皆呈正向關係，可用數學方程式加以描述。This project is mainly a research into the fractal dimension of the vetiver root system. First, we confirm the vetiver root system has the basic fractal structure by checking its self-similarity, then using box-counting method to calculate fractal dimension. We begin with a fundamental investigation into the relation between different time and environmental factors and fractal dimension. Then we move to our main point: the relation between fractal dimension and its pull-out resistance. In the next step, we make a fundamental silicon model, simulating the vetiver root system, to continue our experiments. In the end, we develop a formula that can describe the relation between its pull-out resistance, roots depth and fractal dimension. Here are our conclusions: （1） After using box-counting method to calculate fractal dimension, we discover that not only the whole vetiver root system but also a single vetiver root has the basic fractal structure. （2） Fractal dimension increases when time goes on. Also the value of fractal dimension is larger in natural sunlight and the temperature at about 30℃.The vetiver root system grows more widely in soil than those in sand. That’s why it has larger fractal dimension. （3） Data shows that its pull-out resistance is influenced by both fractal dimension and the depth of the roots. The vetiver roots, in the meantime, show greater pull-out resistance than some other plants. Thus we draw the assumption that the vetiver root system grows deep and wide, and in natural soil its fractural dimension is greater and reaches greater area. Therefore, a silicon model is constructed to further confirm the findings of the experiment.（4） The design of the silicon model is to reduce the uncontrollable variables in nature. Before starting the experiment, we measured some basic characteristics of the silicon model, including density and angle of repose. Furthermore, the experiment demonstrates that pull-out resistance and fractural dimension have a commensurate mutual relation: the stronger the pull-out resistance, the wider the fractural dimension and the deeper the root system. Thus we derive a math formula to describe this relation.