綠色陶土分子篩-污染大剋星
現今日常生活充斥著有機污染物，然而處理含有有機污染物的廢水需要極高的成本，有鑑於此，我們參考Fenton Reaction，從成本、毒性、活化能、操作方便性、二次污染及經濟效益的多方考量下，選擇以分子篩來固定鐵、鈷、鎳、錳、鋅之金屬離子，並決定以鐵分子篩為研究主軸，並探討其催化過氧化氫對有機物的分解。鑒於粉末狀的分子篩容易流失，我們以陶土固定分子篩，製作成反應杯槽，發現了分子篩與陶土的結合性。接著藉由二氧化碳感測器及光譜儀來感測有機物的分解速率，在控制溫度，濃度等條件下，探討分解有機物的反應及其反應時的特性。由實驗結果得知，分子篩能有效分解簡單醇類、氯仿、四氯化碳及indigo。使用0.35克陶土鐵分子篩，1M 以下的雙氧水50ml，其分解異丙醇所生成二氧化碳的速率可達0.34-0.55ppm/sec 之間（3.1-4.9×10-9mol/sec），此外有機氯化物分解後生成無毒性的氯離子；indigo染料分解後褪色。本實驗證實，陶土鐵分子篩：一、可以重複使用；二、可在較低濃度環境下運作；三、在酸性較弱環境下運作；四、可在低溫環境下運作(10℃)；五、不須對大量鐵離子做沉澱回收的工作（此五點優於Fenton Reaction）。相較於TAML 等人工合成的催化劑雖有避免污染的優點，但卻有無法重複使用的缺點，綜合以上幾點看來，陶土鐵分子篩在操作方便性及經濟與環境保護上具有相當的潛力及價值。With organic pollutants everywhere and the high cost to dispose of them, this study, a two-stage experiment, aimed first to evaluate the efficiency of zeolite with different metal ions and then to compare their rates in reacting to the decomposition of organic matter with hydrogen peroxide as the catalyst. Since zeolite powder can be easily washed away, we tested zeolite with clay to hold such metal ions as Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, and Zn and finally used the Argillaceous Fe-zeolite for its superiority on the basis of cost, toxin, activation energy, easy operation, and contamination. A carbon dioxide sensor and a spectrometer for visible light were used to measure the decomposition rate of organic matter under controlled temperature and resolution concentrations. The results of the experiments showed that zeolite achieved excellent effects in decomposing organic chlorides such as lower alcohols, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. When 0.35g of zeolite and less than 1M of hydrogen peroxide resolution were used the rate of carbon dioxide production reached 0.34-0.35 ppm/sec (3.1-4.9x10-9 mol/sec). The decomposition of organic chloride produced nontoxic Cl and the indigo dye faded after it was decomposed. Our experiments proved that Argillaceous Fe-zeolite has the following five advantages over Fenton Reaction. First, it can be reused. Second, it performed well at lower concentrations. Third, it worked well under weak acid conditions. Fourth, it worked at a lower temperature (20℃). And finally, there was no need to recycle a large amount of Fe ions. Argillaceous Fe-zeolite was also found to be superior to TAML, which has the advantage of avoiding contamination but is not reusable. The above observation and discussion demonstrate that Argillaceous Fe-zeolite possesses very significant value in terms of easy application, economy, and environmental protection.
以Geobacillus thermoleovorans T4 菌株轉化農業廢棄纖維素為葡萄糖以發展生質酒精
我們得知從高雄糖廠及堆肥中篩出的嗜高溫好氧菌Geobacillus thermoleovorans T4，是本種細菌首先被報導具有纖維素分解能力的菌株，但目前僅止於學術研究階段，尚未實際應用於廢棄纖維素的分解上。本研究以廢棄農作物纖維素取代學術研究所用的羧甲基纖維素(Carboxymethyl Cellulose，CMC) ，將T4菌株置於稻稈與米糠培養基內，進行分解效能比較，再利用酵母菌的發酵作用進一步將葡萄糖轉化為酒精。本研究發現，在60℃的環境中，活化的T4 菌株可在CMC、稻稈及米糠培養基中生長繁殖且發揮其分解纖維素為葡萄糖的能力，尤其在米糠培養基中的分解效果最快也最好。此外，將生產的葡萄糖加入酵母菌之後，初步發現也能成功地進行發酵作用產生酒精，生質酒精的產出指日可待！;The Research on Using Geobacillus thermoleovorans T4 to Turn the Deserted Cellulose in Agriculture into glucose in Order to Produce Bio-Renewable Energy It has been found that Geobacillus thermoleovorans T4, a thermophilic aerobic bacterial strain isolated from a sugar refinery wastewater （55-60℃）in Kaohsing, Taiwan, can secrete thermostable endocellulase and hydrolyze carboxymethylcellulose （CMC）in some academic research, but it is stillunknown whether T4 hydrolyzes deserted cellulose in Agriculture. The aim of this study is to investigate the best conditions of T4 cellulase activity after mixing with deserted cellulose (such as rice bran and rice straw) by measuring the glucose concentration and bacteria number, and to produce the ethanol by activated yeast. T4 was added rice bran and rice straw medium, and cultured in 60℃ for 10 hours. The number of T4 and the concentration of glucose were measured every two hours. The best conditions were examined by comparing the hydrolyzation efficiency of T4 in different cellulose medium. We observed that T4 grew efficiently in different cellulose medium and hydrolyzed cellulose into glucose, especially in rice bran medium. The yeast also converted glucose into ethanol. Our research may shed light to the development of bio-renewable energy!
低雷諾數圓形及多邊形水躍的研究
打開水龍頭，水鉛直落到正下方的水平板時形成圓形水躍。我們實驗研究20＜Nr＜150 的低雷諾數圓形水躍的變因，探討圓形水躍半徑和流量、出水口高度、以及液體黏滯係數間的關係。改用高黏滯係數的液體（4：1 的乙二醇水溶液），鉛直落入板上方深h 的相同液體時，先形成圓形，h 漸大時形成環形圓紋曲面，再加大h，形成多邊形水躍，內外圍同方向旋轉，轉速ω；液中加水，黏滯係數高於及低於某定值，多邊形都消失，側面觀察，外圍液體作鉛直面旋轉。將水平板改置於旋轉盤上方，使高黏滯係數（4：1）的乙二醇水溶液鉛直落入板上方形成多邊水躍，逐漸加快旋轉盤的轉速至 ω 時，多邊形都消失；逐漸減少乙二醇的濃度，至完全用水實驗，亦有多邊形出現，我們認為；平板上方的液體的轉動是非圓形水躍的成因。When a jet of water falls vertically on to a horizontal plate, it spreads out rapidly in a thin layer until it reaches a critical radius at which the layer depth increases abruptly. This phenomenon commonly called the circular hydraulic jump. We study the variations of the circular hydraulic jump radius, as a function of volume flow rate of the jet, the drop height, and the viscosity of the fluid at low Reynold numbers (20＜Nr＜150). When a jet of ethylene-glycol mixed with water (the kinetic viscosity is 10 times of water) falls on to a horizontal plate which is immersed in the same liquid with height h. We find the circular state frequently undergoes spontaneous breaking at its axial symmetry into a stationary polygonal shape. Rather than displaying the weak angular deformation generally seen in fluids, the jump forms clear corners and edges that are often straight. Several of these polygon formations show consistency in height h. And we find the polygon structure rotates in a horizontal motion. When a jet of water falls on to a horizontal plate, and the plate is rotated by a motor ,we find the axial symmetry of the free surface of circular hydraulic jump is spontaneously broken a various number of cornered polygonal shapes. We study the number of corners as a result of the volume flow rate of the jet, the drop height and the viscosity of the fluid in the experiment. And the frequency of rotation of the plate is taking into consideration.
防鏽小尖兵(分子自組薄膜的探索)
自組薄膜(SAMs, self-assembled monolayers)乃是具有特定官能基的化合物在不需外力作用 下自動吸附到基質表面上而自行排列成有自序規則之結構。SAMs技術因製備容易且穩定，在 應用上深具潛力。目前此方法中，以硫醇接在Au上的研究最為廣泛。本作品希望藉著SAMs 方法將硫醇分子吸附於鐵片或其他金屬表面上，以達成防鏽與抗酸目的。我們分別透過接觸 角量測研究正十二硫醇在鐵片上形成分子薄膜的可能性；利用酸與金屬產生氣體的速率研究 分子薄膜抗酸蝕的情況；測試分子薄膜的耐熱性；根據鐵片生銹時pH值變化、重量變化與[Fe2+] 含量差異來探究分子薄膜能否防鏽；最後找出適合形成分子薄膜的濃度與溫度效應。由實驗 結果我們發現SAMs薄膜確實能吸附於鐵(及鎳、銅、鋅等金屬)的表面上並增加抗酸與防鏽蝕 能力，薄膜對熱的穩定性極佳，35℃時結合效果較佳，而濃度的提高有助於SAMs的效用。 Self-assembled monolayers(SAMs) are elements which have specific functions.SAMs,ordered molecular aggregates can automatically adhere to the surface of substrate without any force.The applcation of SAMs’technique has high potential not only because ther are easy to make but also because they are stable.Exposing molecules such as alkyl thiols to an Au(0) surface is now in widespread use. In this work,we apply the thiols chemisorb onto the Fe or other metal surface to make it rust-resistant and acid-resistant.We study the following issues to find the appropriate conditions of forming monolayers in varying concentration and temperture: I. The possibility of forming n-dodecanthiol molecular monolayers on Fe surface by measuring the contact angles. II. The ability of antiacid corrodibility by comparing the rates of producing gas from acid and metal. III. The heat-resistant of molecular monolayers. IV. Whether it’s antirust by detecting the changes of pH,weight,and the concentrations of Fe2+ during the iron rust. According to the results,we conclude SAMs do adhere to the surface of Fe(and other matal like Ni,Cu,Zn), which increases the ability of antiacid and antirust.Besides they are stable to heat, have good combining effect at 35℃, and it is beneficial to the effect of SAMs through raising their concentration.
魔術猜牌-由再生訊息延伸推展猜中比值之研究
本研究是藉由數學手法探討；如何由一疊 36 張四種花色的撲克牌中，尋找出保證可猜中最多張花色的方法。研究過程是以在適當的猜牌時機，以邏輯推理、二進位、分析與歸納 … … 等數學原理與方法，搭配巧妙的策略運用而達到目的。 猜牌方法：先約定好猜牌規則，助手將 36 張牌背圖樣相同但非對稱的撲克牌，以旋轉牌背的方向傳達訊息。在本研究中得出「經由巧妙的猜牌方法保證可以猜中不少於 26 張花色」，並得出「當總張數趨近於無窮大時，保證可以猜中不少於 81 . 07 ％的牌，並且證出若僅使用獨立的訊息猜牌，無論任何猜牌方法皆無法猜中多於 87 . 37 ％的牌」 · 其中一個猜中多於 80 ％的例子是‘「當總張數等於 23006 張時，保證可以猜中不少於 1 8405 張牌（18405/23006 > 4/5）」 ·The study is mathematically based with reasonable explanations behind it. We are to correctly guess as many cards as possible from a deck of 36 cards, with random numbers and four different suits. We will apply mathematical methods, such as logic inference, binary system, and analytical reduction, upon right timing. Using careful arrangement of the principles and reasoning, we can reach our ultimate goal. To state guessing: Conference between the guesser and the assistant about the guessing rules, the assistant will have 36 cards with the same exact pattern on the back but not symmetrical. The pattern of the cards will be different when rotated 180o. The only communication between the two is by rotating cards. In this study, we can prove that through mathematical method, we can assure 26 or more cards can be correctly guessed. Furthermore, when the total amount of cards is close to infinity, we can assure 81.07% or more of the cards can be correctly guessed, and prove that if the cards are guessed from independent information, no more than 87.37% of the cards will be correctly guessed by any guessing methods. One of the examples, which 80% of the cards are correctly guessed, is that when the amount of the cards is 23006, 18405 or more of the cards can be correctly guessed. （18405/23006 > 4/5）
全民攻笛
本實驗主要是研究閉管駐波的發聲原理。何謂「閉管駐波」？就是一個管子在相同長度下，用不同的力道吹，會有不同音高的聲音產生，這些音被稱為「諧音」。原管長所能發出的最低頻率稱作「第一諧音」，第二低的聲音稱作「第三諧音」，依此類推。在簫的演奏上，只要按住同樣的孔，用較大的力量吹，也同樣會發出較高的音；同樣地，在曲笛的演奏技巧上，有平吹、急吹等分別。為什麼吹越用力，音就越高呢？如果現在拿一個大吸管吹（要裝活塞），你會發現，只有在特定的位置（角度）下，才能吹出聲音。那麼，角度對於聲音也有影囉？這些現象的幕後黑手，就是在管口產生的「渦流」，渦流頻率也會隨著風速而增加；而且，渦流的頻率在特定風速下，會有特定的範圍。經由實驗可以大略歸納出，影響閉管駐波的三個主要變因，分別是「風速」、「風吹角度」、及「吹口至管口的距離」。吹得越急，風速就越快，渦流頻率越高，越易使諧音躍遷；吹的角度越小，越易產生渦流，亦易引發聲音；吹的距離越小，渦流越不?定，越易產生其他的擾動。以上就是本實驗的概略。This project is aimed to fine out how the closed tube can produce a sound. We know what harmonics are. When we hold a big straw and blow with increasing strength (the bottom should be in water), it will generate a higher sound. The high sound is called “harmonic”. The lowest sound it can make is “the first harmonic”, the second lowest sound is “the third harmonic”, and so forth. Likewise, when we press the same key on vertical bamboo flute with increasing strength, it’ll also produce a higher sound. But why do we use the strong air stream to blow the tube to cause the tone to transfer? Now let’s blow a straw flute. You will find that you need to blow in the particular position, and then the sound will be produced. So, is there any relationship between the blowing angle and the frequency? Actually, all these sound are produced by “vortex in the mouthpiece.” The frequency of vortex will increase with the wind speed. Moreover, the frequency of vortex has a range. In sum, the higher the wind speed is , the higher the frequency of the vortex is , and leads to the higher frequency of the sound. The smaller the blowing angle is, the easier the vortex will be produced; the easier the frequency will be made. The smaller the distance between the blowing angle and the frequency is, the more unstable the frequency will be. The above is the most important research in this project.
Bio-Conversion of Agricultural Waste to Ethanol
a. Purpose of the research: Find a potential way to reduce the global warming, and develop a process for the lignocellulosic ethanol production using rice straw, which is an agricultural waste. b. Procedures: One of the greatest challenges for society in the 21st century is to meet the growing energy demand for transportation, heating and industrial processes. This significantly contributes to “Greenhouse Effect.” Rice straw is one of the lignocellulosic biomasses which are renewable organic substance and alternative source of energy. For the first time, rice straw was pretreated using autoclaving or a hypochlorite-hydrogen peroxide (Ox-B) solution, which is broadly used in potable water treatment. The pretreated rice straw was hydrolyzed with two kinds of enzymes: Cellulase and Spezyme. Following hydrolysis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stipitis were inoculated for ethanol production. c. Data: With the 5% Ox-B sample (initial sugar concentration was 5%), the final ethanol concentration was about 1.1%, is 87.3 % of stoichiometric and fermentation efficiency yield. Currently, we’re developing a new mutant, which can use glucose and xylose simultaneously, by using soft X-Ray. In conclusion, for the first time, rice straw was pretreated by using autoclaving or hypochlorite-hydrogen peroxide (Ox-B), solution which is broadly used in potable water treatment. The Ox-B solution treatment was an essential step for efficient hemicelluloase hydrolysis. Using 5% rice straw sugar, 1.1% ethanol was obtained. d. Conclusion: Further optimization study of fermentation process and strain improvement researches are in progress. We hope to see future cultivators to move through the energy of ethanol produced by rice straw. This project has a great emphasis towards understanding the importance of bio-energy and its nature.
仿生智慧型熱控制系統
通常使用隔熱材料可以降低熱量傳遞，而使用風扇、散熱片、熱導管等用來單向散熱。但如何在一個系統上同時滿足隔熱和雙向傳熱的需求呢？因此我研究設計了仿生智慧型熱控制系統，能隨環境改變而快速轉變成隔熱或轉變成雙向傳熱並控制熱傳遞的方向及大小，這可以應用在房屋、汽車、恆溫系統等。我先自製了自動傳熱量測系統，測試並找出好的隔熱和傳熱材料及構造。為了能快速控制熱的方向及大小，我又發展了第一代替換式、第二代熱柵式和第三代熱管式熱控制系統；經過多次實驗，利用低沸點有機溶劑和控制系統，我成功地完成仿生智慧型熱控制系統，讓熱隔絕或快速流進流出，比傳統的方法改進很多，也達到節約能源的目的。Insulation materials are usually used to reduce heat transfer rate, while fans, radiators and heat pipes are applied to increase heat transfer rate and bring heat away. But is it possible to have both functions of insulation and heat transfer together in a single system? This research is to design and develop an intelligent heat control system, with both function of insulation and function of transferring heat together. Besides, this system can control the direction and amount of heat transferred. Such a system can be applied in house walls, cars, thermostatic system, etc. I developed an automatic heat measurement system which was used to test the properties of heat transfer for different materials and structures. Three generations of intelligent bi-directional automatic heat control system were then developed to get fast heat transfer and function of heat control. They were phase 1 replacing-type system, phase 2 heat-grating system, and phase 3 heat-pipe system. After tens of experiments, I successfully control the amount and rate of heat transfer via low-boiling-point organic solutions and controller. The designed system is bi-directional, and is more innovative and efficient than conventional uni-directional heat control methods. Besides, this system also has huge contribution in reducing energy consumption.
共點圓、共圓點
我的研究是利用一些特殊的手法來探討所有情況皆會產生共點圓或共圓點。在一個由四條直線(無平行線組、無共點)所構成的圖形中，可以找到四個三角形及它們的外接圓。我知道它會共點，在此稱其為限制點。且若再添加一條直線，則可以任意的取出四條直線，分別找出它的限制點，而這些限制點又會共圓，吾稱其為限制圓。我欲證明此種情況會不斷延續下去。即是六條線時又會有限制點，七條線時又會有限制圓…。在本研究中，我利用了數學歸納法、特殊的編號方法以及「方向角」來做出此證明。由於固定的線組對應至固定的限制點或限制圓，希望能向找出其性質的方向發展。In my study, I use some skills to discuss all the situations which satisfy following conditions. The result is that concurrent circles or concyclic points will be found in every situation. In a graph consisting of four lines, conforming to conditions that any three lines won’t be parallel or intersect at one point, I can find out four triangles and their circumscribed circles. I know these circumscribed circles will be concurrent and I call the point at which all the circles meet “restricted point”. If another line is additionally added in the graph, I can discover that restricted points determined by any four lines in the graph will be concyclic. I call the circle “restricted circle”. What I want to prove is that the above situation will go on. In other words, restricted points will exist when I have six lines, and restricted circles will exist when I have seven lines and so on. In my study, I used Principal of Mathematical Induction, special ways of numbering points and circles, and “orientated angle” to prove my hypothesis. Because of particular line groups corresponding with particular restricted points or restricted circles, the further work I want to attain is to find the relation of them.