2008年

Hadley has create a system that enables you to see in the dark, night?vision goggles. The military version usually retail for thousands of dollars, but Hadley’s solution costs considerably less. And they really work! He has even attached close?fit rubber swimming fittings to the eyepieces to ensure you can’t see a thing without the help of the electronics. The key feature of this project is the way Hadley has used his imagination to access and modify existing technology and explore ways of ‘hacking’ these device to obtain useful component system that he can integrate to make a fully functioning product. In doing this he has encountered many unsuitable combinations, but has persisted to reach an extraordinarily effective endpoint. The whole process, which has taken over a year from initial idea to result is a demonstration of tenacity and ingenuity.

通常使用隔熱材料可以降低熱量傳遞，而使用風扇、散熱片、熱導管等用來單向散熱。但如何在一個系統上同時滿足隔熱和雙向傳熱的需求呢？因此我研究設計了仿生智慧型熱控制系統，能隨環境改變而快速轉變成隔熱或轉變成雙向傳熱並控制熱傳遞的方向及大小，這可以應用在房屋、汽車、恆溫系統等。我先自製了自動傳熱量測系統，測試並找出好的隔熱和傳熱材料及構造。為了能快速控制熱的方向及大小，我又發展了第一代替換式、第二代熱柵式和第三代熱管式熱控制系統；經過多次實驗，利用低沸點有機溶劑和控制系統，我成功地完成仿生智慧型熱控制系統，讓熱隔絕或快速流進流出，比傳統的方法改進很多，也達到節約能源的目的。Insulation materials are usually used to reduce heat transfer rate, while fans, radiators and heat pipes are applied to increase heat transfer rate and bring heat away. But is it possible to have both functions of insulation and heat transfer together in a single system? This research is to design and develop an intelligent heat control system, with both function of insulation and function of transferring heat together. Besides, this system can control the direction and amount of heat transferred. Such a system can be applied in house walls, cars, thermostatic system, etc. I developed an automatic heat measurement system which was used to test the properties of heat transfer for different materials and structures. Three generations of intelligent bi-directional automatic heat control system were then developed to get fast heat transfer and function of heat control. They were phase 1 replacing-type system, phase 2 heat-grating system, and phase 3 heat-pipe system. After tens of experiments, I successfully control the amount and rate of heat transfer via low-boiling-point organic solutions and controller. The designed system is bi-directional, and is more innovative and efficient than conventional uni-directional heat control methods. Besides, this system also has huge contribution in reducing energy consumption.

本研究是藉由數學手法探討；如何由一疊 36 張四種花色的撲克牌中，尋找出保證可猜中最多張花色的方法。研究過程是以在適當的猜牌時機，以邏輯推理、二進位、分析與歸納 … … 等數學原理與方法，搭配巧妙的策略運用而達到目的。 猜牌方法：先約定好猜牌規則，助手將 36 張牌背圖樣相同但非對稱的撲克牌，以旋轉牌背的方向傳達訊息。在本研究中得出「經由巧妙的猜牌方法保證可以猜中不少於 26 張花色」，並得出「當總張數趨近於無窮大時，保證可以猜中不少於 81 . 07 ％的牌，並且證出若僅使用獨立的訊息猜牌，無論任何猜牌方法皆無法猜中多於 87 . 37 ％的牌」 · 其中一個猜中多於 80 ％的例子是‘「當總張數等於 23006 張時，保證可以猜中不少於 1 8405 張牌（18405/23006 > 4/5）」 ·The study is mathematically based with reasonable explanations behind it. We are to correctly guess as many cards as possible from a deck of 36 cards, with random numbers and four different suits. We will apply mathematical methods, such as logic inference, binary system, and analytical reduction, upon right timing. Using careful arrangement of the principles and reasoning, we can reach our ultimate goal. To state guessing: Conference between the guesser and the assistant about the guessing rules, the assistant will have 36 cards with the same exact pattern on the back but not symmetrical. The pattern of the cards will be different when rotated 180o. The only communication between the two is by rotating cards. In this study, we can prove that through mathematical method, we can assure 26 or more cards can be correctly guessed. Furthermore, when the total amount of cards is close to infinity, we can assure 81.07% or more of the cards can be correctly guessed, and prove that if the cards are guessed from independent information, no more than 87.37% of the cards will be correctly guessed by any guessing methods. One of the examples, which 80% of the cards are correctly guessed, is that when the amount of the cards is 23006, 18405 or more of the cards can be correctly guessed. （18405/23006 > 4/5）

自組薄膜(SAMs, self-assembled monolayers)乃是具有特定官能基的化合物在不需外力作用 下自動吸附到基質表面上而自行排列成有自序規則之結構。SAMs技術因製備容易且穩定，在 應用上深具潛力。目前此方法中，以硫醇接在Au上的研究最為廣泛。本作品希望藉著SAMs 方法將硫醇分子吸附於鐵片或其他金屬表面上，以達成防鏽與抗酸目的。我們分別透過接觸 角量測研究正十二硫醇在鐵片上形成分子薄膜的可能性；利用酸與金屬產生氣體的速率研究 分子薄膜抗酸蝕的情況；測試分子薄膜的耐熱性；根據鐵片生銹時pH值變化、重量變化與[Fe2+] 含量差異來探究分子薄膜能否防鏽；最後找出適合形成分子薄膜的濃度與溫度效應。由實驗 結果我們發現SAMs薄膜確實能吸附於鐵(及鎳、銅、鋅等金屬)的表面上並增加抗酸與防鏽蝕 能力，薄膜對熱的穩定性極佳，35℃時結合效果較佳，而濃度的提高有助於SAMs的效用。 Self-assembled monolayers(SAMs) are elements which have specific functions.SAMs,ordered molecular aggregates can automatically adhere to the surface of substrate without any force.The applcation of SAMs’technique has high potential not only because ther are easy to make but also because they are stable.Exposing molecules such as alkyl thiols to an Au(0) surface is now in widespread use. In this work,we apply the thiols chemisorb onto the Fe or other metal surface to make it rust-resistant and acid-resistant.We study the following issues to find the appropriate conditions of forming monolayers in varying concentration and temperture: I. The possibility of forming n-dodecanthiol molecular monolayers on Fe surface by measuring the contact angles. II. The ability of antiacid corrodibility by comparing the rates of producing gas from acid and metal. III. The heat-resistant of molecular monolayers. IV. Whether it’s antirust by detecting the changes of pH,weight,and the concentrations of Fe2+ during the iron rust. According to the results,we conclude SAMs do adhere to the surface of Fe(and other matal like Ni,Cu,Zn), which increases the ability of antiacid and antirust.Besides they are stable to heat, have good combining effect at 35℃, and it is beneficial to the effect of SAMs through raising their concentration.

Many biological processes in the human body take place in intracellular environments under crowded conditions. This means that such cellular activities occur in the presence of inert macromolecules. These macromolecules are thought to have large effects on reaction rates and equilibria. However, under conventional conditions, these same processes are studied in vitro under uncrowded conditions in dilute buffers and therefore not reflective of physiological conditions. Hence, this project aims to study the effect of macromolecular crowding on antigen-antibody reactions in an attempt to mimic intracellular environments. It also aims to highlight the importance of introducing crowders as a factor of study in conventional in vitro experiments involving cellular reactions. The model reaction investigated involves human collagen type 1 on skin samples and specific antibodies against these antigens. Inert macromolecules of defined hydrodynamic radius and charge were added into the reaction media while quantitative tests are conducted to determine the effect of crowding on the rate and extent of reaction. The macromolecular crowders used were Dextran Sulphate, Ficol170, Ficol1400 and Polyvinylpyrrolidone360. Results were than analysed with the Metamorph 7 imaging system to determine signal strength under crowded and non-crowded conditions. At high primary antibody dilutions, skin samples incubated with a primary antibody solution crowded with a combination of inert macromolecules showed improve signal strength. This could be because crowding tends to shift reaction equilibria such as to minimise the amount of excluded volume, leading to association of the antigen and its specific antibody. This is known as the excluded volume effect. In addition, crowding the primary antibody solution helped increase the rate of reaction. The results also suggest that the addition of crowders may reduce the amount of antibodies needed per sample and decrease the necessary incubation time. Therefore, antigen-antibody reactions can be done more cost-effectively, However, the presence of charged macromolecules such as Dextran Sulphate has an inhibitory effect. Further work is also needed to establish whether macromolecular crowding enhances specificity and thereby reduce autoflourescence of the skin sample.

當世界各國正全力朝奈米科技發展，而奈米微粒對環境及人類健康影響與否未明朗之際，有關奈米微粒對人類健康影響之探討是刻不容緩之事。本研究的近程目標是合成金奈米粒子，遠程目標是擬探討金奈米粒子的生物毒性。此份研究主要是描述金奈米粒子的最大表面電漿吸收光譜特性及其最大吸收波長，而金奈米粒子的合成是利用四氯金酸( HAuCl4 )與還原劑—硼氫化鈉( NaBH4 )、聯胺水合物( N2H5OH )或檸檬酸鈉在陽離子界面活性劑的溶液( CH 3(CH2)15N+(CH3)3Br– ，溴化十六烷基三甲基銨，CTAB ) 當保護劑中，利用氧化還原方法直接生成金奈米粒子，並探討四氯金酸的濃度、還原劑的濃度、界面活性劑的濃度及反應溫度，對金奈米粒子生成之影響，另外也探討金奈米粒子的穩定性。有關金奈米粒子的光譜特性則利用UV/Vis 光譜儀測試。研究結果發現在相同的條件下，利用冰浴，以NaBH4 當還原劑所合成出的金奈米粒子之平均粒徑為11.70 nm ，而以N2H5OH 當還原劑所合成出的金奈米粒子之平均粒徑為20.25 nm， 有關金奈米粒子之結構及大小藉由穿透式電子顯微鏡( TEM ) 拍攝出的影像得以驗證。;This study mainly focused on the properties of the maximum surface plasmon absorption of gold nanoparticles and their wavelengths. The synthesis of gold nanoparticles made use of HAuCl4 aqueous solution and reducing agent, through the oxidation reduction method, with reductant, sodium borohydride ( NaBH4 ), hydrazine ( N2H5OH ) or sodium citrate solution in the presence of the cetytrimethylammonium bomide ( C19H42BrN,CTAB ) aqueous solution as protecting agent. The influence of concentration of HAuCl4, reductant, surfactant, and temperature on the synthesis of gold nanoparticles were explored. In addition, the stability of the gold nanoparticles was also explored. Measurements of spectral properties of gold nanoparticles were done by UV/Vis spectrometer.When NaBH4 was used as a reductant, the average diameter of gold nanoparticles was 11.70 nm. When N2H5OH was used as a reductant, the average diameter of the synthesized gold nanoparticles was 20.25 nm. The structures and sizes could be identified by the transmission of electron micrograph (TEM) images.

本實驗主要是研究閉管駐波的發聲原理。何謂「閉管駐波」？就是一個管子在相同長度下，用不同的力道吹，會有不同音高的聲音產生，這些音被稱為「諧音」。原管長所能發出的最低頻率稱作「第一諧音」，第二低的聲音稱作「第三諧音」，依此類推。在簫的演奏上，只要按住同樣的孔，用較大的力量吹，也同樣會發出較高的音；同樣地，在曲笛的演奏技巧上，有平吹、急吹等分別。為什麼吹越用力，音就越高呢？如果現在拿一個大吸管吹（要裝活塞），你會發現，只有在特定的位置（角度）下，才能吹出聲音。那麼，角度對於聲音也有影囉？這些現象的幕後黑手，就是在管口產生的「渦流」，渦流頻率也會隨著風速而增加；而且，渦流的頻率在特定風速下，會有特定的範圍。經由實驗可以大略歸納出，影響閉管駐波的三個主要變因，分別是「風速」、「風吹角度」、及「吹口至管口的距離」。吹得越急，風速就越快，渦流頻率越高，越易使諧音躍遷；吹的角度越小，越易產生渦流，亦易引發聲音；吹的距離越小，渦流越不?定，越易產生其他的擾動。以上就是本實驗的概略。This project is aimed to fine out how the closed tube can produce a sound. We know what harmonics are. When we hold a big straw and blow with increasing strength (the bottom should be in water), it will generate a higher sound. The high sound is called “harmonic”. The lowest sound it can make is “the first harmonic”, the second lowest sound is “the third harmonic”, and so forth. Likewise, when we press the same key on vertical bamboo flute with increasing strength, it’ll also produce a higher sound. But why do we use the strong air stream to blow the tube to cause the tone to transfer? Now let’s blow a straw flute. You will find that you need to blow in the particular position, and then the sound will be produced. So, is there any relationship between the blowing angle and the frequency? Actually, all these sound are produced by “vortex in the mouthpiece.” The frequency of vortex will increase with the wind speed. Moreover, the frequency of vortex has a range. In sum, the higher the wind speed is , the higher the frequency of the vortex is , and leads to the higher frequency of the sound. The smaller the blowing angle is, the easier the vortex will be produced; the easier the frequency will be made. The smaller the distance between the blowing angle and the frequency is, the more unstable the frequency will be. The above is the most important research in this project.

The Latin American and Caribbean regions have one of the biggest cultivable areas in the world, calculated at around 576 million hectares. Nevertheless, 16% of this land its affected by a kind of soil degradation. Previous studies have shown that the vesicular- arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) can fix phosphorus and other elements to plants, is an important micronutrients transporter, increases the water potential of plants, can bioremediate the lands affected and prevents lixivation. These effects are very convenient and can replace the chemical fertilizers which produce collateral damage to the environment. For the reasons mentioned above, this prototype for the production of vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizae, denominated as a biofertilizer, is presented. The prototype consists of an aeroponic system which disperses, in aerial form, nutrients to the host/trap plant roots where the fungus produces its mycelium web. The fungus propagation consists of an artificial union of isolated and identified spores of the mycobiont ,which we want to propagate, with the trap plant roots. The specimen identification consisted in a staining and clarification method (Phillips- Hayman), and a taxonomical identification. In order to prove the (VAM) benefits, two experiments using Sorghum spp. were carried out. One consisted of a comparison between the plants with VAM and a control without VAM. The second one consisted of a chemical comparison between control/fertilizer/ VAM plants. These two experiments were subjected to a water stress test for 10 days. The prototype achieved a production of roots mycorrhizae between 50-65% of colonization. The taxonomic identification corroborated that the mycobionts propagated and the controls were the same species. Experiment One demonstrated that the mycorrhizae treatment has more height, stem diameter, fresh/dry weight than the control which doesn't have VAM. We also conducted the Student’s t Test to check the previously mentioned hypothesis. In Experiment Two, the control and fertilizer treatments had a similar percentage of Nitrogen and Potassium, and the mycorrhizae treatment significantly increased these two elements; nevertheless, the fertilizer and mycorrhizae treatment obtained a similar percentage of Phosphorous. The water stress test was for 10 days - one month after planting. The results were: the fertilizer and mycorrhizae treatment had the same resistance to the stress, the mycorrhizae recovered faster from the stress and the control specimens presented a lower shrivel percentage than the other plants. One of the principal gains which this prototype has is that the trap plant doesn't die after collection, and the plant only needs to be inoculated once in the plant’s life because we only prune the roots. In nature 90% of plant species present some type of mycorrhizae association, hence the feasibility of this prototype for introduction, use and application of the fungus as a biofertilizer. 1 Centro de Bachillerato Tecnologico Industrial y de servicios N°24 2 Instituto Tecnologico de Ciudad Victoria

This work presents fundamental research in the field of algebra and the theory of number. The subject of the work is equations of Markov's type (the type of the equations introduced by me earlier which generalizes the classic equation of Markov (x2+y2+z2=3xyz)) of parabolic type with two unknown quantities and their genealogical trees. The following questions appeared when I was working on the equations of Markov's type and constructing genealogical trees to them: are there any other trees besides one for a certain equation; how to find all the genealogical trees for the equation of Markov's type; how to find all the integer solutions with the help of the genealogical trees. This work is devoted to the analysis of these questions. The aim of the work: to create the method of finding all the integer solutions of the equations of Markov's type of parabolic type. The tasks of the work: 1. Carrying out some experimental works to find all the genealogical trees for a concrete equation. 2. Formulating a hypothesis that the curve has a specific part. 3. Research the parabolic type in order to apply the hypothesis to it. 4. To formulate and prove the theorems about the necessary and sufficient conditions of the existence of the genealogical trees of the integer solutions of equations of Markov's type of parabolic type with two unknown quantities. As the result of the work all the tasks have been solved. I worked the method of finding all the integer solutions: : to find all the integer solutions by means finding all genealogical trees of the equations of Markov's type of parabolic type with two unknown quantities you need : 1. To investigate if there any integer solutions‧ a special part of the parabola (if it is a parabola)‧ a special part of the parallel lines (if it is a pair of the parallel lines) 2. To build a genealogical tree from every solution (if they exist). 3. All the integer solutions will be on the constructed trees. I also worked out a computer program which is based on the usage of this method.