2024年

The idea of dramatically reducing the cost of the production dry cell, reducing its carbon footprint, and being able to be an alternative to current materials such as biochars really propels the interest of performing this project research. Biochars from durian husk, bamboo and coconut shell are promising alternative chemical materials of the anodes in the dry cell due to their eco-friendly traits and availability in the trophic areas which covers about 40% of the land on earth. Using the technique of pyrolysis, the latest and the best technique to produce a high carbon content biochars, the dry cell uses the potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte and manganese dioxide as the catalysts that make the biochar mixture to produce maximum voltage of 65% from the dry cell sold in the current market. The voltage analysis of the biochar dry cell was done in our school science laboratory and then, characterization tests analysis was carried out on the products from the specific biomass namely the SEM/EDX analysis, at the Material Characterization Laboratory (MCL), Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra 馬來西亞. Based on our research, the biochar obtained from the raw materials (Durian Husk, Bamboo and Coconut Shell) had shown different characteristics. The bamboo biochar had shown the most amount of carbon content which is 86.64% more than the durian husk biochar (72.77%) and coconut shell biochar (65.57%). On the other hand, based on the micrograph, we observed that the durian husk biochar had shown much created pores rather than bamboo biochar and coconut shell biochar. In our study, we found out that the average voltage produced by the three different biochars have shown that Durian Husk char dry cell produced the highest voltage which is 0.97V, more than the bamboo char (0.62V) and coconut shell char (0.73V). In conclusion, the biochar dry cell produced are much cheaper in term of its production as our biochar dry cell uses biomass that are freely available and comes from renewable source of energy, the best ingredient for Green Technology.

Currently, Large-scale solar PV systems installations are taking place in the desert environment and space to harness abundant solar energy effectively. Dust accumulation on the surface of photovoltaic panels (PV) is the most stignant problem for photovoltaic panels, as dust deposition reduces PV problem energy generation efficiency significantly. Thus, the removal of dust from the PV panels has become very important to increase the rate of energy efficiency by the PV panels. The dust particles could be reduced using traditional dust cleaning techniques. But, in the harsh and hostile desert environment, these approaches which requires a lot of water, complicated mechanical instruments, enormous logistics, and personnel. Electrodynamic dust shielding (EDS) system has been developed at our laboratory to remove dust particles from the surface of the PV panels. The EDS system has been successfully tested for dust mitigation. The unique features of our EDS System is that it is cost effective, easy to install and no manpower required as it is an unmanned system. The design and construction of a single-phase electrodynamic dust repulsion device built locally in KSA is demonstrated in this study. This work showed that the optimized electrode design and electrical parameters, such as AC source voltage and frequency, maximized the EDS system's dust mitigation effectiveness. A perfect balance was achieved between the geometrical and electrical parameters of the EDS system, resulting in a dust removal efficiency of up to 92±1 ℅.

通過 LOFAR望遠鏡與斯隆數位巡天計畫之資料釋出，我們得以在大量、清晰的資料庫中發掘許多天體的特殊性質。本研究結合兩個大型研究計劃的無線電波源目錄與類星體光學目錄，分析 LOFAR-detected類星體在可見光觀測上與其他類星體的光譜性質差異，利用決策樹與相關的集成學習模型建立對於缺乏無線電紀錄之類星體的光學資料分類模型，並期望在未來驗證學界目前對於類星體產生無線電原理的各種假說。

本研究為 111 年度綠色化學創意競賽《熱對流發電裝置之效率研究》之延續性作品，該作品中，我們已得知高度、內外溫度差以及儲氣量對發電效率的影響，因此我們想要進行更深入的研究。 本研究中，有兩個主要的研究方向，分別是管路材質以及風扇數量對熱對流發電裝置之風速影響。本實驗使用AnsysFluent 軟體進行CFD 模擬，在模擬結果中，我們發現鐵管相對於PVC 管，能使流速提高。風扇數量的增加，也會使流速提高，進而推測可使發電效率增加。 我們也希望能開發綠能智慧路燈、模擬導流板對流速的影響以及風扇葉片轉動的效率，讓整個研究更完備。

亞硝酸鹽與對胺基苯甲酸 (4-Aminobenzoicacid, PABA)反應生成重氮化合物，並與 N-(1- 萘基) 乙二胺二鹽酸鹽 (N-(1-Naphthyl)-1,2-ethanediamine dihydrochloride, NED) 進行偶聯反應，進一步生成紫色、褐色的化合物，使水凝膠的表面從無色轉變成化合物的顏色。隨著亞硝酸鹽濃度的改變，水凝膠成色的效果也會有所不同，這也導致了其表面灰階的變化。重氮化偶聯反應可用於亞硝酸鹽的比色測定，亦被證明可用於實際水樣本中的亞硝酸鹽檢測。

奈米藥物在臨床治療引入了重大創新。多孔性二氧化矽奈米粒子(mesoporous silica nanoparticle) 具有生物相容性和高孔隙度的特性，被運用在奈米藥物傳遞和標靶治療。奈米粒子經過表面修飾可提高藥物載荷效能以達到有效的治療。 本研究建立一項有效的奈米藥物傳遞載體的開發系統，目標在合成多孔性二氧化矽奈米粒子，使用幾丁聚糖對表面進行修飾，以提升地塞米松藥物載荷和穩定的藥物釋放。應用 X-射線繞射和傅立葉轉換紅外光譜來分析奈米粒子產物和表面官能基。應用分光光譜儀進行測定藥物的載荷和釋放速率。幾丁聚糖修飾包覆的多孔性二氧化矽奈米粒子具有 53.7％的藥物載荷率，比較未修飾的粒子只有 27.9%。藥物釋放實驗，幾丁聚糖包覆的二氧化矽奈米粒子可以延緩藥物釋放，在 5 天釋放 19.7％的地塞米松。本次研究說明幾丁聚糖包覆多孔性二氧化矽奈米粒子是有潛力的奈米藥物載體。

In the first part of this project, distilled water and 95% ethanol were used to extract ultra-violet(UV)-absorbing and anti-oxidizing compounds from different types of algae including kelp, wakame, sea grape and nori. Activated charcoal was used in attempt to purify the extracts and removed excessive pigments. It was found that the charcoal was more effective in adsorbing pigments from ethanol extract in which up to 80 to 100% pigments could be removed. The UV-absorbing and anti-oxidizing properties of the algae extracts were also studied. All algae extracts showed significant UV-absorbing and anti-oxidizing properties. In particular, extract formed by using 3 g kelp powder in distilled water could significantly reduce 50% UV intensity and react 96.5% DPPH solution which acts as a source of free radicals. In the second part of the project, three applications of algae were explored in details. Firstly, it was found that kelp, wakame and nori extracts by using over 2 g of algae in 30 mL olive oil could absorb UVA and UVB by over 90%, which is comparable to the performance of zinc oxide, a common ingredient in commercial sunscreen products. Costs of preparing the sunscreens were also compared. Except for wakame extract, all other extracts were cheaper than using zinc oxide. Moreover, the kelp extract was found to maintain its UV- absorbing and anti-oxidizing abilities after at least 30 days of storage under room conditions. Lastly, sodium alginate was successfully extracted from kelp with a product yield up to 30%. The alginate solution was then used to form a calcium-alginate protective coating on plastic slides to reduce UV intensity by up to 50%. This aims to apply on nails or fingers during UV nail gel polish to protect against UVR.

Nephrolithiasis isacommondiseasewherestoneisfoundinthe kidney. Kidney stones areharddepositsmadeofmineralsandsalts that form inside your kidneys. Urine has various wastes dissolved in it. When there is too much waste in too little liquid, crystals begin to form. Sometimes, tiny stones move out ofthebodyinthe urine without causingtoomuchpainanditcontainscalciumoxide. But stones that don't move may cause a back-up of urine in the kidney, ureter, the bladder, or the urethra. Therefore, Ca-d is used as an effective and affordable alternative device to check kidney stones. A new detector we can operate as an indicator for people who have high calcium oxalate levels in their urine. Which will help us to check calcium oxalate levels easily and practically with the use of tds (PPM as its unit). It can check whether people have high PPM levels that can cause issues like nephrolithiasis. It can also be used regularly so that people can avoid the disease by consistently checking their urine with Ca-d.

有關於染料敏化太陽能電池(DSSC)的優化。首先使用平整的刮刀器均勻地塗抹 400um 的石墨膠在 DSSC 的電極上可以提高導電性。而 0.5M 的 I-/IO3-電解液可以獲得最佳的填充因子和高轉換率。染料方面混合梔子紫、梔子綠和梔子藍色素可以增加吸收可見光波段並提高吸收度。ITO 導電玻璃的耐受溫度約為 300℃左右，超過此溫度電阻逐漸增加。負極之奈米粒子所製備之 TiO2 薄膜的最佳厚度為 5-10um，且 30nm 的粒徑比 25nm 和常規粒徑表現較好。使用 TiCl4 乙醇溶液進行電化學沉積時，最佳的電化學沉積電位在-1.025~-1.1V 區間內且可以成功製備出超薄奈米 TiO2 薄膜，其 DSSC 的轉換率可達 3.4％。加入奈米銀到 DSSC 的染料中可以有效提高吸收度，比例為奈米銀：混合染料=1:30 時可以有效提高 DSSC 的效能。

此研究討論三角形𝐴𝐵𝐶的外心、重心、垂心、內心到三邊之距離，並依銳角、直角及鈍角三角形，去比較各距離總和之大小關係及相互之間的關聯性。其主要結果為： 1.用外接圓半徑𝑅及∠𝐴,∠𝐵,∠𝐶表示各心到三邊之距離。 2.設外心、重心、垂心、內心到三邊之距離總和依序為𝑑1, 𝑑2, 𝑑3, 𝑑4 ，其大小關係為： (1)在銳角∆中，𝑑1 ≥ 𝑑2 ≥ 𝑑4 ≥ 𝑑3，僅當正∆ 時，等號成立。 (2)在直角∆中，𝑑1 > 𝑑2 > 𝑑4 > 𝑑3。 (3)在鈍角∆中，𝑑1 > 𝑑2 > 𝑑4 恆成立。𝑑3與𝑑1、𝑑2、𝑑4比較，並無絕對關係，但在等腰鈍角∆，我們給出其大小順序的臨界值。 (4)在鈍角∆中，若最大內角≥ 120° ，則𝑑3 > 𝑑1 > 𝑑2 > 𝑑4。 3.在銳角∆ 及直角∆ 中，等式𝑑2=2/3 𝑑1+1/3 𝑑3和 𝑑2+1/3 𝑑1-1/3 𝑑3-1/3 𝑑4 = 𝑅 恆成立。