黑擬蛺蝶(Precis iphita iphita)的生存策略
Beings inherit various morphs and natural ability properties from their genetic parents to adapt to the environment and survive; Precis iphita iphita , for instance, is a best example of it. Although few literatures on Precis iphita iphita is found, through long-term field observation on the food intake, nest building, avoiding predator of immature stage, and living domain, the oviposition, plant preference of the adult, different stages of morphs and changes of behavior can be classified obviously when there are environmental or weather changes. The above can help investigate how they interact and influence with plants. This study aims to record and describe various behaviors and surrounding changes for Precis iphita iphita. 生物為適應環境求取生存,從親代遺傳許多形態、本能;黑擬蛺蝶(Precis iphita iphita) 的生活史就是個很好的例子。雖然文獻報告對黑擬蛺蝶的形態與行為描述不多,但藉由野外 長期實地觀察幼蟲的攝食、築巢、躲避天敵,以及成蝶的領域、產卵、食草選擇,可明顯區 分當環境、氣候產生變化時,黑擬蛺蝶不同蟲期的蟲體都有許多外在行為的改變,可作為探 討其與植物間的交互作用和影響。本研究旨在描述黑擬蛺蝶各種不同的行為與當時環境的狀 態,並將實際觀察所得詳實記載,以供他人比較參考。
綠色親善大使之誕生-生物可降解性奈米複合材料的研究
近年來,由於科技的進步,導致合成性高分子材料大量開發利用,雖然便利 了人們的生活,卻造成許多環保問題,例如:資源的消耗,以及對環境的污染。 然而「生物可降解人工合成的聚乳酸高分子」和「天然的幾丁聚醣高分子」均具 有優良的生物可相容性及生物可分解性,添加無機層狀蒙脫土可補強其機械性質 之不足。本實驗之目的是以生物可分解之合成性高分子聚乳酸作為主體,再和經 有機化改質後的蒙脫土摻混而製備出聚乳酸/蒙脫土之奈米複合材料。 本實驗主要分為三大部分: (一)以界面活性劑對蒙脫土進行改質 (二)製備聚乳酸/蒙脫土奈米複合材料試片 (三)對試片進行生物降解性測試 此外,本實驗以X-ray 繞射儀(XRD)檢測改質後蒙脫土層間距離的變化; 場發射電子顯微鏡(FE-SEM)觀察生物降解後複材之表面型態;膠體色層分析 儀(GPC)檢測生物分解前後複合材料之分子量的變化;DMA 檢測複合材料之 機械性質;TGA 檢測複合材料之熱穩定性Thanks to the development and advance of modern technology, the synthetic polymers have been put in wide use. Though the synthetic polymers provide convenience for our lives, they also bring about many environmental problems, such as consumption of natural resources and environmental pollution. Nevertheless, both biodegradable man-made PLA(Poly Lactic Acid)and natural chitosan contain good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Else, adding MMT(Montmorillonite)into PLA can modify the mechanical properties. Our experiment aimed to prepare the PLA (Poly Lactic Acid)/ Montmorillonite Nanocomposites by adding organo-modified MMT into the biodegradable PLA. The experiment underwent three phases:(1) modifying MMT by means of CTAB(n-Hexadecyl Trimethyl-ammonium Bromide, CTAB ) and chitosan (2)preparing PLA(Poly Lactic Acid)/ Montmorillonite Nanocomposites (3)testing the biodegradability of the Nanocomposites we prepared. While conducting the experiments, we made use of the XRD(X-ray Diffraction)to examine the change in MMT’s layer thickness. The SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope)was also employed to observe the surface pattern of the Nanocomposites, and used Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)to examine the decrease of the Nanocomposites’ molecular weight. Moreover, we also used Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)to test the mechanical properties of the Nanocomposites(Tensile testing). Last, we test the thermal stability of the Nanocomposites by using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA).
會逆轉的石頭-RattleBack 逆旋現象
具有長短兩軸的對稱性剛體,譬如半橢球,在施加適當質量配重後,給予其Z 軸方向的 初角速度,將會逐漸上下震盪、搖擺,而後改變原先的角速度方向,朝相反的方向逆轉回來。 此現象稱為「逆旋現象」,本研究分析關於配重、質心距離與表面摩擦係數等因素的影響,利 用光點投影方式判讀其軌跡,並建立數學模型以驗證物理原理。研究發現,動摩擦垂直長軸 的分力所造成的力矩,將會導致逆旋的發生,並且,對本研究的剛體模型而言,加以20g 配 重,與長軸夾45°距質心5.5cm 且動摩擦系數為0.1227 時,逆轉角度有最大值。當長短兩軸 的震盪頻率相近時,甚至會發生兩軸能量的耦合現象,而有不只一次的逆旋。 The phenomenon was found for rigid bodies with long and short symmetrical axes, such as half-ellipsoids. We add extra masses ( Δm ) to a stone of the shape of half-ellipsoid and then give it an initial angular velocity ( 0 ω ) to make it spin. While the stone spins, the two symmetric axes start oscillating up and down. Then, remarkably, the spin of the stone slows down while the amplitude of oscillation increases until the direction of angular velocity reverses. This process is called “Rattle Back Spin-Reversed Phenomenon.” Our study involves the effect of several parameters on the above phenomenon, such as the shape of the stone, the added mass, and the friction between the stone and the table surface. We try to build a physical model to explain the spin-reversed phenomenon which can be recorded by tracing the motion of the stone with optical means. According to our study, the shape of the stone and the distribution of the added mass played crucial roles. The torque generated by kinetic friction along the long axis also helps the spin to reverse. Furthermore, in our experiment, we record a maximum reverse angle with following settings: two sets of 10 grams of mass are symmetrically added to the flat side of half-ellipsoid, in the distance of 5.5 cm to the C.M. of stone and an included 45 degrees angle with a long axis. And the most surprising finding is that when the oscillation frequencies of two symmetric axes are close to each other, the spin of the stone can reverse twice.
利用奈米級二氧化鈦(Tio2)在不同的變因下降解膠原蛋白之研究
本實驗使用奈米級二氧化鈦能經紫外線催化,分解空氣中的水分子產生自由基,攻擊膠原蛋白中碳與氫鍵結的部份,使膠原蛋白的分子量成功的從300000 減少至少到20000 以下。其次,利用紫外線波長或酸鹼值的變因之下,控制降解出來的分子量大小。利用此法可在4個小時內得到很好的降解效果,不僅可以節省反應所需的時間,所需的成本也比當今所使用的酵素降解法來得低。 其次,我們檢測降解完後膠原蛋白的活性,發現只要不照光超過2 小時,膠原蛋白所剩的活性還不錯。如此一來,我們就可以利用此法快速的製造出有用的膠原蛋白了。 ;In the experiment, we use the properties of TiO2 which can be catalyzed by UV rays and breaking the molecules of H2O and produce free radicals that can attack the bond between carbon and oxygen in collagen, degrading collagen's molecular weight from 300000 to at least below 20000. We also use different UV rays and pH to conduct the experiment, controlling the molecular weight by degradation. By using this technique, we can get good effect of degradation in 4 hours. It can not only cut back the reaction time, but also costs much lower than the way using enzyme to degrade collagen. Furthermore, after the degradation of collagen, we also carry out the experiment to make sure whether collagen is “alive” or not. We have got the result that collagen can still work if it is not shone under UV rays more than 2 hours. In this way, we can use the technique to produce useful collagen rapidly.
拖線溜點
原題目是環球城市盃中,一個圖論的問題。而題目提供了一個證明,是證 明此種連線都是偶數的圖形,一定會在三的倍數邊形成立。在經過一番思考過 後,我們希望能將原本的偶數連線性質加以驗證,並確定奇存在性。此時,我們 也不禁聯想到:奇數是否也有所特別的性質。因此,我們也向奇數連線做研究。 就在平面得到了部分結論的同時,我們想到這個問題是否可以推廣至三維 空間。然而在推至三維空間的過程中,我們又聯想到,另一種平面:球面。在球 面上放點,能否也找到一些不同的性質。因此,我們分別從平面、球面、立體圖 下手。 基本上,探討平面和立體問題的方法,是以土法煉鋼的方式來求出結果。 然而這種圖論的問題,不可能嘗試到無限多點的情形。因此,我們是著找出一個 關鍵的key,那就是結合性質和外接合性質。以這兩種方法,我們可以將一個簡 單的基本圖形,推向無限多點和無限多邊的情況。 接下來,還有討論一些特殊狀況,例如: deg v=3n+1,探討其結果。 最後得到的結論是: 1、平面偶圖成立的條件為:此多邊形為三倍數邊形, 而且除了內 部一、二、四點以外, 其他點數都可以成為偶圖。 2、平面奇圖成立的條件為:奇數邊形的情形下,除了三點以外,其 他的內部奇數點的都可以成為奇圖。偶數情形下, 除了四 點以外, 其他的內部奇數點的都可以成為偶圖。 3、三角形平面圖,d eg n 皆為m 成立的條件:2< m< 6( m? N ) 4、三角形內外任意點d eg 皆為3n ( n ? N )的成立條件: 三角形內部4 x+1 個點( x ? N )。 5、三角形內外任意點d eg 皆為3n+1 ( n ? N )的成立條件: 三角形內部3 x 個點( x ? N )。 6、立體偶圖n 頂點(n>4)面體的成立條件為: 內部點數為5m+ n- 3、5m+ n- 1、5m+ n、5m+ n +1、5m+ n +3。(m 為大於或等於零的整數) 7、立體奇圖四面體的成立條件為: 內部點數為偶數皆存在。 The original problem is a question of Graph Theory in IMTOT ,which provides\r a proof that proving the figure which its linking-line number is even ,should also be\r contented in the triple-sides figure. After profound consideration ,we try to make sure\r the existence of the properties the we mentioned above. Meanwhile ,it also occurs to\r us that whether the properties would be contented ,in the figure which its linking-line\r number is odd. So we make our way to it. Additionally ,three-dimensional and\r spherical figures are part of our research as well.\r Basically ,we discuss the problem in two-dimensional and three-dimensional\r aspects with the simplest method .However ,it is impossible to discuss the problem in\r unlimited dots .Hence , we are going to find a “key” to solve this problem .As a\r result ,we can find a simple basic-picture , and expand to infinite-multiple lateral\r pictures.\r Next step ,we also discussed some special situations , for example: for each\r point v , deg v=3n+1.\r At last the conclusion is following:\r 1、The conditions of linking-line number is even: triple-sides. And the amount of\r points inside the figure is without 1,2,and 3.\r 2、The conditions of linking-line number is odd: In the odd-sides figure , all number\r of the points inside the figure can be content without 3 point. In the even-sides\r figure , all number of the points inside the figure can be content without 4 point.\r 3、In a triangle , each point’s deg is the same number m: 2