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臺灣

「星」火相傳-星光黏土與自製耐火配方之研究

我們從網路看見一位國外網紅破解了星光配方,重現星光耐火效果!讓我們對耐火黏土產生興趣,自製檢測裝置進行耐火黏土配方與原理探討。 我們分析耐火黏土的基本組成有「黏土粉、黏膠、膨鬆劑、添加物」四類材料,測試出最佳耐火配方①黏土粉:玉米粉、②黏膠:白膠雄獅或糯米膠、③膨鬆劑:小蘇打、④添加物:增加軟度—漿糊;降低溫度—明礬、硼砂、滑石粉。歸納出黏土耐火原理是表面受熱產生膨脹碳泡沫,內部產生千層派或多孔洞麵包結構,小蘇打產生的CO2取代孔隙的空氣,產生耐火效果。 我們調配自製三種耐火黏土配方「白膠雄獅明礬」、「糯米膠硼砂」、「糯米膠滑石粉」,其耐火效果都優於國外網紅配方,且可塑性更佳,甚至誤食對身體無害。

黑擬蛺蝶(Precis iphita iphita)的生存策略

Beings inherit various morphs and natural ability properties from their genetic parents to adapt to the environment and survive; Precis iphita iphita , for instance, is a best example of it. Although few literatures on Precis iphita iphita is found, through long-term field observation on the food intake, nest building, avoiding predator of immature stage, and living domain, the oviposition, plant preference of the adult, different stages of morphs and changes of behavior can be classified obviously when there are environmental or weather changes. The above can help investigate how they interact and influence with plants. This study aims to record and describe various behaviors and surrounding changes for Precis iphita iphita. 生物為適應環境求取生存,從親代遺傳許多形態、本能;黑擬蛺蝶(Precis iphita iphita) 的生活史就是個很好的例子。雖然文獻報告對黑擬蛺蝶的形態與行為描述不多,但藉由野外 長期實地觀察幼蟲的攝食、築巢、躲避天敵,以及成蝶的領域、產卵、食草選擇,可明顯區 分當環境、氣候產生變化時,黑擬蛺蝶不同蟲期的蟲體都有許多外在行為的改變,可作為探 討其與植物間的交互作用和影響。本研究旨在描述黑擬蛺蝶各種不同的行為與當時環境的狀 態,並將實際觀察所得詳實記載,以供他人比較參考。

因地制宜的生存之道─日本與臺灣兩地端黑豹斑蝶適應策略之探討

端黑豹斑蝶廣泛分布全球,包括臺灣和日本兩地。在日本,端黑豹斑蝶的分布有逐漸北移的現象,這可能是全球暖化的影響。北移的現象暗示端黑豹斑蝶可能對溫度變化具有敏感的反應。臺灣及日本的氣候類型不同,故推測端黑豹斑蝶在兩地可能發展出不同的適應策略,以成功生存。藉著計算發育零點及有效積溫、比較不同溫度對成蟲體型的影響,了解兩地族群是否發展出不同的適應策略。臺灣族群發育零點為12.95℃,日本族群為6.59℃,日本族群可在較低溫度下開始發育;兩族群完成生活史所需的天數和有效積溫不同;溫度會影響成蟲體型。相同溫度下,日本族群生長較快,體型較小。不同食草亦有可能影響發育。兩地族群顯示出不同生活史,日本族群演化出適應低溫的生存策略。端黑豹斑蝶可能藉由北移的方式,來解決全球暖化帶來的影響。

綠色親善大使之誕生-生物可降解性奈米複合材料的研究

近年來,由於科技的進步,導致合成性高分子材料大量開發利用,雖然便利 了人們的生活,卻造成許多環保問題,例如:資源的消耗,以及對環境的污染。 然而「生物可降解人工合成的聚乳酸高分子」和「天然的幾丁聚醣高分子」均具 有優良的生物可相容性及生物可分解性,添加無機層狀蒙脫土可補強其機械性質 之不足。本實驗之目的是以生物可分解之合成性高分子聚乳酸作為主體,再和經 有機化改質後的蒙脫土摻混而製備出聚乳酸/蒙脫土之奈米複合材料。 本實驗主要分為三大部分: (一)以界面活性劑對蒙脫土進行改質 (二)製備聚乳酸/蒙脫土奈米複合材料試片 (三)對試片進行生物降解性測試 此外,本實驗以X-ray 繞射儀(XRD)檢測改質後蒙脫土層間距離的變化; 場發射電子顯微鏡(FE-SEM)觀察生物降解後複材之表面型態;膠體色層分析 儀(GPC)檢測生物分解前後複合材料之分子量的變化;DMA 檢測複合材料之 機械性質;TGA 檢測複合材料之熱穩定性Thanks to the development and advance of modern technology, the synthetic polymers have been put in wide use. Though the synthetic polymers provide convenience for our lives, they also bring about many environmental problems, such as consumption of natural resources and environmental pollution. Nevertheless, both biodegradable man-made PLA(Poly Lactic Acid)and natural chitosan contain good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Else, adding MMT(Montmorillonite)into PLA can modify the mechanical properties. Our experiment aimed to prepare the PLA (Poly Lactic Acid)/ Montmorillonite Nanocomposites by adding organo-modified MMT into the biodegradable PLA. The experiment underwent three phases:(1) modifying MMT by means of CTAB(n-Hexadecyl Trimethyl-ammonium Bromide, CTAB ) and chitosan (2)preparing PLA(Poly Lactic Acid)/ Montmorillonite Nanocomposites (3)testing the biodegradability of the Nanocomposites we prepared. While conducting the experiments, we made use of the XRD(X-ray Diffraction)to examine the change in MMT’s layer thickness. The SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope)was also employed to observe the surface pattern of the Nanocomposites, and used Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)to examine the decrease of the Nanocomposites’ molecular weight. Moreover, we also used Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)to test the mechanical properties of the Nanocomposites(Tensile testing). Last, we test the thermal stability of the Nanocomposites by using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA).

漩渦之美

本研究探討自由渦流中的穩定漩渦,自然界的漩渦分為強制渦流和自由渦流兩大類,自由渦流又可分為不穩定漩渦與穩定漩渦兩種。不穩定漩渦的水流不斷的從放流口流出,水面無法保持穩定。穩定漩渦因為有水源補充流出的水,水面則可保持恆定。本研究的測量方式有別於別的研究。我們將漩渦周邊的水壓利用儀器轉變為電壓,再利用流體力學的公式及一些自導公式將這些數值轉變為漩渦的各項數據,如水壓、流速。另外,我們也用攝影機來觀察漩渦的形狀及流線,最後總合而為漩渦周邊的結構。This study investigates vortex type 4—stable free vortexes. Vortexes can be classified into two main categories: force vortexes and free vortexes. Free vortexes can further be subcategorized into unstable free vortexes and stable free vortexes, the difference between which is that the surface and structure of unstable free vortexes do not maintain a stable condition because the water runs outward while those of stable free vortexes do because the water circulates with abundant water supply within the container. The study employed different means of measuring the vortexes from those used by previous studies. The water pressure of the spiraling vortex water flow was measured, transformed into electric power and then into exact values of water pressure and flow velocity by applying equations in flow mechanism and some self-derived equations. Besides, video cameras are also used to observe the patterns and streamlines of the vortexes. Based on the figures achieved, this study obtained a comprehensive account of the structure of the spiraling vortex water flow of stable free vortexes.

「銀」「鋅」送舊-矽藻土添加奈米銀/氧化鋅防黴抗菌大作戰

本科展將市售矽藻土結合奈米銀水溶液以及氧化鋅粉末製作出一個真正具有抗菌、防黴功效的奈米銀/氧化鋅矽藻土材料。首先,探討矽藻土添加石膏、凝固劑以及改變粉末直徑對於成模固定化的影響。接著利用水熱法合成奈米銀水溶液。之後以化學沉澱法合成氧化鋅粉末。最後,則是將抗菌材料與矽藻土結合,再進行抗菌實驗。由實驗結果得知,水熱法使用0.1M的硝酸銀可合成出約10nm的奈米銀水溶液,而化學沉澱法則以0.1M ZnCl2與0.2M KOH原料進行反應,即可獲得氧化鋅粉末。對於大腸桿菌、金黃色葡萄球菌以及黴菌抑菌實驗證明,當10g矽藻土添加12ml 2877ppm奈米銀則抑菌百分率分別為96.2%、96.7%以及58.5%,若矽藻土添加1%氧化鋅以及12ml 2877ppm奈米銀則可達94.8%、87.6%以及78.1%的抑菌效果。

會逆轉的石頭-RattleBack 逆旋現象

具有長短兩軸的對稱性剛體,譬如半橢球,在施加適當質量配重後,給予其Z 軸方向的 初角速度,將會逐漸上下震盪、搖擺,而後改變原先的角速度方向,朝相反的方向逆轉回來。 此現象稱為「逆旋現象」,本研究分析關於配重、質心距離與表面摩擦係數等因素的影響,利 用光點投影方式判讀其軌跡,並建立數學模型以驗證物理原理。研究發現,動摩擦垂直長軸 的分力所造成的力矩,將會導致逆旋的發生,並且,對本研究的剛體模型而言,加以20g 配 重,與長軸夾45°距質心5.5cm 且動摩擦系數為0.1227 時,逆轉角度有最大值。當長短兩軸 的震盪頻率相近時,甚至會發生兩軸能量的耦合現象,而有不只一次的逆旋。 The phenomenon was found for rigid bodies with long and short symmetrical axes, such as half-ellipsoids. We add extra masses ( Δm ) to a stone of the shape of half-ellipsoid and then give it an initial angular velocity ( 0 ω ) to make it spin. While the stone spins, the two symmetric axes start oscillating up and down. Then, remarkably, the spin of the stone slows down while the amplitude of oscillation increases until the direction of angular velocity reverses. This process is called “Rattle Back Spin-Reversed Phenomenon.” Our study involves the effect of several parameters on the above phenomenon, such as the shape of the stone, the added mass, and the friction between the stone and the table surface. We try to build a physical model to explain the spin-reversed phenomenon which can be recorded by tracing the motion of the stone with optical means. According to our study, the shape of the stone and the distribution of the added mass played crucial roles. The torque generated by kinetic friction along the long axis also helps the spin to reverse. Furthermore, in our experiment, we record a maximum reverse angle with following settings: two sets of 10 grams of mass are symmetrically added to the flat side of half-ellipsoid, in the distance of 5.5 cm to the C.M. of stone and an included 45 degrees angle with a long axis. And the most surprising finding is that when the oscillation frequencies of two symmetric axes are close to each other, the spin of the stone can reverse twice.

利用奈米級二氧化鈦(Tio2)在不同的變因下降解膠原蛋白之研究

本實驗使用奈米級二氧化鈦能經紫外線催化,分解空氣中的水分子產生自由基,攻擊膠原蛋白中碳與氫鍵結的部份,使膠原蛋白的分子量成功的從300000 減少至少到20000 以下。其次,利用紫外線波長或酸鹼值的變因之下,控制降解出來的分子量大小。利用此法可在4個小時內得到很好的降解效果,不僅可以節省反應所需的時間,所需的成本也比當今所使用的酵素降解法來得低。 其次,我們檢測降解完後膠原蛋白的活性,發現只要不照光超過2 小時,膠原蛋白所剩的活性還不錯。如此一來,我們就可以利用此法快速的製造出有用的膠原蛋白了。 ;In the experiment, we use the properties of TiO2 which can be catalyzed by UV rays and breaking the molecules of H2O and produce free radicals that can attack the bond between carbon and oxygen in collagen, degrading collagen's molecular weight from 300000 to at least below 20000. We also use different UV rays and pH to conduct the experiment, controlling the molecular weight by degradation. By using this technique, we can get good effect of degradation in 4 hours. It can not only cut back the reaction time, but also costs much lower than the way using enzyme to degrade collagen. Furthermore, after the degradation of collagen, we also carry out the experiment to make sure whether collagen is “alive” or not. We have got the result that collagen can still work if it is not shone under UV rays more than 2 hours. In this way, we can use the technique to produce useful collagen rapidly.

拖線溜點

原題目是環球城市盃中,一個圖論的問題。而題目提供了一個證明,是證 明此種連線都是偶數的圖形,一定會在三的倍數邊形成立。在經過一番思考過 後,我們希望能將原本的偶數連線性質加以驗證,並確定奇存在性。此時,我們 也不禁聯想到:奇數是否也有所特別的性質。因此,我們也向奇數連線做研究。 就在平面得到了部分結論的同時,我們想到這個問題是否可以推廣至三維 空間。然而在推至三維空間的過程中,我們又聯想到,另一種平面:球面。在球 面上放點,能否也找到一些不同的性質。因此,我們分別從平面、球面、立體圖 下手。 基本上,探討平面和立體問題的方法,是以土法煉鋼的方式來求出結果。 然而這種圖論的問題,不可能嘗試到無限多點的情形。因此,我們是著找出一個 關鍵的key,那就是結合性質和外接合性質。以這兩種方法,我們可以將一個簡 單的基本圖形,推向無限多點和無限多邊的情況。 接下來,還有討論一些特殊狀況,例如: deg v=3n+1,探討其結果。 最後得到的結論是: 1、平面偶圖成立的條件為:此多邊形為三倍數邊形, 而且除了內 部一、二、四點以外, 其他點數都可以成為偶圖。 2、平面奇圖成立的條件為:奇數邊形的情形下,除了三點以外,其 他的內部奇數點的都可以成為奇圖。偶數情形下, 除了四 點以外, 其他的內部奇數點的都可以成為偶圖。 3、三角形平面圖,d eg n 皆為m 成立的條件:2< m< 6( m? N ) 4、三角形內外任意點d eg 皆為3n ( n ? N )的成立條件: 三角形內部4 x+1 個點( x ? N )。 5、三角形內外任意點d eg 皆為3n+1 ( n ? N )的成立條件: 三角形內部3 x 個點( x ? N )。 6、立體偶圖n 頂點(n>4)面體的成立條件為: 內部點數為5m+ n- 3、5m+ n- 1、5m+ n、5m+ n +1、5m+ n +3。(m 為大於或等於零的整數) 7、立體奇圖四面體的成立條件為: 內部點數為偶數皆存在。 The original problem is a question of Graph Theory in IMTOT ,which provides\r a proof that proving the figure which its linking-line number is even ,should also be\r contented in the triple-sides figure. After profound consideration ,we try to make sure\r the existence of the properties the we mentioned above. Meanwhile ,it also occurs to\r us that whether the properties would be contented ,in the figure which its linking-line\r number is odd. So we make our way to it. Additionally ,three-dimensional and\r spherical figures are part of our research as well.\r Basically ,we discuss the problem in two-dimensional and three-dimensional\r aspects with the simplest method .However ,it is impossible to discuss the problem in\r unlimited dots .Hence , we are going to find a “key” to solve this problem .As a\r result ,we can find a simple basic-picture , and expand to infinite-multiple lateral\r pictures.\r Next step ,we also discussed some special situations , for example: for each\r point v , deg v=3n+1.\r At last the conclusion is following:\r 1、The conditions of linking-line number is even: triple-sides. And the amount of\r points inside the figure is without 1,2,and 3.\r 2、The conditions of linking-line number is odd: In the odd-sides figure , all number\r of the points inside the figure can be content without 3 point. In the even-sides\r figure , all number of the points inside the figure can be content without 4 point.\r 3、In a triangle , each point’s deg is the same number m: 2

粟之高禾─探討小米不為人知的耐鹽機密

隨著全球氣候變遷,能在極端環境下生存的作物,是未來農業的救命藥。原住民種植的小米,具有在嚴苛環境下生長的特性。比較小米和水稻在鹽逆境的生長狀況,發現小米的根長、葉長及側根生長狀況都比水稻來的好,且小米具有花青素累積的現象。氣孔方面,小米在0.15%鹽濃度就能關閉氣孔,水稻則需到0.3%鹽濃度才會關閉。透過生化分析,發現小米在鹽逆境下抗氧化酵素與澱粉酶的活性皆比水稻高,此外小米亦能在鹽逆境下累積較多的脯胺酸與維他命C,藉此提升小米的耐鹽能力。我們另比較小米與水稻對於淹水逆境的耐受性,結果顯示水稻在淹水逆境下地上部與地下部的生長狀況皆比小米佳,而淹水三天的小米仍無法在植株內累積脯胺酸來對抗淹水逆境,但外加脯胺酸卻能有效提升小米耐淹能力,另外水稻能透過形成通氣組織來增加淹水逆下根部的氣體交換,並能透過外加鈣離子來增加通氣組織的面積,但在小米則無此機制。透過實驗能讓我們了解作物抵抗逆境機制的優劣,期待未來能將結果運用於氣候變遷下的作物育種,造福全人類。