臺灣

隨著全球氣候變遷，能在極端環境下生存的作物，是未來農業的救命藥。原住民種植的小米，具有在嚴苛環境下生長的特性。比較小米和水稻在鹽逆境的生長狀況，發現小米的根長、葉長及側根生長狀況都比水稻來的好，且小米具有花青素累積的現象。氣孔方面，小米在0.15%鹽濃度就能關閉氣孔，水稻則需到0.3%鹽濃度才會關閉。透過生化分析，發現小米在鹽逆境下抗氧化酵素與澱粉酶的活性皆比水稻高，此外小米亦能在鹽逆境下累積較多的脯胺酸與維他命C，藉此提升小米的耐鹽能力。我們另比較小米與水稻對於淹水逆境的耐受性，結果顯示水稻在淹水逆境下地上部與地下部的生長狀況皆比小米佳，而淹水三天的小米仍無法在植株內累積脯胺酸來對抗淹水逆境，但外加脯胺酸卻能有效提升小米耐淹能力，另外水稻能透過形成通氣組織來增加淹水逆下根部的氣體交換，並能透過外加鈣離子來增加通氣組織的面積，但在小米則無此機制。透過實驗能讓我們了解作物抵抗逆境機制的優劣，期待未來能將結果運用於氣候變遷下的作物育種，造福全人類。

A total of 64 nonduplicate isolates of erythromycin-resistant (MIC, >1 μg/ml) Streptococcus pyogenes collected from 1979 to 2003 in Taiwan were evaluated. They were collected from three cohort period: 1979 –1989, 1990-1999 and after 2000. The in vitro activities of 10 antimicrobial agents were determined by the agar dilution method. Penicillin, cephalothin, cefotaxime, vancomycin, and ofloxacin were shown to be active against S. pyogenes isolates (100% sensitive). Erythromycin and azithromycin both had poor activities (MIC50s, 16 and >128 μg/ml, respectively; MIC90s, >512 and >128 μg/ml, respectively). The activities of tetracycline, clindamycin, and chloramphenicol against a significant number of these isolates were also limited. Among the 64 S. pyogenes isolates, 58% had constitutive resistance [cMLS], 40% had an M phenotype and 2% had an iMLS phenotype (inducible resistance [iMLS]). A substantial upsurge in the incidence of M phenotype erythromycin-resistant isolates was found with time for S. pyogenes (10% in 1979–1989, 48% in 1990–1999 and 65% after 2000). The erythromycin resistance genes in 64 isolates of the different cohorts were investigated by PCR. All cMLS phenotype isolates tested had ermB gene. The M phenotype isolates had only the macrolide efflux (mefA) gene. This study shows the secular changes of increasing susceptibility of S. pyogenes isolates to both erythromycin and clindamycin in Taiwan. The mechanisms of erythromycin resistance have changed from the predominance of ermB gene (cMLS) to mefA gene (M phenotype). 本研究是探討台灣自1970 年代末期以來不同世代A群鏈球菌菌株對紅黴素的抗藥性及抗藥基因特徵的演變。研究者收集台灣二十年前(1980 年代前後，第一世代)、十年前(1990 年代，第二世代)、)及最近(2000 年以後，第三世代)之A 群鏈球菌菌株共64 株，利用抗生素圖譜和雙藥錠擴散測試及聚合?連鎖反應(PCR)、和脈衝式膠體電泳研究A 群鏈球菌對紅黴素抗藥性的表現型及基因型特徵。結果發現第一世代的A 群鏈球菌對紅黴素最小抑菌濃度(MIC)值相當高，幾乎都是>512 μg/ml，90%為多重抗藥菌株。第二世代則相對有降低，在第三世代此現象更明顯，多重抗藥菌株為30%。在雙藥錠擴散測試結果，從第一世代來看cMLS 佔大多數(90%)，M 型佔10%；第二世代cMLS 及M 型相當分別佔52%及48%；第三世代主要為M 型佔65%，cMLS 佔30%，iMLS 佔5%。利用PCR研究紅黴素抗藥性基因發現所有cMLS 菌株皆有ermB 基因，所有M 型菌株皆有mefA 基因，iMLS 菌株則有ermTR 基因。由本研究顯示在台灣A 群鏈球菌對紅黴素之抗藥性隨著不同世代有逐年改善之趨勢，由MIC50的降低可看出，菌株對紅黴素的敏感性提高，可為臨床治療之參考。

一. 此研究是探討物體自由搖擺的現象，單擺和複擺是在物理學上常見的擺動現象，都是一種固定支點的擺動現象，尤其複擺運動時，擺動物體受轉動慣性影響而造成支點的受力，為一種拘束的第一向後運動現象。而本研究在探討多自由度自由支點的單一方向度之擺動現象。二. 本實驗從這幾種方向分別探討1. 扇形體在平面上之擺動2. 平板在圓弧面上之擺動3. 扇形體在圓弧曲面上之擺動三. 經我們實驗研究結果發現，在地球重力場中沒有固定支點的搖擺現象，是受到下列幾種因素影響1. 搖擺形體的形狀，其質量慣性矩的影響。2. 擺動物體與接觸路徑的相互影響。3. 擺動質量對擺動的頻率影響很小。This research explores the phenomena of swinging objects--- simple pendulum andcompound pendulum, which are constantly observed in physics. The inertial moment of the swing produces pressure to fixed points of support on which the swings occur, especially in compound pendulum, which are classified as restricted single freedom. The study provided here explores the phenomena of the frequency of unfixed supporting points. The exploration of this research develops experimentally as follows: a. fan shaped objects swinging on the plane surface b. flats swinging on the arced surface c. fan shaped objects swinging on the are-curved surface An impressive conclusion that there is no swinging phenomenon of fixed supporting points in gravity field on earth is achieved from the above experiments. A number of factors influence the phenomena of swings: a. the shapes of swinging objects and the influence of mass inertial moment b. the interaction between swinging objects and interfacing paths c. little influence from swinging mass to the swinging frequency

洗滌用的界面活性劑分散系，沾在吸管可吹成泡，沾在框上則生成特定形體的薄膜；兩種不同現象，依據各自的性質原理，分別設計為可測量的裝置，研討表面張力與濃度間的關係，發現『兩泡連通法』，測量的靈敏度較佳，並且；薄膜總面積法則會因為框的形不同，測得薄膜總面積與表面張力大小的變化趨勢不一樣，而且數據誤差都比『兩泡連通法』大。市售的洗劑有肥皂與合成清潔劑兩類，它們溶於水的分散系，表面張力與濃度大小的變化趨勢正好相反；肥皂的濃度愈大表面張力愈大，合成清潔劑的濃度愈小表面張力愈大。這種現象發生的原因，和分散質是否含苯環結構無關。用數位照相輔助毛細管上升法，觀測『兩泡連通法』標準液的張力與濃度關係，數據顯示兩泡連通法與毛細管上升法，兩者比較各種分散系張力與濃度大小的結果相同。因此，用『兩泡連通法』比較不同分散系張力大小是簡便生動的可行方法。The dispersion of surfactant used for the purpose of cleasing,if dipped on a blowpipe,can be blown into bubbles and,if dipped on a frame,will form a certain shape of membrane.For these two different situations,according to the principle of their quality,measuringdevices can be respectively designed to explore the relation of surfact tension to its concentrate.It is discovered that,with the measuring device of the Two Bubble Connection Method,the sensitivity measured is better;and that,because of the difference of the structures of the frames,the total area of the membrane and the change trend of the degree of the surface tension will also be different and the probable error of the measured digits is always larger and it is not easy to find regularity. For the two categories of dispersion,soaps on the market and synthesis detergent,when they are measured with the Two Bubble Connection Method about the relationship of their surface tension to the degree of their concentrate,the trend of change is exactly opposite.The surface tension and concentrate of the category of soap are in right proportion whereas,for synthesis detergent used for cleaning bowls and plater and washing clothes,when its concentrate is less,its surface tension is more intense.Based on the findings of this study,the concentrate and the change trend of the degree of tension have no connection with whether there is benzene structure in the solvent. With the Capillary Rise Method assisted by digital photography to observe the relation of the tension of standard solution to the concentrate,we have found that they totally correspond to the result measured with the Two Bubble Connection Method designed in this study.

我們在便利商店看到一款「自熱火鍋」，發現裡面的自熱包，只要透過加水，在不用明火的狀況下便能夠將食材加熱甚至煮沸，於是我們便想要探索其中的原理。我們首先針對這個實驗設計了可以標準化測定、且可避免外界熱干擾，同時也能方便觀察偵測的「絕熱箱實驗盒」，接著進行自熱包的相關實驗。在其中發現自熱包中不只有只有生石灰的成分，還包含了鋁粉。藉由進一步的實驗分析，我們找出自熱包可以達到最佳加熱效益所需添加的最佳水量與自熱包的質量比。另外透過分析自熱包的加熱溫度曲線，找出其中成分的最佳配方，也探討如何透過改變包材，改變自熱包的發熱反應開始時間、有效工作時間，並探討如何避免氫氣的產生和爆炸的風險。

本研究旨在探討環境濕度、聲音分貝大小及PM2.5濃度是否會影響植物的蒸散作用。已知植物蒸散作用旺盛與否與植物葉面上、下表皮(溫度差異)大小有關。本研究除了利用顯微測量技術測量茉莉氣孔的大小之外，並利用自製物聯網溫度分貝儀進行茉莉與番茄葉片表面溫濕度、聲音分貝大小及PM2.5濃度約六個月之數據收集。本研究將已搜集之資料經分析後，獲得以下結論：(1)當聲音(分貝大小)達到特定範圍時，植物葉面上、下表皮溫度差異會變大；(2)當環境濕度變高，植物會因氣孔變小，溫度差異變小；(3)環境中PM2.5的濃度和植物的蒸散作用間則無關聯性。根據結論(1)，本研究結果推論植物有小小的耳朵。

碘化銅（CuI）為一種P型半導體，在一般文獻中大部分被用做催化劑，合成極為不易。我們利用一簡單電化學合成的方式，可將銅控制在一價銅( Cu?O )，如在有碘離子( I－ )的溶液中便形成CuI。在這研究中我們將所合成出之P 型半導體CuI 製成光感測器，在偵測不同光強時有良好的線性關係(r2=0.9961)。在光感測器的實驗中我們利用CuI 電極，讓它接受光照，使其電流產生光電流，如果能儲存其光電流能量，就可成為一太陽能電池，利用其原理，未來可以發展成為替代能源。 CuI is a kind of P type of semiconductor in the general literatures. Most of the CuI is use to catalyst. Except that, CuI is difficult to synthesis. We use a simple way of Electoctrochemistry complex to keep Cu?O under controlling. For example, in the I- solution, Cu becomes CuI. In the study, we make the synthesis P type of semiconductor to be light sensor. In different lightness, the procedure showed good linearity(r2=0.9961) In the light sensor, we use CuI pole to accept sunlight. Then the current will produce light current. If we could store the energy of light current, it will be a solar energy battery. When we apply the theory, it can develop to be substitute energy.\r

本文將一道組合問題可能的方法數製成正方形表格，以「巴斯卡正方形」命名。將此正方形內的組合數同餘若干自然數後，觀察及歸納其結果。 同餘後不同的餘數配予不同顏色，產生一些特別的圖形，例如：「教大中庭系列」及「棋盤格系列」。我們研究了這些圖形的規律性以及對各個餘數的個數進行計數。 我們利用Lucas’s Theorem及(1+x)n 展開的係數搭配乘法原理來做計數的工具，並且研發了一個算式用於計算任意組合數被質數的次方同餘後的結果。

國立自然科學博物館推出《數位博物館》，內含大量生物圖鑑及豐富館藏文物之圖文資 料，無論用於資料查詢或提供進階研究資料皆有極大貢獻。但經使用後發現，其檢索架構仍 只提供關鍵字搜尋及分類瀏覽，無法精確檢索出欲查詢之資料，尚有改進之處。 於是針對現有之影像檢索系統，我們跳脫出傳統以文字為檢索之依據，而設計出一連串 之改進方案，如下： 1. IRHI 色調辨識影像檢索，針對色調相近之影像類群提供良好檢索架構。 2. IRCI 輪廓辨識影像檢索，針對輪廓相近之影像類群提供良好檢索架構。 3. IRHCI 色調暨輪廓辨識影像檢索，綜合前述兩種方法之優點所設計。 A while ago, the National Museum of Natural Science put forth the “Digital Museum,” which contains great amount of biological pictographs and abundant collections of textual as well as pictorial materials. This has contributed tremendously to information search and advanced research. However, after employing them, we come to discover that its retrieval paradigm only provides key-word search and categorization browse, without enabling us to precisely pick out the desired data. Thus, this paradigm leaves something to be desired. To make up for the insufficiency of the existing system, we have escaped from the concept of searching by texts. Instead, we have designed a series of improvements. They are as follows: 1. IRHI(Image Retrieval by Hue Identification): Providing a sound paradigm for the image groups composed of similar hues. 2. IRCI(Image Retrieval by Contour Identification): Providing a sound paradigm for image groups composed for similar contours. 3. IRHCI(Image Retrieval by Hue and Contour Identification): Combining the strengths of the above two paradigms.

世界上有許多病患，需要在體內植入電子醫療裝置，才能維持生命。然而，電池充電的問題卻一直無法克服，於是必須透過開刀重新更換電池，如此不僅增加病患的痛苦，也增加了醫療成本與環保問題。然而，過去研究以提高電池蓄電量為主，只有極少數研究著重在探討隔空充電技術，例如:動物體內電池充電。本研究主要是應用電磁感應原理，設計一套可以針對實驗兔體內體溫發射器的電池進行充電的方法，及探討充電過程所產生的電磁輻射及其影響。我們的初步研究成果顯示: (一)將24V與18V兩種電壓分別輸入電磁棒，在實驗兔動物身體表面進行充電，發現可產生的最高充電電壓值分別為4.75 V與3.64V。(二)充電30分鐘後可讓體溫發射器每二秒發射一次訊號，為期長達8天。(三) 將24V與18V兩種電壓分別輸入電磁棒，在距離電磁棒5-60cm的範圍，最大的電磁輻射值為179.6mG及0.1 mG。本研究證實我們設計的電磁棒可以對兔子體內電池進行隔空充電，並且不會對實驗兔子造成電磁輻射傷害。我們建議未來可以應用此方法解決動物體內醫療電子元件的充電問題。