台灣桃園縣虎頭山的泥裂痕的分析和研究
桃園虎頭山是位於林口台地南端的低海拔(約240~260M)丘陵地,表土層屬於紅土層,紅土主要成分為細沙(直徑>50μm，約佔50%)、粉沙(直徑2~50μm，約佔30%),其餘以黏土為主,加上少量含鐵礦物,採樣地點字圖二中的三聖宮旁的登山步道,其坡面面向東南方,對位處北緯25度的桃園屬於向陽波,經日曬適當時間後所產生的龜裂現象,是我們探討的對象;We have focused the study on the sun cracks found in the Mts.Hu-To are located in the southern part of the Mesa Lin Kou, which are 240m to 260m above the sea level. Mainly red clay, the surface soil is a composition of fine sand(diameter>50μm,up to50%)and silt(diameter>2~5 μm,up to 30%),including clay and a limited amount of iron minerals. The soil sample was gathered at the trail beneath the Hil Gue-Lun(241m,see pic.1)from the southeastern latitudes.
蝴蝶眼斑的探討
在眾多的蝴蝶中有不少是具有眼斑。傳統上認為眼斑的功能是驚嚇天敵或欺騙天敵。有關眼斑本身結構的瞭解很少。我們利用臺灣及馬祖產的蝴蝶，分別記錄圖鑑上峽蝶、眼蝶及灰蝶合計 60 種以上，以及鳳蝶幼蟲七種的眼斑特性。記錄的眼斑特性包括數目、組成的色彩結構，以及記錄眼斑在翅的腹面或背面明顯。進一步測暈孔雀峽蝶、台灣波眼蝶、蘇鐵小灰蝶等三種蝴蝶的眼斑和翅面積。眼斑在腹面及背面都有，但以腹面明顯者佔多數，而眼斑數 l 一 7 個都有，在後翅者佔多數。眼斑慕本是由數個同心圓組成，分別為輪廓、眼白、虹彩及障孔。在峽蝶及眼蝶的結構都相當完整，輪廓為褐或深褐，眼白為黃色為主，虹彩都為黑色或深褐色，障孔為白色或淡藍色。在灰蝶的眼斑較不完整，大都輪廓不清晰，眼白的黃色或橙色部份比例高，但都缺少障孔。幼蟲有眼斑成蟲不一定有。鳳蝶的幼蟲（ 8 種）都為綠色，其眼斑輪廓黑色，眼白為白色及紅色但明顯比上述成蟲的眼斑之眼白部位要小，而黑色的虹彩都很大。幼蟲的障孔為白色的細線形，我們認為這和立體形狀的幼蟲及成蟲平面翅的差異所造成，在文中也討論到水棲蝶魚的眼斑和蝴蝶眼斑的差異。眼斑和翅面積的相關分析結果變異很大，在統計上正相關及負相關都有。眼斑數目的不定及和翅面積並沒有一定關係，我們討論到蝴蝶的眼斑在不同種類有些可能有求偶生殖上的功能。這方面值得科學家大量投入研究。Quite a few species of butterflies have colorful eyespots on their wings. The main functions of these eyespots were considered to startle or deceive predators by most scientific researchers. In fact, only limited literatures dealt with the basic structure and color patterns of butterfly eyespots. The purpose of this study is to study the basic structure and color patterns of these eyespots. We measured the surface area of eyespots v.s. wings from specimens. From the color plates of Taiwan and Matsu butterfly field guide, we recorded the eyespots either on ventral or dorsal side of wings, and the color patterns for more than 60 species. \r The number of eyespots on wings varies from I to 7 among individuals we checked. Majority of eyespots were found on ventral side of wings. The basic structure of eyespots were formed by I to 3 concentric circles, i.e., outboundary, cornea, iris and pupil . Pupil was not found in certain species. The color in cornea section is yellow and in iris is black or dark brown. The contrast in these two areas is quite prominent just as the contrast showed in warning coloration of after animals. The pupil is either white of light blue. Caterpillars with eyespots were found in Papilionidae, their adult stage were without this character. We checked 8 species of caterpillars, their basic structure of eyespots were similar to other butterflies, with cornea, iris and pupil. The cornea is either red or white color, and the iris is black in colors. The ratio(iris/cornea) is much higher in caterpillar than in butterfly. The pupil is a thin thread shape instead of a tiny spot like the one in butterfly wings. We discussed the difference of pupil between juveniles and adults from the aspect of dimension structure of a subject. In the paper we also discussed the difference of eyespots between butterfly and butterfly fish in the coral reef. Base on the no significant relationship between the surface area of eyespots and wings. We suspect that butterfly eyespots may have another function, such as intersexual selection between males and females beside startling and deceiving predators.\r
基因突變對線蟲（Caenorhabditis elegans）的神經系統退化突變株的搜尋以及對其
This research is mainly in observation with Caenorhabditis elegans ’s genetic mutation caused via nervous system abnormal character. In the study, I the sample have been cultivated purified and add some chemical material EMS to speed up C.elegans mutation. Then based on the character to further analysis what causeof gene deal with mutation and observe the effects in heredity. The research has two stages, on the first stage of study the mainly target is to both search and purify the mutation of C.elegans. The second stage is based on the exploration of mutation’s searching and purifying. Because the certain mutation bodies aren’t easy to find out, the project is still on progress at the beginning of second stage, and we conclude some heredity special cases in preliminary of study. 這個實驗主要是觀察並針對線蟲因為基因的突變所產生的神經系統異常的變異性狀，在實驗中我先將樣品線蟲培養並純化至一定數量，並加入適當藥劑EMS造成其突變，經篩選並分析此性狀，進而找出造成其突變之基因，以及觀察此性狀對遺傳表現所造成的影響。該計畫分成兩階段，第一階段的實驗重點是在突變株的搜尋以及純化上，第二階段則是在突變基因的探討上，由於特定突變株的搜尋並非容易，所以目前計畫只進展至第二階段的遺傳實驗初期，對於其遺傳特徵與突變形式上已有了初步的分析，但尚未定位出該基因的位置。
生活中的碳-探討自製的活性碳之吸附雜質及竹炭屏蔽電磁波效應
有鑑於SARS 期間活性碳口罩因原料均從國外進口，而造成活性碳急需用時的短缺，於是我們的研究是以國內最常見的木材自製成活性碳，並探討活性碳對生活週遭常見物質的吸附能力。我們利用六種不同的木材配合兩種活性化方法來製成不同的十二種活性碳，觀察活性碳對有色溶液的吸附效果，發現不同的活性碳對不同的物質有不同的吸附效果。在定量實驗中，我們採用不同大小、不同性質的物質依次為氯離子、氨分子、葡萄糖分子及三氧化二砷等，用十二種不同的活性碳作吸附效果的比較，發現每種物質都有對其具有最佳吸附能力的活性碳。再利用電子顯微鏡觀察並測出活性碳孔洞的大小，將結果與活性碳對各種物質的吸附能力相對應而得知，【1】活性碳的孔洞大小與物質質點相容性大即得最好的吸附效果【2】雖然木材本身並不帶電，但其中所含的礦物質可能會具有電性，所以在必要情況下亦可將電性列入考慮。同時，在現代化的生活環境中，人們與電磁波的接觸已無可避免；而電磁波因頻率的差異而有不同的特性，因此對於人們的影響也不相同，新聞報導中常出現宣稱竹炭具有遮蔽電磁波的效果。於是我們深入地去探討竹炭對電磁波的影響原因。 在我們實際測量過程中發現，基地台、高壓電塔、行動電話和家庭電器所釋放之電磁波總和均在安全範圍之內。竹炭的燒製溫度須達550℃以上才可在內部形成具有導電性的石墨結構才進一步具有屏蔽效果。 ;During the ravage of SARS, a great amount of activated carbon was imported to Taiwan, leading to the shortage of actived carbon for emergent use in our country. In view of this phenomenon, we investigated six kinds of wood that are most commonon the market and processed them into twleve kinds of actived carbon. We found that different actived carbon has distinct adsorptive power on different substances by observing theadsorption in the colored solutions. In quantitative experiments, we applied substances of different sizes and properties (chlorine ions, ammonium ions, glucose molecules, arsenic(Ⅲ) oxide) to compare the adsorption of these twelve kinds of actived carbon. We found that each substance is adsorbed the most by a certain kind of actived carbon. Then we observed the apertures of actived carbon under stereoelectric microscope and contrast the result with adsorption. We had two following findings: Actived carbon has better adsorption if its apertures fit the adsorbate molecule well in size. Wood itself doesn’t have electric charge. But sometimes the minerals contained would enable it to have electric charge. We have to take the electric charge into consideration in the experiment if necessary. At the same time, in a modern life, the contact between us and electronic waves are not avoidable. Electronic waves with different frequency have varied characteristic and therefore cause dissimilar influences on humans. The news reports keep on showing the charcoal can shield us from electronic waves. Therefore, we want to find the causes why the charcoal affects the electronic waves. During the process of the research, we find that the total of all electronic waves released by electricity tower, mobile phones, household electronics are within the secure spec. The charcoal has to be burned higher than 550℃ and then it can generate the electric conduction graphite structure inside and then it can have the shielding function.
姑婆芋的傳粉生物學
我們在校園內設置兩樣區，從2007 年4 月至2007年6月，共調查9株姑婆芋，93朵佛焰花，以瞭解姑婆芋生活史、傳粉昆蟲生活史及兩者之間的互動關係。 姑婆芋在11 月至7 月花期時會不斷產生佛焰花苞，剛冒出的花苞經過1到3天後，雌蕊漸成熟，佛焰苞會漸漸展開，開始產熱及一些特殊氣味，吸引果蠅科未知種的蠅類傳粉。當胚株受粉後，佛焰苞頸部會閉合，迫使傳粉昆蟲會往上爬到雄蕊部位攜帶花粉，飛至另一株姑婆芋雌蕊上傳粉，因此姑婆芋與傳粉昆蟲之間具有互利共生的關係。佛焰花序主要產生氣味的部位是在附屬物及雄部，而佛焰苞則可以幫助吸引更多傳粉昆蟲。佛焰花序的附屬物及雄部相對溫度較高，可能具有產熱以吸引傳粉昆蟲的功能。 ;Our study started from April, 2007 to June, 2007. We observed a total of 9 Alocasia odora and 93 spathes to help understand the life cycle of these understory clonal herbs, its pollinators, and the relationship between them. Alocasia odora produces spathes continuously during inflorescence. In the female phase, the pistillate part of the inflorescence ripens and an opening appears at the spathe, heat and a special odor is produced to attract pollinators of Drosophilidae. When the ovule is pollinated, the male phase begins and the opening encloses, which forces the pollinators upwards to the staminate part to carry its pollens, and then fly to an other Alocasia odora, Heat and the special odor are produced by the appendix and the staminate part of the inflorescence, and the spathe can increase the number of pollinators attracted. The relationship of mutualism between these two species contribute to the study of coevolution.
奈米複合材料與空氣分子的愛恨情仇-探討奈米碳管對空氣滲透率之影響
本實驗使用聚醚亞醯胺溶液製備基本薄膜，由於玻璃態高分子薄膜過於緻密，一直是高分子薄膜在應用上的一大限制，為了在薄膜上製造缺陷，又不會使薄膜之選擇性降低，因此選擇將酸化之奈米碳管(孔徑10~20nm) 加至聚醚亞醯胺薄膜中。本實驗主要為探討添加不同濃度的酸化奈米碳管對聚醚亞醯胺薄膜的滲透率與選擇率的影響，藉由添加0.5 wt%、1 wt%、1.5 wt%、3 wt%、4 wt%等不同濃度的酸化奈米碳管至15 wt% 的聚醚亞醯胺溶液中，並製作薄膜，測試其基本性質與五種氣體(H2、CO2、O2、N2、CH4)的滲透率及不同空氣分子之間的選擇率。我們總共測試了三種薄膜的性質，分別是表面特性、熱穩定性及結晶型與層間距，薄膜的表面性質，能觀察到奈米碳管在薄膜中製造奈米孔隙結構，增加氣體滲透的孔道，能有效增加氣體的滲透率。增加奈米碳管的量，能有效升高第一階段熱裂解的溫度，雖然熱裂解在本實驗中沒有很大的差異，但是還是可以從熱重分析圖中推測不同量的奈米碳管會影響熱穩定性。在X 光繞射實驗中，添加奈米碳管的薄膜與純聚醚亞醯胺薄膜，在結晶相上都屬非結晶型薄膜，添加了奈米碳管的高分子複合薄膜的層間距明顯增大。在氣體滲透實驗中，我們比較了不同氣體或濃度不同的奈米複合薄膜的氣體滲透率，在不同氣體時，氣體的滲透率會隨著奈米碳管濃度增加有明顯的提升，五種氣體滲透率大致依照H2>CO2>O2>N2>CH4 這個趨勢增減。奈米碳管對1.5%增加到3%或4%的奈米複合薄膜滲透率的影響卻減小，由此可以推斷奈米碳管對空氣滲透率並非無限制的增加，在1.5%以後就漸漸趨近最大值。H2為14.89barrer，CO2 為9.51barrer，O2為6.34barrer，N2為6.48barrer， CH4 為3.75barrer 。本研究總共比較了三組氣體的選擇率，分別是CO2/CH4，O2/N2，H2/CH4，分離率最高的是H2/CH4 的，兩分子的粒徑大小差對分離率有極大影響，差愈大，其分離率也愈高。奈米碳管的量改變並不會使薄膜的氣體選擇率明顯增加或減少，但是加入太多奈米碳管其選擇率會變低。在五片薄膜中，1.5%的薄膜有最好的選擇率，奈米碳管的添加量超過1.5%選擇率就會開始下降。綜合滲透率及選擇率可以分析出，添加1.5%奈米碳管的高分子奈米複合薄膜有較高的滲透率，又不會降低選擇率，在利用上比其他濃度的奈米複合薄膜在有害氣體過濾及空氣的分離回收方面產生更好的效果。;This experiment uses Polyetherimide polymers solution to make basic membranes. Because glassy polymer membranes are too dense for gas permeations, it is one of the limitations in their applications. To increase gas permeability and maintain air selectivity, I made some nanogaps on the surface of the membranes by an acidification multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs, kinetic diameter 10~20nm) in the PEI membranes. We mainly want to find if it has some influence between the consistency of acidification MWNTs and gas permeability or selectivity. We mixed 0.5wt% 、1wt%、1.5wt%、3wt%、4wt% acidification Carbon nanotube in 15wt% PEI solution, made membranes and tested the character, five kinds of gas permeability (H2、CO2、O2、N2、CH4) and the selectivity between different gases. We have tested the three nature of membranes, including surface characteristic, TGA and XRD. We can see some nanogapes made by carbon nanotube in the membranes. It could availably increase gas permeability. Mixing more carbon nanotube in the membranes could increase the temperature of the first heat-decomposition. Though the heat-decomposition in this experiment didn’t change a lot, we could say that different percent nanotube would affect the membranes’ heat-decomposition. By the experiment of XRD, the membranes with carbon nanotube and the pure PEI membranes attach to amorphous membranes. Nanocomposite’s de-spacing is bigger than pure membranes. In the experiment of air permeability, we compared different kinds of gas or different percent carbon nanotube of nanocomposite if they have some change of permeability. The conclusion is that air permeability increase as the quantity of nanotube increase. The five kinds of permeability the direction：H2>CO2>O2>N2>CH4.The influence of permeability will decrease when the quantity of carbon nanotube increase from 1.5% to 3% or 4%. We can get the conclusion that the increment of gas permeability isn’t limitary. It drifts towards maximal about 1.5%. H2 is 14.89barrer. CO2 is 9.51barrer. O2 is 6.34barrer. N2 is 6.48barrer. CH4 is 3.75 barrer.This experiment totally compared three groups of air selectivity. They ’re CO2/CH4, O2/N2 and H2/CH4. The maximum of selectivity is H2/CH4. The difference of kinetic diameter affects air selectivity a lot. The quantity of nanotube doesn’t associate with the air selectivity, but mixing too much nanotube will decrease air selectivity. The 1.5% nanocomposite has the highest selectivity. If the consistency of the membranes is higher than 1.5%, the air selectivity will decrease. Depend on the gas permeability and the air selectivity, the 1.5% nanocomposite has higher permeability and constant air selectivity. That shows the 1.5% nanocomposite has a better effect on air selectivity and recycling.
狂舞飛圈-簡單飛機的飛行動力研究
本實驗主要是探究雙圈圈簡單飛機的飛行原理，歸納圈圈結構對飛行距離、升力的影響，以及氣流流經機體時發生的作用。研究結果如下：一、實際發射，歸納影響滑行距離的變因。1. 前後圈直徑比值約為0.8 時滑行距離為最大。2. 前後圈寬度比值越接近1 時，滑行距離越遠，但影響不大。3. 圈圈間隔在21cm 時，滑行距離最大。二、設置風洞，模擬飛機飛行，測量升力1. 圈圈寬度越大，升力越大。2. 升力最大值出現在圈圈仰角25 度左右，風速越快，升力越大。3. 鋁片仰角在20°時升力最大，升力與角度的關係式為 F = 5×10?7θ4 + 4×10?5θ3 ? 0.0083θ2 + 0.2615θ + 0.13744. 風速越快，升力越大，在仰角20°時升力與風速的關係大約為F = 0.4579V2 - 0.9231V +1.4772 。5. 鋁片面寬每增加1cm，升力也增加0.1513gw。前後長每增加1cm，升力即增加0.1263gw。三、設置蒸汽氣流，觀察簡單飛機的氣流場1. 蒸汽流通過圈圈時，會發生附壁現象，而且簡單飛機使氣流往下偏折，飛機得到升力。四、理論演繹︰1. 以康達效應的理論推算出升力，與實際測量得的升力約相等，驗證升力確實由康達理論造成。2. 墊高簡單飛機前圈，使得軸線提高，確實影響了飛行距離，墊高1cm 以內，飛行距離均增加了，以實際的改進證實升力確實是康達效應。This experiment mainly discusses the flying principle of the simple plane which is made up of a straw with two paper circles, one bigger than the other, stuck on both two ends of it. We first launched the simple plane actually and concluded the factors which influenced the sliding distance of the plane, including the distance between two circles, diameter and width of the two circles. Second, we set up a simple wind-tunnel and simulated the flight, in order to measure the strength of lift. Third, we set up the steam air flow and observed the change of the air current in the steam flow while flowing through the plane. The Phenomenon of Wall Enclosing happened and made the flows downward, and the plane gained the lift at the same time. Finally, we deduced that there are two sources of lift and Benoulli's law is not suitable for it. The Coanda Effect can be applied to figure out 54 percent of lift. And the current, blocked by the plane, also offers some lift. In order to prove that the Coanda Effect does effect, we padded the first circle to enlarge the angle of elevation of the axis of the two circles. It really affected the sliding distance of the plane. While the first circle is padded up within 1 cm, the sliding distance of the plane increases. Practical improvement proves that Coanda Effect accounts for the lift.
東方帆船推進原理探討
本文研究風洞中之風帆在不同條件下，受風吹拂所產生之升力與阻力關係，並探討及成功 的以數學模型解釋其原因，此研究結果可應用於帆船帆面之設計。其主要探討之變因為以下 之五種： (一) 風速大小對帆船帆面之受力關係：當帆面與風向垂直時，在低風速時，實際測值較接近 風速的一次方的函數關係。高風速時，實際測值接近為風速的二次方的函數關係。 (二) 帆面積大小與受風推進力之關係：當帆面與風向垂直時，在風速固定風速下實驗，得到 面積與風對帆推力成正比。 (三) 順風航行時，帆面之攻角(θ)與受風推進力之關係：航行方向的力與sin 2θ 成正比關係。 (四) 側風航行時，帆面之攻角(θ)與受風推進力之關係：帆面在攻角大於 45°時，航行方向的力與sin θcosθ 有相當程度的吻合，而在攻角0°~45°之間則與飛機攻 角升力資料相接近。 (五) 初步探討雙桅帆與單桅帆面受風推進力之不同：發現其在側風時能有效的減少失速的現 象，在帆面高攻角時，能減少失速現象，依然可以持續穩定的航行，我們也可推想出飛機 的機翼前段的縫翼功能也是如此。 This article is derived from our research of relation between lifting power and its resistant power produced via wind-blow in a wind tunnel under different terms and condition, also to discuss and to explain their causes successfully via mathematics models, thus, the result of this study may be applied in designing of sail-surfaces of sails boats. Its major discussion can be included into the below 5 kinds: - Relation of (1) Relation of sizes of wind-speed against reacceptance of aerodynamic forces over sail-surface: When sail-surface and wind direction becomes horizontal, under low coin-speed, practical measured-value is rather close to wind-speed's linear function relation. When in nigh wind-speed, the practical measured-value is rather close to wind-speed's quadratic function relation. (2) Relation of size of sail-surface and pushing power of wind: When sail-surface and wind direction becomes horizontal, an experiment was made under fixed wind speed, the result obtained is sail-surface size and pushing wind power toward sail is in direct proportion. (3) When it is in “round-the-clock wise” navigation the angle of attack (θ) of sail-surface and the relation with wind's pushing power: Strength of navigation direction and sin2θconforming direct proportion. (4) When it is in side-wind navigation, the angle of attack (θ) and pushing power by wind relation; When the sail surface is in the angle of attack (θ) greater than 45o, the navigation direction power and sinθcosθhas certain extent of conformity, and between angle of attack e 0o-45o, happens to be very appropriate with aircraft's angle of attack and lifting power data. Fundamental discussion of Double Masts Sail boats and Single Mast Sail boats comparing differences of wind-aided pushing power: It was found that stall phenomena could be decreased effectively, when it is side-winded, especially, when the sail-surface is at high angle of attack, it could decrease Stall phenomena, and could maintain stable navigation. We can also assume that the front section of aircraft aide-wing’s function exactly the same.