臺灣

帶電的離子受到垂直的磁場與電場作用，會因為受到洛倫茲力而產生有趣的轉動現象。我們利用上述原理設計簡易的裝置設備，探討電解質溶液不同濃度、不同離子電荷數，受到不同離子間靜電力，產生不同的離子移動速度。經由所測量的時間與圓周運動的距離，可計算電解質的絕對遷移速度。由實驗結果推論在固定電場下，當電解質濃度降低，正、負離子間的相互作用力降低，離子遷移速度(migration velocity)加快，莫耳電導率 Λ（mole conductance)也隨之增加。同濃度時，電解質2-1 價型硝酸銅與2-2 型硫酸銅離子強度(ionic strength)不同，2-2型硫酸銅離子強度較大，遷移速度較小，莫耳電導率Λ 也較小。Because of the effect of Lorentz force, charged ion will have interesting rotation under the vertical magnetic and electric field. We use the above principle to design a simple instrument or tool, in order to evaluate and study the formation of different ionic mirgration velocities. The velocity of the charged ion in the instrument is affected by differences in the electrolyte, the charge differences of the ion tested and the differences in electrostatic forces between ions. From the experiment we can deduct that at a fixed constant electric field, when the concentration of the electrolyte is reduced, the interaction of forces between positive and negative ions will be reduced. When the migration velocity of ions increase, the mole conductivity Λ (mole conductance ) will also increase. At the same concentration, the ionic strength between copper nitrate ( 2-1valency type ) and copper sulfate ( 2-2 valency type ) are not identical. Copper sulfate, a 2-2 valency type has higher ionic strength, the velocity is slower and the mole conductivity Λ is also smaller.

多變色膽固醇型液晶面板為利用具雙穩態(Bistable)特性及因螺距不同而反射特定波長的膽固醇型液晶(CLC)。本研究創新作法為二：一、利用固化的方式使膽固醇型液晶螺距大小不同，使變色機制不同於一般電腦液晶面板，所製的液晶面板為以液晶的特性變色。二、將液晶螢幕中控制液晶的IPS 系統、側邊電極應用於液晶白板中。雙層液晶白板上層為混合E7(向列型液晶)+S811(旋光物質)的Bistable CLC，下層為混合RM82、CB15、BL006、I-369 的多變色(Multi-color)CLC 面板。The main purpose of the research plan lies in the application of the CLC. By using the Cholesteric －the bistable and the wavelength due to different pitch sizes－ we can make liquid crystal whiteboard. First, by heating and curing, we are able to cause the pitch sizes of CLC to be different. Unlike the commonly used LCD in computers, the features of CLC itself are applied to the color changing mechanism we make. Second, we apply the IPS horizontal electric field and flank electrode to our LCD whiteboard. In making the Multi-color CLC Display, we mix RM82, CB15 and BL006.

Azotobacteraceae 為一單棲固氮菌科，包含Azotobacter 與Azomonas 兩菌屬，在農業上可用來改善缺氮的貧瘠土壤。在分離土壤中的Azotobacteraceae 時，發現非單棲固氮菌與單棲固氮菌間可能具有共生的情形。我們利用優勢培養(缺氮)的方法篩選土壤中的Azotobacteraceae，將優勢培養後所生成的菌落稀釋104~106倍後，能有效分離Azotobacter 與Azomonas，然而低於此稀釋倍率則會形成混合菌落，其中可同時發現單棲固氮菌與非單棲固氮菌存在，推測某些非固氮菌在優勢培養過程中可能可從單棲固氮菌獲得氮源，與之共生。此外亦從菌種形態的差異並配合顯微螢光雜合技術(fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH)、分子遺傳標記(16S-rDNA)等方式，分析土壤中的Azotobacteraceae，探討單棲固氮菌及其他非單棲固氮菌在培養基上的生長情形、比例及親緣關係。The family Azotobacteraceace is group of free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria that is found in soil. Two genera are within this family: Azotobacter and Azomonas. Agriculturally, it is often used to improve fertility for nitrogen deficient barren lands. We analyze the Azotobacteraceace according to molecular biology and traditional taxonomy. We used an enrichment procedure to culture the bacteria, and diluted it repeatedly. We found it most suitable to dilute it 104~106 times to best separate Azotobacter from Azomonas. If the concentration were to be higher than this, mixed flora containing many different bacteria species would be found. Moreover, we noticed that non nitrogen-fixing bacteria, symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria would form a single colony on a nitrogen-deprived medium. This implies that a symbiotic relationship may exist between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and non nitrogen-fixing bacteria. We also discuss the growing situation, the group proportion, and the relationships between free-living nixtron fixing bacteria and other bacteria by morphology, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and molecular biology.

我們使用C++撰寫了一個音準練習程式：使用者輸入聲音後，經由音頻辨識方法求出其頻譜中最高能量之頻率，以之為基頻，再將其與目標音高相較，得到誤差率及走音程度。此外程式還可秀出所唱的樂譜，和發出對應的鋼琴或正弦波的聲音，方便使用者校音。而為了做音高辨識，我們也收集了許多聲音檔案，觀察其特色，研究不同音色的頻譜或是波形特性，並利用其特徵完成一個音色自動辨識程式。\r 首先我們測試了各種演算法，並且選用了快速傅利葉轉換作為主要製作的演算方法；接著我們利用Microsoft Visual C++撰寫我們的程式。這個程式主要可分為錄音、辨識以及樂譜繪製三大部分，皆會在此份報告中詳細說明。\r 文中將說明音頻及音色辨識的方法，一些關於音樂的基本知識，微軟公司的wave檔格式，此系統之應用，以及音色的波形頻譜分析。我們使用FFT 求得聲音的頻譜，且將針對此部分演算法做簡單的說明，並探討如何達到所需之頻率準確度，如何以較高效率辨識，及如何找出不同音色的特性。

本研究以碳化矽(SiC)奈米粉末加入去離子水中，插入銅電極加以電壓進行其表面帶電性的研究。研究中發現SiC奈米粉末的表面帶有負電荷，且加以電壓後，SiC奈米粉末會沉澱下來。利用場發射掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)及X-光繞射儀(X-RD)檢測其性質，發現加以電壓使奈米粉末失去電荷而聚集沉澱。同時經由製作不同酸鹼度SiC奈米粉末溶液的陽極極化曲線發現pH值越大，SiC奈米粉末表面電位越高，開放電路電位越小。本研究實驗過程中發現pH值2之SiC奈米粉末溶液加過電壓後，正極生成一透明薄膜狀物質，極有可能是導電鍍膜，應用價值極高。本研究已先進行微硬度試驗與金相實驗，將由長庚大學機械系研究所進行更深入檢測與研究。The electrochemical behavior of the SiC-nanopowder in deionized water was studied. The electrochemical cell was composed of two pure copper electrodes, across which different voltages were applied. The morphology of the nanopowders or even with reacted products was examined using field emission electron microscope(FESEM) and the corresponding phases were identified with X-ray diffraction method(XRD). The experimental results show that tha nano-powders precipitated at the surface of the anodic copper electrode and in the same time the nanopowders in the solution aggregated when 20 volts were applied across two electrodes. That is, net negative charge could be induced around the nanopowder. Deposition rate of the aggregated powders in the various pH-value solutions was evaluated and the aggregated powders were examined with FESEM. The higher Zeta potential of the SiC-nanopowder was examined as the nanopowders immersed in the higher pH value solution. The nanopowders aggregated themselves as the pH value under 2. The anodic polarization behavior of the copper electrode in SiC- nanopowder solution was measured and the results were compared with the aforementioned tests.

本研究主要在探討骨牌脈波在傳遞時的速度變化，並比較在不同的骨牌和不同的排列方式下骨牌的終端速度有何種差異；同時也研究骨牌在鏈鎖反應下能量的放大現象。觀察後發現單列骨牌脈波在傳遞一段距離後，由於空氣阻力的影響，脈波將會達到一終端速度，此終端速度與骨牌高度成反比，而與骨牌質量平方成正比。骨牌的脈波傳遞在鏈鎖反應下仍有一終端速度，但大於單列之骨牌脈波速，且鏈鎖反應具有放大推力之功能。由我們的研究可預測一列物體傾倒時所花費時間和所能達到之終端速度，而鏈鎖反應可比擬為一雷射模型能量集中和釋放的機制，相信可利用骨牌儲存能量的機制應用於需迅速釋能的機械中 This research is mainly discussing the changing of velocity of a domino pulse, and comparing the terminal velocity of various kinds of dominos and arresting modules. Also we focus on the energy-enlarging fact of chain-reaction of domino series. We found that after running a distance, the pulse of a single-series domino will finally reach a terminal velocity by the friction force of air. The terminal velocity will inversely proportion to the height of a single domino, and will proportion to the square of mass of a single domino. During a chain-reaction, the pulse still has a terminal velocity, but it is higher than the terminal velocity of a single series domino .The chain-reaction has an ability to enlarge the original force, too. By the research, we are able to predict the time interval and the terminal velocity while a series of objects are falling. On the other hand, the chain reaction is similar with mechanism of energy concentration and emission of LASER. We also believe that this mechanism is able to explain and apply to those machines which need to release energy rapidly.

In this project, we mainly employ the self-made “positioning system for celestial objects” (PSFCO) to investigate the relations among Sun, Moon, and Earth. Based on the observational data, we then construct a three-dimensional (3D) model to further understand the hidden mystery. We first use the PSFCO, which was developed through four generations (see figure 1), to measure the change for a whole year in the North Polar Distance (NPD) of Sun and Moon individually. From the data analysis, we find that: 1. This change in NPD is very close to a sinusoidal function. 2. The date when the NPD of Moon is the largest in a month shifts earlier by 2.26 days every month on average. 3. The angle between the equatorial axis (EA) and the lunar orbital plane (LOP) is about 63.5 degrees, while the angle between the EA and the ecliptic plane (EP) is about 66.5 degrees. 4. The angle between the LOP and the EP is about 5 degrees. This is exactly why the solar eclipse and the lunar eclipse do not happen every month. 5. Time for a celestial object to be above the horizon = 1080 minutes – 4 (minute/degree) x NPD of the object. We geographically prove this empirical formula. With this formula and the PSFCO, we can accurately predict the times when an object rises and sets. We finally make a 3D model for Sun, Moon, and Earth. In this process, we confronted and then solved several difficult questions in mathematics and astronomy. This research dramatically enhances our understanding in our local planetary system. 主要利用自製的“天體定位儀”來詳細探討月亮、太陽及地球之間的位置及軌道關 係，並藉由三度空間模型的製作來進一步了解其中的奧妙。 首先利用天體定位儀 (共研發出四代，見圖1) 來量測月亮及太陽各自與北極的夾角 在1 年內的變化，經數據分析發現： 一、這個變化很像sin 函數。 二、月亮與北極的夾角發生極大值的農曆日數，每月平均提早約2.26 日。 三、白道面與赤道軸的夾角約為63.5 度，黃道面與赤道軸的夾角約為66.5 度。 四、白道面與黃道面之間的夾角約為5 度。這正是日蝕及月蝕不常發生的主要原因。 五、天體在地平線上的時間(分) = 1080 分－４(分/度) x 天體與北極夾角(度)。我們用幾 何定理證明了這個觀測到的關係式，且配合天體定位儀可準確預測任何可見天體 升上及落下地平線的時間。 最後製作月亮、太陽及地球的3D 軌道模型。過程中遭遇並解決了各種數學及天文 難題，使我們對這個行星系統有了更深一層的認識。

本研究合成含環形胺—亞胺雙牙配基鎳金屬催化劑，用以催化烯烴聚合反應。將2-甲基丙醛經由溴化、胺化及亞胺化的步驟合成含胺—亞胺的雙牙配基，Et2NCMe2CH=N(2,6-iPr2C6H3) (3a)、(c-C4H8)N- CMe2CH=NPh (3b)、RNCMe2CH=N(2,6-Me2C6H3) (R = c-C4H8 3c，c-C5H10 3d)。再將配基和Ni(DME)Br2 (DME = 1,2- 二甲烷氧基乙烷) 反應， 形成鎳金屬錯合物Ni [Et2NCMe2CH=N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)]Br2 (4a)、Ni[RNCMe2CH=N (2,6-Me2C6H3)]Br2 (R = c-C4H8 4c，c-C5H10 4d)，並作結構鑑定。其中3b、3c、3d、4c、4d 均為合成的新化合物，4d 獲得X 光單晶繞射結構。 以合成之鎳錯合物作為催化劑，催化乙烯或降冰片烯(C7H10)的聚合反應，探討反應活性和高分子產物的性質。與含相同碳數的錯合物比較，在胺基具環形取代基的錯合物對乙烯的催化活性較佳，聚乙烯產物分子量較高，分子量分布範圍狹窄；其對降冰片烯的催化活性略遜於非環形者。同為環形取代基時，六環較五環者對乙烯的催化活性較差，但對降冰片烯的催化活性較佳。顯示乙烯聚合與降冰片烯聚合有不同的反應決定步驟。催化劑及配基的設計的確可以操控聚合反應及其高分子產物的性質。 The synthesis of α-amino aldeimines Et2NCMe2CH=N(2,6-iPr2C6H3) (3a), (c-C4H8)NC Me2CH=NPh (3b), RNCMe2CH=N(2,6-Me2C6H3) (R = c-C4H8 3c，c-C5H10 3d), as well as the nickel complexes Ni [Et2NCMe2C- H=N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)]Br2 (4a), Ni[RNCMe2CH=N (2,6-Me2C6H3)]Br2 (R = c-C4H8 4c，c-C5H10 4d) has been succeeded. Their structures were mainly determi ned by spectroscopy or elemental analysis. The complex 4d was characterized by X-ray crysta llographic analysis. It shows that the nickel complex has distorted tetrahedral configuration. The catalytic reactions of ethylene or norbornene polymerization using the newly synthesized nickel complexes are studied. All catalyts show high activity toward studied olefin polymerization. Comparing the data of the catalytic ethylene polymerization for complex 4c with those of its isomer complex 4a, the former is found to results in higher activity as well as the larger molecular weight of the PE products with the narrower dispersity. On the contrary, 4c shows lower activity in the reactions of norbornene polymerization than 4a. For the cyclic amine derivatives, 4c of five-membered amino group shows better catalytic activity toward ethylene polymerization than 4d of six-membered amino group. But 4d gives better perfomance for norbornene polymerization than 4c. Such results indicate that the processes of ethylene and norbornene polymerization might have different rate-determining steps. These study confirms that the design of ligand and catalyst are crucial with respect to the control of the catalytic olefin polymerization and the properties of the polymeric products.

本實驗使用磁流變流體(Magnetorheological fluid, MRF)來估查其磁場作用下的光學性質。本實驗採用Lord公司的MRF-132LD磁流變流體加以稀釋到不同的重量濃度，並以氫氟酸蝕刻玻片產生不同的厚度。吾人觀察到濃度參數以及厚度參數均對MRF薄膜的光繞射產生影響。膜厚越薄，產生的繞射較明顯，而重量濃度較小的容易亦有較大的繞射角度。吾人亦移動上下兩玻片相對位置，施加剪力的作用，繞射現象也產生明顯的改變。\r The Magnetorheological fluid (MRF) is used to observe the optical properties under the vertical magnetic field , The MRF-132LD from Lord Company is used, The MRF is diluted to different weight ratio of particulate and carrier fluid . The different thicknesses of the MR thin film are also made with the diluted MRF. The concentration of the MRF and the thickness of the thin film are both found to have significant effects on the optical diffraction phenomenon. The optical diffraction is also found to be affected by the applied shear force to the thin film.

The “Insectivorous Plants”﹐ the first historical publication by Charles Darwin﹐contained the detailed observations and meticulous descriptions of various carnivorous plants and had become the most important reference for the study of carnivorous plants﹒ But the prey mechanism and digestive function of the bladder traps of the Utricularia were not well described﹒ The present study has a great success in these fields which include the volume change of bladder traps before and after firing﹐the spontaneous pressure relief of the bladder traps even without being triggered by prey, and the quadriceps visible absorption process﹒ The last two findings are not yet publicated. This laboratory experiment is carried out with Utricularia Gibba﹐a native species of Utricularia in Taiwan﹒ Through static and dynamic observation﹐we find that bladder traps suck in water by 12-25% of body volume change, and the bladder traps release internal pressure spontaneously under long period of waiting, despite not being triggered﹒ We can also easily demonstrate the absorption process of quadriceps by manually triggering the bladder traps to suck food color solutions. All the events above can be clearly seen under microscopy﹒達爾文是最先對食蟲植物作深入且完整研究的科學家，至今他的著作仍是研究食蟲植物的重要資料，但在其內容中對狸藻捕蟲囊捕蟲行為及消化功能的研究觀察並不完整。本實驗使用簡單的方法，在這方面有突破性的進展，包括捕蟲囊捕食前後的體積變化，自發性舒張及囊內腺毛對於食用色素的消化吸收，後兩項發現及實驗均未曾出現在文獻資料中。 本實驗以台灣本土水生食蟲植物絲葉狸藻(Utricularia gibba)為研究對象，由靜態及動態觀察，顯示捕蟲囊捕食前後體積變化為12~25%，且即使在沒有捕到水中生物的情況下，也會有自發性舒張以解除囊內壓力的現象。捕蟲囊內四爪腺毛消化吸收功能的整個過程，可藉由食用色素加以呈現，並清楚的在顯微鏡下觀察到這些現象。