台北市內湖區金面山地衣調查與空氣污染對地衣影響之探究
本研究工作自2001 年7 月至2002 年6 月止，在臺北市內湖區金面山進行地衣實地探勘採集調查，以位於臺北市內湖區之麗山高級中學之校園為中心點，範圍由校園金面山至學校前門所面對的港墘路與環山路口。應用「外部型態比較」，「切片觀察(徒手切片技術)」與「化學分析(薄層色層分析Thin Layer Chromatography, TLC)」等三種方法，鑑定所採集之地衣所屬種類，並探討空氣污染程度對金面山地衣類分佈狀況的影響。調查至2002年6月為止，本研究已發現生長於金面山區之數種地衣，其中殼狀地衣包含有：癩屑衣屬(Lepraria)、球粉衣屬(Spheophorus)、大孢衣屬(Megalospora)等三屬；屬於莖狀地衣的僅有石蕊屬(Cladonia)；為葉狀地衣的則有：黃梅衣屬(Xanthoparmelia)、裸緣梅衣屬(Parmotrema)、梅衣屬(Parmelia)等三屬，合計共七個屬。本研究針對臺北市金面山區及麗山高級中學之校園附近市區道路地衣類分佈的情形做調查，結果發現行道樹上之附生地衣在較靠近山區的地方，於樹幹上的生長覆蓋面積才會有明顯增加的情形，又其中在市區道路上只發現殼狀地衣生長，而莖狀及葉狀地衣則出現於金面山頂附近，所以就此情況而言，除了金面山區外，市區已呈現地衣沙漠化之狀況，間接顯示，市區的空氣污染是相當嚴重的。本研究將所調查結果之各屬地衣類進行特徵描述與分佈地區之標定，以便於日後臺北市內湖區金面山地衣之鑑識及後續相關研究之進行。This research was carried out between July 2001 and June 2002 on the Jinmian Mountain in Neihu,\r Taipei City and consisted of an on-the-spot exploration and collection of lichen. The Taipei Municipal\r Lishan High School was the center of this research, and the researched territory consisted of the areas\r between the mountain at the back of the school (Jinmian Mountain) and the intersection between\r Gangcian Rd. and Huanshan Rd. in front of the school’s main gate. Comparison of external appearance,\r dissectional observation (manual breaking technique), and chemical analysis (Thin Layer\r Chromatography, TLC) were the research methods applied to determine the genus of the lichen and the\r influence of the degree of air pollution on the distribution of the lichen.\r By the end of the research in June 2002 the presence of three types of lichen on the Jinmian\r Mountain was observed: crustose lichen: Lepraria, Spheophorus, Megalospora; fruticose lichen: Cladonia;\r foliose lichen: Xanthoparmelia, Parmotrema, Parmelia. Seven different genus of lichen have been found.\r The research has been done on the distribution of these different genus of lichen in the area of the\r Jinmian Mountain and The Taipei Municipal Lishan High School: By observation the sidewalk trees\r near the mountain’s area, we found the covering area of the lichen on the sterns apparently increases,\r while on the trees in the city district, only crustose lichen grow. The fruticose and foliose lichen only\r grow near the top of the Jinmian Mountain. This impoverishment of the diversity of lichen in the city\r district might (indirectly) be an indicator of the considerable decline of air quality in the city. The\r outcomes of this research regarding the description and distribution of the lichens contribute to the\r knowledge on lichens in the Jingmian Mountain area in the Neihu District, and may raise the similar\r research in the future as well.
表面粗糙結構對疏水性影響之應用與研究
本研究從大自然中之「蓮花效應」引發學習興趣與研究動機，在蒐集相關資訊與文獻後，發現疏水功能不只是防水，還關係著日常生活品質之許多材料特性，包括防水、撥水、防潮、防銹、防蝕、抗菌防污、自清潔…等。而影響固體表面疏水性之兩大特性，包括物理之表面粗糙度與化學之超低表面能，本研究針對物理之表面粗糙度與疏水性之關係做探討，以相同之化學特性來比較不同號數之工業用砂紙之疏水行為，並就廣泛被引用之兩種模擬表面粗糙度與疏水性關係之模式：Wenzel and Cassie model，比較現有文獻對兩種模式之特性，選擇Cassie model 來進一步實驗驗證，以量測之平均接觸角 Θ 推算Cassie model 之表面粗糙係數Φ 值，並簡化不同砂紙顆粒模型為相同粒徑之球狀，以簡化之方程式來求得水珠與砂紙顆粒之實際接觸面積與球心夾角 θ，以提供高中學校能在經費與設備之限制下，仍能有效應用與印證Cassie model，獲得砂紙顆粒直徑與球心夾角 θ 自然對數值之關係。並就疏水性之生活應用，建立接觸角與 Φ 之關係曲線，驗證實驗之方程式，與延續過去之科展成果，以實驗成果提出可行性應用之建議。The interest and motivation of the present work was introduced from “lotus effect” in nature. After we collected related literature and information, we found that the function of the so-called “superhydrophobicity” behaves not only water repellency, but also a variety of real-life applications, including anti-fog, anti-corrosion, anti-bacteria, anti-fouling, self-cleaning, and so on. Pervious studies have pointed out that two criteria affecting the performance of hydrophobic surfaces are physical (roughness) and chemistry (surface tension) properties. This study focused on influence of physically surface roughness on hydrohyphobicity. Based on an identical surface chemistry, we employed different types of industrial sandpapers to mimic the lotus leaf, and investigated the relationship between roughness and hydrophobicity by using two famous models: Wenzel and Cassie models. Comparing with their basic assumptions to our study, we applied Cassie model to confirm our experimental results, in where one Cassie parameter (?) was proposed to simplify the Cassie equation. This superhydrophobic behavior can be well predicted by the Cassie model. This study continues previous achievement and offers some practical utilization according to our\r experimental results.
核醣核酸蛋白粒之K 蛋白基因表現及功能之研究
核糖核酸蛋白粒之K 蛋白具有多種功能，可參與在基因轉錄和蛋白質轉譯等過程。我們發現\r 一新奇的cDNA 較已報告的K 蛋白cDNA 少了72 個核?酸，分別命名為S 形與L 形。由基因\r 組DNA 的分析，S 形可能是經由替代剪接少了第8 個exon 所形成。以西方墨點法分析細胞中\r 的K 蛋白，亦證明有S 形存在，其表現量較少且多存在於細胞核中。為了探究兩種K 蛋白等\r 形的表現和功能，我們以PCR 偵測K 蛋白在不同組織與細胞株和人類乳腺腫瘤組織中的RNA\r 表現，結果顯示主要以L 形為主;我們並將S 形與L 形K 蛋白分別轉染至人類乳癌細胞株MCF7\r 中，以抗生素篩選出穩定表現K 蛋白之細胞株，生長速率分析顯示表現S 形之細胞株生長速\r 率較慢，其分子機轉仍有待研究。另外在比對K 蛋白之基因組DNA 時，除了在第九對色體\r 上有完整之K 蛋白基因組DNA，我們亦發現在第2、3、5 及11 對染色體上有類似K 蛋白基\r 因的序列，以cDNA 的形式存在，這些DNA 序列是否可以表現RNA 及其意義為何，目前尚\r 不清楚。Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) is a multifunctional protein known to be\r involved in the regulation of transcription, translation, nuclear transport and signal transduction. We\r have identified an alternative splicing transcript of hnRNP K lacking exon 8. This novel isoform\r (named S form compares to L form of full-length hnRNP K) encodes a protein that is 24 amino acids\r depletion between RNA binding KH1 and KH2 domain. To explore the functional roles of both isoforms,\r we detect their expression in several tissues (including liver, lung, kidney and heart), cell lines (MCF7,\r 293T, HeLa, NIH3T3, WEHI, P388D1) and specimens of human mammary gland tumor by RT- PCR.\r The results showed that L form was expressed in all samples, whereas S form was only expressed in cell\r lines. Using Western blotting analysis, we found that L form existed in both cytosol and nuclear\r fractions, and little amount of S form was detected in the nuclear extract. Furthermore, we construct the\r MCF7 cell lines that stably expressed S form or L form hnRNP K. Growth rate analysis indicates that\r the overexpression of S form of hnRNP K could decrease cell growth rate. The molecular mechanisms\r of growth inhibition by S form hnRNP K are to be further investigated. On the other hand, when we\r blast the human genomic genebank, we found except the chromosome 9 containing complete hnRNP K\r genomic DNA, there are near complete hnRNP K cDNA sequence appears in chromosome 2, 3, 5, and 11.\r The meaning of these sequences is unclear.
這不是群體防禦─反駁行為學家對魚群行為的高估
This study is to discuss the reason that interfere the fish schooling behavior " adult fish surround the young fish ". I use mathematic simulation, to observe the result when the fishes are stimulated, due to the body size , the speed of swimming , the difference of sensitivity will make different reaction. We predict the motion dots of fish when the hunter appears on the block paper, then analyzes the motion of adult fish and young fish in dot to determine if the result remind "adult fish surround the young fish "structure. The conclusion shown that natural reaction physiologically on fish will show "Adult fish surround the young fish "results, so, the factor that interfere the structure of fish group is not so called "group defense by ethnologist".本研究目的，在探討影響魚群「成魚圍繞著幼魚游」的行為。本研究是以數學模擬法，依觀察結果，設定魚在受到刺激後，因體型大小、游速的快慢、靈敏度的差異等，所產生的不同的反應。再在方格紙上模擬魚群在捕食者出現時，游開的動線。最後分析成魚幼魚的動線分布情形，是否仍是「成魚游在幼魚外圍」的魚群結構。研究結果發現，依魚類的生理條件所設定的條件下模擬，自然形成「成魚游在幼魚外圍」的魚群結構。所以，影響魚群結構的因素，的確不是行為學家所說的防禦行為。
廣鹽性吳郭魚氯離子調節機制- - - NKCC在氯細胞中扮演之角色
本實驗中我們利用廣鹽性吳郭魚進行氯離子調節機制的研究，探討廣鹽性吳郭魚如何能在不同環境中維持體內氯離子恆定，進而適應生存環境。我門想要探討：『是否NKCC 這種蛋白質在淡水吳郭魚MR 細胞中扮演吸收 Cl- 的角色? 如果是，吳郭魚又如何藉NKCC 的調節適應環境中 Cl- 的變化呢？』我們利用細胞免疫螢光染色法、西方墨點法和共軛焦顯微鏡觀察分析NKCC 在不同 Cl- 濃度人工淡水馴養的吳郭魚MR 細胞上的表現量，結果發現 NKCC 分布於頂端細胞膜(又稱為細胞開口)，及其附近的細胞質內；環境中 Na+ 濃度的差異對NKCC 在MR 細胞上的表現影響不大，但低 Cl- 環境馴養的吳郭魚，NKCC 表現量都高出其他組很多。顯示NKCC 參與了氯吸收的機制。另一個實驗中，我們將吳郭魚由淡水中轉移至海水以分析它們在適應海水的過程中NKCC 的表現變化。結果發現在馴養初期（16 小時內），圓點狀NKCC 仍然可以在MR 細胞的開口附近觀察到，但到了24 小時後，NKCC 在開口的表現就明顯減少甚至消失，取而代之的是轉移到底側邊細胞膜上的NKCC。此實驗證實了NKCC 這一個與Cl-運送相關的蛋白質，在廣鹽性吳郭魚氯離子調節中扮演了很重要的角色。
Euryhaline tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) is capable of maintaining internal ion constant ineither hypertonic or hypotonic environments (fresh water or seawater).MR cells in the gills of tilapia play critical role in absorbing Cl- from fresh water or pumping redundant Cl- from body fluid into seawater. Chloride transporter (NKCC) which distributed in basolateral membrane of MR cells is involved in Cl- secretion of seawater teleost. However, the mechanism of Cl- absorption in fresh water MR cells is still unclear. Whether NKCC is also involved in Cl- absorption and how do tilapia regulate Cl- absorption are the questions this study aim to answer. By using immunofluorescent staining, western blot, and confocal microscopy, the distribution and expression level of NKCC in fresh water MR cells were examined. We found that NKCC is distributed on the apical membrane of freshwater MR cells where is known to be the site for active Cl- absorption of MR cells. We compared the expression level of NKCC in MR cells from tilapia acclimated in high, normal, and low Cl- artificial water for 7 days. The results showed that NKCC is induced by ambient low Cl- , and in contrast suppressed by high Cl- water, indicating NKCC might be involved in Cl- absorption of freshwater MR cells and up-or down-regulated to maintain Cl- uptake constant. In addition, we also examine the expression pattern of NKCC in MR cells from tilapia transferred from fresh water to seawater. Confocal images show that apical expressed NKCC disappear gradually within 24h seawater acclimation and is substituted by basolateral expressed NKCC. This study provides a novel regulatory mechanism of NKCC in Cl- transporter of MR cells.
利用自製頻譜儀研究蜜蜂的發聲系統
本研究利用麥克風與相關電腦設備，結合成自製頻譜儀用以觀測多種情況下蜜蜂的聲音頻率。若將蜜蜂的翅膀加以修剪，可測得有不同的頻率，解析頻率發現「翅膀為主要發聲點，但去除翅膀仍有高頻的發聲，且有三種不同的頻率。」將蜜蜂置於不同溫度下，解析頻率得知「一定溫度範圍內，溫度越高蜜蜂發聲頻率越高，反之亦然。」幼期在胸部塗顏料使絨毛無法生長，去除雙翅後，仍有頻率相近的發聲，得知「胸部絨毛不是造成高頻的原因。」靜置５分鐘，待蜜蜂停止發聲後，剪去腳、挑弄蜜蜂會發出高頻，得知「情緒是引起高頻的原因。」將蜜蜂的翅膀加以修剪，分別放回蜂窩口，發現「同一族群蜜蜂可用發聲頻率來辨別同伴。」比較義大利蜂及中華蜜蜂，得知「在多種情況下中華蜜蜂發聲頻率皆較義大利蜂高約７０Hz。」因此本實驗之結論並不受蜂種影響。The study, capitalizing on a hand-made frequency divider, the microphone and computerized equipment, observes a variety of frequency of sound given off by bees. We read different frequencies from the apparatus when the bee’s wings were trimmed. Analyzing it, we discover that the bee’s winds are major source of its sound, but it still gives out high-frequency sound when the wings were completely cut off.” After analyzing the frequency, we discover that within a certain temperature range the higher the temperature is, the higher the frequency is, and vice versa. In one experiment, we painted the thorax at its pupal stage to stop the bee from growing fine hairs. Even though the wings had been removed, it still gave out high-frequency sound. We, therefore, conclude that fine hairs on the thorax have nothing to do with the making of the sound. In another experiment, bees were placed in an undisturbed environment until they are completely silent. Then, some of the bee’s legs were cut off, while others were provoked. And all the bees make high-frequency sound in the process. We make a hypothesis that emotion could be the cause of bees’ sound-making. The bees with different trimmed wings were put back to the beehive; the bees can still recognize one another by the different sound frequencies. If we compare A. m. ligustica with A. c. cerana under different conditions, we find that the frequency from the latter is about 70 Hz higher than that form the former.