臺灣

金黃色葡萄球菌是生活中常見的病原菌之一，因其抗藥性日益嚴重，是大家所熟知的超級細菌。 目前醫院對此菌的檢測方式，從培養到獲得結果大約需要兩天，對許多感染此菌的重症患者是無法接受的醫療時間延誤。 有鑑於此，本研究利用創新的適體、光電及奈米技術發展一個可以快速偵檢金黃色葡萄球菌的系統。 適體為具有與抗體同樣分子辨識功能的寡核酸。我們利用DNA適體篩選技術，獲得能夠專一地辨識金黃色葡萄球菌的適體序列，進一步發展高敏感度細菌檢測系統，並測得靈敏度近個位數的金黃色葡萄球菌。本研究亦結合奈米金與共振光散射原理，以簡便的二極體雷射與偵測裝置，可快速判定檢測樣品中是否有金黃色葡萄球菌，大大縮短檢驗所需的時間。

紙杯底部用蠟燭燻出碳黑，經數位相機閃光拍攝後會聽到爆鳴聲。探討的結果為爆鳴聲是由相機的閃光與碳黑之間的互動所引起，甚且到冒煙程度。\r 探討結果得到爆鳴聲大小會受電場、溼度的影響而且碳黑量愈多，電子傳遞路徑會縮短、導電性則增高，且與產生的電量接近線性關係。\r 發現波長較短的可見光可形成較多的電荷；若照度大、受照射面積大或碳黑的粒徑小，這些會產生較多的電量。\r 經由電顯及AFM圖可知去漬油、蠟燭、瓦斯、95汽油、酒精燃燒後產生的碳黑，大小範圍都是在30nm~100nm範圍內。將蠟燭碳黑接受不同次數的閃光後，看出表面碳粒會變成灰燼。

COVID-19肺炎病毒肆虐全球，強調用肥皂多洗手，已是大家認為最有效的防疫作為。有鑑於此，本研究希望透過學習肥皂製作過程，探討「皂化反應」的溫度、重量與pH的變化，以及「皂化現象」的影響因素，最後嘗試製作防疫抗菌手工皂分送給全校班級，共同為防疫盡一份地球公民的責任。研究中分別觀察皂化過程的pH值、硬度與去污力，發現皂化過程中的油品種類、油品溫度、鹼水與油品間的溫度差、氫氧化鈉的量、油品比例、環境溫度，都會不同程度的影響成皂情形。我們也發現，在實驗中設定的任何溫度都能成皂，而非一般認知的特定溫度。最後，利用實驗室培養的純化大腸桿菌，測定以艾草液、左手香液製成的肥皂有不錯的殺菌效果喔！

若從一個三角形的外接圓上取一點，作其對三角形三邊的垂足，我們知道這三點共線，是為西姆松線。\r 那麼當此點不在圓周上的情形呢？自平面上一點對一三角形的三邊分別做垂線，得到三垂足，並作此三垂足的外接圓，我定義其為：此點對此三角形的西姆松圓。這篇作品主要成果便是對西姆松圓的研究。透過不斷的研究，發現了許多關於西姆松圓的神奇性質，並得到了一些結果，主要的研究方向：討論共點、共圓、相似。\r 這篇報告是循序漸進的，後面的結果常用到前面的知識為基礎。此篇另一特點是：全篇的證明皆是自已給出的，採用方法皆為一般幾何證明，而沒有用到解析證明。\r 在研究過程中也得到關於著名的費爾巴哈定理及大上茂喬定理的另一種證明。

本達文西橋的研究乃重新檢視古人對橋之建構力學觀念，此橋是利用多重簡支樑完成，重點在研究搭建時橋的斜面受摩擦力而達成穩定之現象，以及探討完成橋之後，橋身承受重力與固定跨距及接點長度、組數之間的關係。從實驗中，我們探究出以下結果： (1)斜面穩定的條件：當接點長度越小，造成滑脫的臨界角度越大，橋身越穩定。 (2)橋面受力變形而使橋斜面角度下降，而增加橋穩定度。 (3)當接點長度越小，組數越多，橋身形狀越接近拱形時，因內力抵消，整體形變率最低，具有最佳的承重能力。 (4)擴充原雙向達文西橋，至四面橋之架構，且應用至多人手遊之“達文西抽抽樂手遊”。

本研究主題是要探討以電解質作為電介質之電容器的放電情況及電容值。作者在電容器的兩極板中，灌入電解質溶液，作為電介質，發現確實能使電容值大增。作者再以不同電解質和外加磁場為變因，作出以下研究,以深入了解電容和電解質溶液的關係。The main idea of this topic is to explore the amount of capacitance with electrolyte as dielectrics. The authors poured electrolyte solutions into the polar plate of capacitor and found the amount of capacitance increased. Then the authors used the different kinds of electrolyte and added magnetic field as changing factors. Authors performed the following research to deeply find out the correlations between capacitance and electrolyte solutions.

安非他命的濫用在台灣是非常嚴重的公眾健康及社會問題。安非他命會導致一連串的行\r 為異常，包括在中腦紋狀體內釋放多巴胺及阻止多巴胺回收來增加使用者的活動力。由於安\r 非他命會對腦細胞造成傷害，本研究的目的為探討低劑量、無立即毒性之安非他命(類似於人\r 類使用習慣)於短期內是否會對老鼠大腦紋狀體內的蛋白質表現有影響。因此利用西方點墨法\r 分析施打低劑量安非他命(2 到6 mg/kg)約一星期之後，C57BL6 小鼠的大腦紋狀體中一些重\r 要蛋白質[包括腺?酸受體A2A-R、第五亞型腺?酸環化?AC5、caspase-8、PARP、NF-κB\r 及血紅素加氧?-1(HO-1)]的表現是否有改變。實驗結果顯示，低劑量安非他命處理對大部分\r 蛋白質的表現並沒有明顯的差異，但在施打安非他命老鼠之大腦紋狀體中，HO-1 有些微但明\r 顯的增加，顯示安非他命可能對腦組織產生氧化性傷害。因此長期使用安非他命對中腦紋狀\r 體是否造成傷害是值得關心及繼續探討的課題。The wide spreading use of amphetamine (AMPH) in Taiwan has become a serious\r public health and social problem. AMPH evokes a series of behavior abnormality including\r enhanced locomotor behavior by releasing dopamine and inhibiting dopamine-uptake in the\r striatum. Since AMPH is known to cause brain damage, the purpose of this study is to\r investigate the expression of several important proteins in the mouse striatum after\r treatment with low and non-toxic dosages of AMPH for a short period (mimicking the\r common usage pattern of humans). C57BL6 mice were daily IP-injected with various doses\r of AMPH (0 to 6 mg/kg) for one week. Expression levels of adenosine receptor A2A-R,\r adenyl cyclase type 5,caspase-8, PARP, NF-κB and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the\r striatum were analyzed by Western blotting technique. Most proteins examined were not\r affected by the 1-week AMPH treatment, except HO-1. A slight but significant increase of\r HO-1 by AMPH treatment indicated that AMPH may cause oxidative damage in brain.\r These results suggest that the injury induced by long-term AMPH exposure warrants our\r further concerns and investigation.

本研究整合了碎形圖形的迭代運算方法與基因交配觀念來達到音樂創新，並透過音樂和諧性判別機制來提高創新音樂的悅耳程度。利用基因觀念之交配的方法來解決長短的問題。這個方法是把原始音符輸入後，找出它們的中心點，以這個中心點為準，其他的音符按照一定比例向外延展，成為新的迭代點。再利用這些迭代點，迭代出新的音符。把製造好的音符染色體放置到交配池中，以隨機的方式在交配池中選取其中之一個染色體進行交配的動作，此二音符染色體會交換彼此的基因，產生下一代新的代表音符長短之染色體，隨後以「模仿母體判斷式」來判斷這新一代的音樂是否與母體音樂相似，藉此淘汰掉「不肖的」下一代，而若新一代與母體的相似程度高的話，它的悅耳性相信也會相對提高。最後把這些技術應用於數位音樂創作，以衍生新穎應用與創新的結果。Fractals can be produced by IFS (Iterated Function Systems). By iterative computation of many times, we can obtain the similar graphics. In my research, the methods to generate the iterative algorithms were presented. In addition, I would discuss the regularity and the content as well as the properties of those digital patterns. At last, the advanced application of fractals to digital music pieces was presented. The program took a note of several measure of music as the beginning point, and made the IFS calculations for each new note in each measure. But there was no difference in beats if you just make the IFS iteration. So I changed the beats with genetic crossover method. In this research, the expression of the DNA to each beat of note was adopted. The same way, it took a note as a beginning point. And the system obtained the new DNA from the old notes for new ones randomly. After producing the new pieces of music, I want to know if it is good to listen. So I used the algorithm that checks the simulation to the shape of mother music. If its shape is similar to the mother music, the probability that the new music is pleasing may even increase. That would make a piece of brand new music. What I want to do in this research is improve the multiformity of music and find what the relationship is of ‘good music’ and mathematical algorithms

溫差電池中若僅進行的反應，則其電池電壓與溫差成正比，且純粹是利用化學反應將熱能轉換成電能，我們稱之為「典型溫差電池」，由熱力學公式可推導出典型溫差電池的電動勢(ΔS = S(s)—S(aq)，S為絕對熵， n為得失電子數，1F = 96487 C )，且得到下列三項推論來說明溫差電池的特殊現象。 (1) 同一溫差電池，其電動勢與溫差成正比 (ε∝ ΔT)。(2) 不同的溫差電池，當溫差一定時，電壓ε 與ΔS 成正比，與得失電子數n 成反比。典型溫差電池中，電解液濃度越小，金屬離子濃度也愈小，會使得ΔS = (S(s)—S(aq))的絕對值變大，因此溫差電池的電壓也就愈大。(3) ΔS 值的正負決定電壓ε 的正負。Cu(NO3)2 及ZnSO4 溫差電池的ΔS 為正值，所以高溫杯為正極；AgNO3 溫差電池的ΔS 為負值，所以高溫杯為負極。因水溶液中陰、陽離子不能單獨存在，所以單一離子水溶液的絕對熵無法求得，但科學家把氫離子水溶液的標準絕對熵定為零，藉以求出其它離子的絕對熵，然而我們測得在一定溫差時典型溫差電池的電動勢ε，再查得金屬的標準絕對熵 S(s)，代入S(aq) = S(s) — nFε/ΔT，便可得到離子水溶液的絕對熵。Cu(NO3)2 溫差電池的電解液中若含有1M 或0.5M 的KNO3，電池電壓仍然與溫差成正比， 但卻可獲得較大的電流，我們稱此類溫差電池為「改良型溫差電池」。我們利用改良型溫差電池的原理，自製環保、節約能源、可重複使用的實用溫差電池，以PVC 水管當容器，上、下兩端開口用銅片封住當電極，管內裝海棉及0.125M Cu(NO3)與 1M KNO3 溶液，熱源加熱上層銅片形成溫差，當溫差維持在70℃，電壓約為70 mV，若串聯30 個實用溫差電池，電壓可達2 V 以上，就可以對鉛蓄電池充電。實用溫差電池的熱源可由回收冷氣機、工廠的廢熱，或直接利用太陽能來當熱源。 If the temperature difference cell only goes through the following reaction Then the potential created by the cell is proportional to the temperature difference, and such a reaction purely changes the thermal energy into electrical energy through chemical reaction, which we often name it “typical temperature difference cells”. We can come to the following formula for the typical temperature difference cells through a series of thermodynamic formula: ε= ΔT ． ΔS/ nF (ΔS = S(s)—S(aq), where S is the standard 3 entropy, and n is the number of electrons gained or lost, and 1F = 96487 C). We also provide the following three inferences to demonstrate the special phenomenon for the temperature difference cells: 1. Within the same temperature cell, the electromotive force (EMF) is proportional to the temperature difference. 2. When the temperature difference keeps constant, the electromotive force is proportional to the ΔS in different temperature cells, and is inversely proportional to the number of electrons gained or lost. Within the typical temperature difference cells, when the concentration of the electrolyte becomes more diluted, the concentration of the metal ions also proportionally become lower, which will make the absolute value of the following equation bigger, as a result, will make the electric potential of the temperature difference cells bigger: ΔS = (S(s)—S(aq)) 3. The value of ΔS decides the value of the electromotive force. The ΔS of the following temperature difference cells is positive value: Cu(NO3)2 and ZnSO4 . As a result, within the copper and zinc temperature difference cells, the higher temperature glass is the anode. On the other hand, the ΔS of the AgNO3 temperature difference cell is negative, which means that within the silver temperature difference cell, the higher temperature glass is the cathode. Meanwhile, because the cations and anions can not exist alone, therefore, it is not possible to find the standard entropy of the single ion solution. However, scientists define the standard entropy of the solution containing hydrogen ion to be zero, as a result, we only have to determine the electromotive force for a typical temperature difference cell, while keeping the temperature difference constant, followed by finding the standard entropy for the said metal S(s). Inserting it into the following equation to find the standard entropy for the ion solution. S(aq) = S(s) — nFε/ΔT If the electrolytes for the Cu(NO3)2 temperature difference cell contains 1M or 0.5M KNO3 , the electromotive force is still proportional to the temperature difference, and we can obtain bigger electric current. We call this kind of temperature difference cells “improved version of the typical temperature difference cells”. We try to make more environmental, energy saving, and recyclable temperature difference cell by applying the theory of the improved version of the typical temperature difference cells. We use PVC water pipe as the containers, both edges of the pipe sealed with copper metals, also work as the electrodes. Within the pipe filled with sponge and 0.125M Cu(NO3) and 1M KNO3 solution. The heat source keeps heating the upper copper metal to keep constant temperature difference. When the temperature difference is kept around 70℃, the electric potential is 70 mV. If we can connect 30 practical temperature difference cells in a series, the electric potential will reach 2V, which can then charge the lead rechargeable battery. The heat sources of the practical temperature difference cells can be supplied by the recycled air conditioners, heat waste from a factory, or directly comes from the solar power.

本研究欲探討垂直水柱遇障礙物成節的形成機制。以數位照相機、光電計時器等進行觀測。 實驗結果如下： （一）因往返水柱波速不同，而且節無波腹大幅振動現象，故節不是駐波現象。 （二）細針插入水柱表面時，當針上方超過某長度後，針下方產生Ｖ字形震波。但不論針相對水柱的速度是否超過波速，針上方都有節，故不是震波所產生的現象。 （三）根據水波槽模擬實驗，不論木條是否超過波速，木條前方均產生波紋。木條前方的水受到木條推動，往前方加速，因此顯現出波紋了。 我們認為，在水柱中所看到的節，不是震波或駐波，而是相對於木條往前傳遞的波。波源是撞擊物，改變了水柱表面的壓力，而成為波源，水柱的水因受撞擊，某個範圍內流速會小於波速，使得撞擊物前方存在波紋。This experiment uses digital camera and photoelectric timer to discuss the mechanism of causing spouts to form nodes on its surface. Because the downward wave velocity of the spout is different from that upwardand there are no significant vibrations of antinodes, standing waves are not the mechanism of causing nodes. In the experiment of inserting a needle into the spout, we found out that while the needle was inserted above a certain length of the spout, v shaped bow waves emerged. However, no matter the velocity of the needle related to the spout is over the wave velocity, there are always nodes above the needle. Therefore, bow waves are not the mechanism of causing nodes. According to the ripple tank simulating experiment, no matter whether the speed of the wooden stick is faster than the wave velocity or not, there are always waves forming in front of the wooden stick. The wooden stick pushes water in front of it and causes the water to accelerate forward. Therefore, waves appear. We think that the nodes we see on spouts are neither standing waves nor bow waves. The nodes are rather caused by the relatively moving wooden stick. The object, which impacted the spout (wooden stick), changed the pressure of the spout’s surface and became the source of wave. Because of the impact, the velocity of the water current of a certain area became slower than the wave velocity and causes nodes forming on the surface of the spout.