臺灣

相剋作用是指植物在代謝過程中釋放出有毒物質以抑制本身或鄰近植物種子萌發及植株發育生長的過程。一般認為，榕樹是具有相剋作用的常見植物，但很少見到相關的文獻探討。本實驗利用榕樹不同組織萃取液，以小白菜、結球白菜與阿拉伯芥作材料，探討該萃取液對上述植物發芽與生長之影響，結果顯示榕樹葉萃取液所造成之影響較顯著，不同榕樹組織的萃取液、不同濃度的萃取液對不同植物所產生的效果不盡相同，針對不同生長期的植物進行處理所造成的影響亦有差異。進一步以管柱層析法與高壓液相層析法（HPLC）分離葉萃取液，結果發現以正己烷和乙酸乙酯75：25為沖提液的條件下，於HPLC的層析圖中分離時間約8分時所流出的物質具最明顯的抑制作用。電泳剖面分析顯示處理與未處理間有些許蛋白質條帶差異，此變化蛋白可能與植物幼苗對該萃取液之耐受性有關。利用核酸微陣列(microarray)對榕樹萃取液處理之阿拉伯芥植物進行基因表現分析，發現榕樹萃取液對植物部分基因表現也有促進和抑制的情形，經由基因體與蛋白質體分析法可推論出一些受影響之相關基因。 Allelopathy was defined as a phenomenon which certain plant species, by secreting metabolites to the environment, can suppress the growth of themselves, seed germination and/or growth of other plants in the same habitats. Banyan （Ficus microcarpa L.f.） is a plant species in our campus likely to have allelopathy effect. However, documents describing such action on allelopathy were rare. In this study, we applied the crude tissue extracts including leaves, stems, roots of banyan onto the germinating seeds of Pai-Tsai （Brassica rapa L.ssp.chinensis（Rupr.（Olsson）））, Chinese cabbage （Brassica pekinensis Rupr.） and Arabidopsis（Arabidopsis thaliana, ecotype Columbia-0） to study the effects of such plant extract on the germination and seedling growth of other plants. It is found that allelopathic effects on seed germination vary among different tissues used for extract preparation. Different concentration of the extract also yield various degree of allelophathic effects. It is also noted that the application of extract onto the post-germinated sprouts has less effects on plant growth. The extract of leaves was subsequently chromatographed over silica gel using hexane/EtOH gradient solvent system and HPLC. The result showed that there was one fraction about 8 min in the chromatography of HPLC eluted with 25% EtOAc in hexane had the most inhibitory effect. SDS-PAGE analysis on the electrophoretic profiles of water soluble proteins has explored a different band pattern between the treated and non-treated sprouts. The observed band difference might provide a clue for exploring proteins which reacted differently upon the application of extract. DNA microarray analysis on the effect of banyan extract on Arabidopsis gene expression has also been employed to characterize genes responsive to the allelophathic treatment. Cross-comparison between the differential transcript and protein profiles will reveal key regulators in plants experiencing allelophathic condition. \r

紙杯底部用蠟燭燻出碳黑，經數位相機閃光拍攝後會聽到爆鳴聲。探討的結果為爆鳴聲是由相機的閃光與碳黑之間的互動所引起，甚且到冒煙程度。\r 探討結果得到爆鳴聲大小會受電場、溼度的影響而且碳黑量愈多，電子傳遞路徑會縮短、導電性則增高，且與產生的電量接近線性關係。\r 發現波長較短的可見光可形成較多的電荷；若照度大、受照射面積大或碳黑的粒徑小，這些會產生較多的電量。\r 經由電顯及AFM圖可知去漬油、蠟燭、瓦斯、95汽油、酒精燃燒後產生的碳黑，大小範圍都是在30nm~100nm範圍內。將蠟燭碳黑接受不同次數的閃光後，看出表面碳粒會變成灰燼。

若從一個三角形的外接圓上取一點，作其對三角形三邊的垂足，我們知道這三點共線，是為西姆松線。\r 那麼當此點不在圓周上的情形呢？自平面上一點對一三角形的三邊分別做垂線，得到三垂足，並作此三垂足的外接圓，我定義其為：此點對此三角形的西姆松圓。這篇作品主要成果便是對西姆松圓的研究。透過不斷的研究，發現了許多關於西姆松圓的神奇性質，並得到了一些結果，主要的研究方向：討論共點、共圓、相似。\r 這篇報告是循序漸進的，後面的結果常用到前面的知識為基礎。此篇另一特點是：全篇的證明皆是自已給出的，採用方法皆為一般幾何證明，而沒有用到解析證明。\r 在研究過程中也得到關於著名的費爾巴哈定理及大上茂喬定理的另一種證明。

一般人從小就知道如果要判斷西瓜有無成熟，只要用手輕拍瓜皮，利用聲音的特性就可以知道西瓜是否成熟，此技術看起來容易，卻需有多年經驗之西瓜商始可為之。本研究利用拍擊西瓜所造成之聲音進行非破壞性音波檢測，來探討西瓜之成熟度。換言之，本研究希望在依照西瓜商拍擊的習慣下，從客觀的科學角度，探討存在於西瓜商手上「聽音辨瓜」的奧秘。由研究結果得知，西瓜的拍聲在頻譜中可分為三個頻區，即西瓜殼所造成的高頻區，水及含水量高的果肉所形成的中頻區，及由空洞及含水量低的果肉所造成的低頻區，而西瓜商就是藉由這三種音頻所表現出的綜合效果進行判斷。The method, tapping the watermelon rind and listening to the sound, has been often used to judge whether the watermelon is mature or not. Although it is not difficult to tap the rind of a watermelon, it is not so easy to have a correct judgment of the maturity just from the sound you heard, unless you are an experienced watermelon farmer. In order to investigate the secret that the farmers have, this research detects and analyzes the sound of tapping watermelons in an objectively scientific way. According to the experimental results, the sound could be approximately partitioned into three regions in the frequency spectrum, denoted as high-frequency, mid-frequency, and low-frequency regions. The high-frequency region and mid-frequency region are resulted from the hard solid rind and the juicy flesh of a watermelon, respectively. As for the low-frequency region, it comes from the vacant holes or flesh with little amount of water. Based on the experiment, it can be concluded that the maturity of a watermelon can be correctly judged from the combination of these three frequency regions, just like the farmer’s method.

目的：紫色桿菌（Chromobacterium sp.）是一種生活在土壤及水域環境的革蘭氏陰性菌，它會產生紫黑色的紫色桿菌素（Violacein），因而使菌體與培養液皆呈紫色。Violacein是一種由兩個L-色胺酸（L-tryptophan）分子所聚合成的五環化合物，已被證實具有抗菌以及抑制腫瘤細胞生長的活性。本實驗的目的在探討紫色桿菌是否會利用不同官能基的L-色胺酸，合成不同的Violacein衍生物，並分析這些Violacein衍生物的生物活性。方法：將紫色桿菌培養於液態LB培養基中，分別加入不同濃度的L-tryptophan、1-CH3-L-tryptophan與5-OH-L-tryptophan，於室溫下培養48小時，再用乙酸乙酯萃取Violacein及其衍生物，將萃取出來的紫色桿菌素，用紫外光/可見光分光光譜計和質譜儀進行分析。最後，再將這些萃取物打入斑馬魚受精卵做胚胎毒性測試，並進行試管外DNA剪切能力分析。結果：加入不同官能基的L-色胺酸所合成的產物都是紫色，且在紫外光/可見光的光譜中的最大吸收波長皆相同，質譜儀分析結果則顯示，L-tryptophan 、與5-OH-L-tryptophan的產物圖譜不同、而1-CH3-L-tryptophan的產物則無法分析。斑馬魚胚胎毒性測試結果顯示，Violaecein和1-CH3-Violacein 不會對胚胎發育造成影響，但是5-OH-Violacein則會造成胚胎發育異常。DNA 剪切能力測試也顯示，只有5-OH-Violacein具有剪切DNA的能力，其他則否。重要性：本實驗成功地利用紫色桿菌合成Violacein及其衍生物，並發現了5-OH-Violacein比Violacein 具有更高的生物活性。;Aims: Chromobacterium sp. is a Gram negative bacterium which inhabit in soil and water environments. Chromobacterium produce a purple color compound named Violacein. This colorful compound makes Chromobacterium and its culture mediumin purple color. Violacein is a five rings compound synthesized from two L-tryptophan molecules. Studies have shown that Violacein has anti-bacteria and anti-tumor activities. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether Violacein can be synthesized from different tryptophan analogues, and whether these Violacein derivatives have different bioactivities. Materials and Methods: Chromobacterium sp. was cultured in liquid medium containing different concentrations of L-tryptophan, 1-CH3-L-tryptophan, and 5-OH-L-tryptophan. After 48 hours incubation at room temperature, Violacein and its derivatives were extracted by EA, analyzed by UV/visible spectrophotometer and MS. Violacein and its derivatives were also tested for their embryo toxicity and DNA cleavage activity in vitro. Results: The compounds synthesized from different tryptophan analogues were all purple and have the same maxima absorption wave length in the UV/visible spectra. However, MS spectra of compounds synthesized from L-tryptophan and 5-OH-L-tryptophan were different. The results of zebrafish embryo toxicity tests indicated that violaecin and 1-CH3-Violacein had no effect on embryo development, but 5-OH-Violacein caused development defects. DNA cleavage tests also showed that only 5-OH-Violacein could digest DNA in vitro. Violaecin and 1-CH3-Violacein could not digest DNA. Significances: Results from this study indicate that Chromobacterium sp. can be used to synthesize Violacein derivatives from different tryptophan analogues, and revealed that 5-OH-Violacein is a higher bioactivity compound than violaecein.

源自於Thinking Mathematically這本書的一道題目, 關於正方形的切割問題：將一個正方形切成不重疊的正方形, 所得的個數就可被稱作NICE(好的), 問有哪些數是NICE數？ 在平面的正方形切割的問題, 透過分割技巧, 我們得出了重要的結果：除了2、3、5以外的自然數都是NICE數, 並推導出：若k為NICE數, m為自然數, 則k+3m為NICE數。我們將問題推廣至立方體：將一個正方體切成不重疊的正方體, 所得的個數就可被稱作very NICE(非常好的), 問有哪些數是very NICE數？我們也得出重要的結果：大於47的自然數皆為very NICE數, 並推導出：若 是very NICE數, 且m是自然數, 則k+7m為very NICE數。

蟋蟀聲音與行為的關係密不可分。取北部四種蟋蟀樣本，以數位錄音筆錄製及電腦軟體分析蟋蟀的聲音，並用PCR技術萃取蟋蟀的粒線體DNA(16S)加以分析，藉此和傳統的形態學分類相互比較。結果發現蟋蟀聲音的頻率特性中主頻率的差異在親緣遠近有關聯性，但聲音的時間特性方面則沒有特定關聯，不過聲學分析圖仍可作為單一種的鑑定指標。此外，研究發現此4種蟋蟀的聲音頻率範圍有重疊現象，但主頻率、脈衝比、唧聲率及唧聲長不同，推測雌蟋蟀應是綜合這些特性辨別同種。另一方面，以黑蟋蟀作為研究對象，進行干擾實驗，觀察並繪製出其聲音行為模式; 並將此作為對照，結果發現蟋蟀的生殖行為主要受到雄蟋蟀的聲音支配，而雄蟋蟀則以嗅覺辨別雌蟋蟀位置，決定下一步行動，與視覺較無關係。 Cricket's voice is closely related to the behavior. We select four species of crickets from the northern Taiwan to study the acoustic and mating behaviors. The digital sound recorder and acoustic software are used to analyze their acoustic characters. Furthermore, the PCR technology is used to amplify and sequence parts of mtDNA sequences and the results were compiled as the comparison to the traditional morphological character. The result shows that the resolution in acoustic characters of main frequency, pulse number, chirp rate, and the length of chirp are different among four species, though the minor frequency pattern is overlapping. Moreover, we find that frequency characteristic difference among four species is partly related to their phylogenetic relationship, yet is not seen in time characteristic. It is obvious that difference of acoustic behavior can be regarded as identified index among species. Results of acoustic analysis impel us to infer that the female crickets take the comprehensive acoustic behavior to distinguish their specific male. In addition, behavior pattern and model of Gryllus bimaculatus are established as the comparison of interfering experiment is undertaken. Which results suggest that the mating behavior in cricket is dominated by males’ acoustic behavior, and is initiated by male’s olfactory sense rather than that of sight.

本實驗合成之奈米銀粒子產物分為水溶液與固態形式。奈米銀粒子水溶液態製造方法以多芽基之檸檬酸根離子當保護劑，再以NaBH4 還原生成奈米銀粒子。而固態形式之奈米銀粒子是先以四級銨鹽界面活性劑當保護劑，經過NaBH4 還原生成奈米銀粒子水溶液後，再用二氧化矽包覆奈米銀粒子，藉由高溫燒去保護劑，得到含奈米銀粒子之二氧化矽分子篩材料。 將含奈米銀粒子之二氧化矽分子篩材料產物浸在純水中，除了不會改變水溶液性質外，又能以分子篩通透的特性，讓奈米銀漸進地釋放出銀離子，而達到長效性抗菌效果。 至於具抗菌性棉衫或濾網的製作，則採直接浸泡在奈米銀粒子水溶液中的方法，使奈米銀粒子吸附於上，針對上述實驗非常成功，洗滌超過十次且放置時間長達一個月以上，其抗菌效果仍佳，表示此簡易法製成的棉衫或濾網具有長效性的抗菌功效，為本研究重大突破。 奈米銀粒子對環境的影響是利用黑殼蝦來測試，控制適當奈米銀粒子濃度，使黑殼蝦能生存，亦可達到水中殺菌的效果。本實驗為首次針對奈米銀粒子對環境影響的測試並獲得重大的成果。;In this study, two Ag nanoparticles samples including Ag nanoparticles in aqueous solution and in solid form were prepared. The Ag nanoparticles aqueous solution readily obtained from reduction of AgNO3 aqueous solution with NaBH4solution in the presence of the sodium citrate as protecting agent. To prepare the Ag nanoparticles@porous silica sample, cationic alkyltrimethylammonium surfactant was used as the protecting agent of Ag nanoparticles and template of the porous silica. The Ag nanoparticles@porous silica was synthesized via reduction by NaBH4, silicification in silicate solution and calcination for the removal of surfactant. When adding the Ag nanoparticles@porous silica, the property of the aqueous solution was not changed. In addition, the Ag+ ion was gradually released from the accessible silica matrix to achieve a long-lasting effect on anti-bacteria. To prepare anti-bacteria clothes and sieves, these objects were soaked in Ag nanoparticles aqueous solution. The Ag nanoparticles were spontaneously absorbed into the clothes and sieves. The anti-bacteria efficiency of the Ag-nanoparticles containing clothes and sieves still remains even after ten-time washing and a period of time longer than one month. These worthy results indicate that this synthetic method provides a simple way to prepare the long-lasting Ag-nanoparticles containing clothes and sieves for anti-bacteria application. To investigate the influence of the Ag nanoparticles on the environment, shrimps are used as testing objects. With a well control on the Ag nanoparticles concentration, the shrimps survived well and the bacteria content was reduced. It is the first time to have testing result about the effect of the Ag nanoparticles on the environment. Thus, this is the most remarkable achievement in our experiments.

本研究主題是要探討以電解質作為電介質之電容器的放電情況及電容值。作者在電容器的兩極板中，灌入電解質溶液，作為電介質，發現確實能使電容值大增。作者再以不同電解質和外加磁場為變因，作出以下研究,以深入了解電容和電解質溶液的關係。The main idea of this topic is to explore the amount of capacitance with electrolyte as dielectrics. The authors poured electrolyte solutions into the polar plate of capacitor and found the amount of capacitance increased. Then the authors used the different kinds of electrolyte and added magnetic field as changing factors. Authors performed the following research to deeply find out the correlations between capacitance and electrolyte solutions.

金黃色葡萄球菌是生活中常見的病原菌之一，因其抗藥性日益嚴重，是大家所熟知的超級細菌。 目前醫院對此菌的檢測方式，從培養到獲得結果大約需要兩天，對許多感染此菌的重症患者是無法接受的醫療時間延誤。 有鑑於此，本研究利用創新的適體、光電及奈米技術發展一個可以快速偵檢金黃色葡萄球菌的系統。 適體為具有與抗體同樣分子辨識功能的寡核酸。我們利用DNA適體篩選技術，獲得能夠專一地辨識金黃色葡萄球菌的適體序列，進一步發展高敏感度細菌檢測系統，並測得靈敏度近個位數的金黃色葡萄球菌。本研究亦結合奈米金與共振光散射原理，以簡便的二極體雷射與偵測裝置，可快速判定檢測樣品中是否有金黃色葡萄球菌，大大縮短檢驗所需的時間。