均相沉澱法製備CZA 觸媒之探討
本研究以均相沉澱法合成多成分的銅鋅鋁觸媒系統，並嘗試克服傳統共沉澱法的不均勻性且提高比表面積，過程中我們利用改變尿素濃度、水添加量、反應溫度與時間等四種變因成功合成出具有高活性的銅鋅鋁觸媒。研究得知最佳的合成條件為尿素3M 並添加三倍體積的水，在95°C 下反應2 小時。與傳統觸媒相比，均相反應合成的銅鋅鋁觸媒除了有較小的粒徑外，其還原溫度也較低，顯示較佳的觸媒活性。而在250°C 甲醇重組的製氫反應條件下，均相反應合成的銅鋅鋁觸媒也有較高的甲醇轉化效率、氫氣產生率以及CO2 的選擇率，而添加鈰與鋯可更進一步使觸媒活性再提升。未來除可利用此合成方法合成均勻性佳的多成份材料，亦可應用此高效能觸媒進行甲醇重組反應以產生氫氣提供燃料電池使用。; Multi-composition Cu-Zn-Al catalyst system was synthesized by homogeneous precipitation method. This method was anticipated to improve the homogeneity of metal mixing and to increase the surface area of catalyst derived by conventional co-precipitation method. In the research, we successfully synthesized Cu-Zn-Al catalyst with high activity by adjusting four experimental parameters -- urea concentration, water amount, reaction temperature and reaction time. The better catalyst can be obtained under urea concentration of 3M diluted by 3 times water, and the kinetics conditions of 95°C and 2h. Compared with the co-precipitation method, homogeneous precipitation method derived Cu-Zn-Al catalyst performed higher methanol conversion, hydrogen production rate and CO2selectivity under methanol reforming reaction at 250°C. Modifying the support by addition of Ce and Zr might further improve the activity of the catalyst. In the future, not only can this method apply on synthesizing other multi-composition materials with high homogeneity, but also the high performance catalyst can be used to do methanol reforming reaction in order to supply hydrogen on fuel cell.
幾丁聚醣包埋酵母菌球株對重金屬離子廢水處理
本實驗的目的,就是希望利用幾丁聚醣除污的效果,再配合酵母菌所能累積金屬的能力,以酵母菌包埋於幾丁聚醣的方法,吸附廢水中的重金屬離子.用Langmuir 理論求得飽和吸附量,進而求出休眠酵母菌-幾丁聚醣所能吸附金屬離子(銅)0.2048(g/g)的數量,與活化酵母菌-幾丁聚醣所能吸附金屬離子(銅)0.1750(g/g),並比較回收效率,以應用於處理工業上工廠所排放的廢水. In this experiment , we want to use the ablation of chitosan and the accumulation in metal of saccharomycete to absorb the metal cation of waste liquid . In the process , we embedded the saccharomycete in chitosan to absorb the metal cation , and obtained the impregnate absorption of dormant saccharomycete and activated saccharomycete by the theory of Langmuir . Then , we compared the efficiency of them and applied them to work on the waste liquid in industry.
The role of miRNAs in plant development and virus defense
微型RNA是最近發現的小RNA，調控生物體內的反應，包括生長、細胞分化、對抗病毒…等。植物利用RNA干擾 (RNAi) 或過敏反應 (HR) 對抗病毒感染。有趣的是，miR168可藉由降解mRNA或抑制轉譯，調控阿拉伯芥AGO1的表達，而AGO1是RNAi的一個重要元件。miR398則調控銅鋅超氧化物歧化? (CSD1, CSD2) 的表達，而CSD1, CSD2負責產生過氧化氫去引發細胞凋亡 (cell apoptosis)。帶有竹嵌紋病毒 (BaMV) 全長基因的轉殖菸草 (Nicotiana benthamiana) 品系27-17是我們的研究材料。27-17的幼葉不具病徵，隨著葉子的生長，病徵會漸漸變嚴重。我發現被病毒感染時，植物會提高AGO1的表達，使RNAi更有效率。然而，病毒藉提高miR168使AGO1的量無法上升。植物亦可提高CSD1, 2 mRNA的量，促進細胞凋亡。病毒卻會引發miR398降解CSD2 mRNA。在病毒力價高的葉子中，雖然CSD2 mRNA降低且miR398升高，植物仍可大量提高CSD2蛋白的量。CSD1 mRNA沒有被miR398負調控，詳細原因仍有待研究。
新竹北埔冷泉蝦子之研究
因特殊的地理關係而形成奇特之新竹北埔冷泉，其水溫長年偏低且水質特殊。本研究報告主要在探討生長於冷泉中的蝦子其所屬物種、生命力、生態及新竹科學園區所排放的廢水對其生存之影響等議題。為能獲得科學與客觀性的結果，我自己設計了實驗以及適當的實驗步驟來幫助我找到解答，這也讓我對問題有深入的瞭解。我發現這些黑殼沼蝦，螯足各節間有粗糙橙斑，可以耐7℃的低溫，靠嗅覺覓食，小蝦在前4 週呈快速的成長，污水中的蝦子短期內一定死亡，從基部斷肢才能有再生能力等結果。茲條列所探討的問題如下:1.探討北埔冷泉蝦的身體構造與其功能。2.了解北埔冷泉蝦和一般食用蝦身體構造的差異性。3.探討北埔冷泉蝦的生長環境與其行為之關係。4.探討北埔冷泉蝦的食性。5.探討北埔冷泉蝦的覓食行為。6.探討北埔冷泉蝦與養殖蝦存活率的差異性。7.探討北埔冷泉蝦與養殖蝦的耐溫能力。8.瞭解北埔冷泉蝦的雌、雄判定。9.探討北埔冷泉蝦交配與孵卵方式。10.探討北埔冷泉蝦小蝦的成長曲線。11.探討不同水質對北埔冷泉蝦的影響。12.探討北埔冷泉蝦斷肢後的再生現象。經由這次的研究，讓我對北埔冷泉蝦子的身體構造、生長環境、覓食行為、耐溫能力、交配與孵卵、小蝦的成長、斷肢後的再生、甚至水質對蝦子生存之影響等等已能深入瞭解。除此之外之外，更重要的是從疑問的產生，實驗方法與步驟的構思、做實驗的過程，及獲得可信的結果，再再使我深刻體會到科學精神的真諦。Bei-Pu cold spring of Hsinchu was formed due to the unique geographical feature. This paper investigates the species, livability, ecology and affection of water quality of the wildlife shrimps that live in this special environment. I design my own experiments and suitable procedures to help me to get the scientific and objective results. The research topics on Bei-Pu wildlife shrimps are listed below. 1. Body structure. 2. Distinguish bred and this wildlife shrimp. 3. Growth environments and its behavior. 4. Foods. 5. Hunting 6. Livability. 7. Tolerance of low temperate. 8. Male and female. 9. Mating and incubating. 10. Growth characteristics. 11. Affection of water quality. 12. Limbed and re-generation. These crayfishes can survive under 7℃. Hunting behavior is guided by olfaction other than vision. They grow rapidly in the first 4 weeks. Regeneration occurs only from the joint. Water quality is vital to them. From this study, I understood the species, hunting, mating, incubating, growth, temperature tolerance and regeneration of this wildlife shrimps. Moreover, I deeply appreciate what real scientific essence is through defining the questions, designing the experiments, procedures and obtaining the results finally.
溫差電池的熱力學研究與應用
溫差電池中若僅進行的反應，則其電池電壓與溫差成正比，且純粹是利用化學反應將熱能轉換成電能，我們稱之為「典型溫差電池」，由熱力學公式可推導出典型溫差電池的電動勢(ΔS = S(s)—S(aq)，S為絕對熵， n為得失電子數，1F = 96487 C )，且得到下列三項推論來說明溫差電池的特殊現象。 (1) 同一溫差電池，其電動勢與溫差成正比 (ε∝ ΔT)。(2) 不同的溫差電池，當溫差一定時，電壓ε 與ΔS 成正比，與得失電子數n 成反比。典型溫差電池中，電解液濃度越小，金屬離子濃度也愈小，會使得ΔS = (S(s)—S(aq))的絕對值變大，因此溫差電池的電壓也就愈大。(3) ΔS 值的正負決定電壓ε 的正負。Cu(NO3)2 及ZnSO4 溫差電池的ΔS 為正值，所以高溫杯為正極；AgNO3 溫差電池的ΔS 為負值，所以高溫杯為負極。因水溶液中陰、陽離子不能單獨存在，所以單一離子水溶液的絕對熵無法求得，但科學家把氫離子水溶液的標準絕對熵定為零，藉以求出其它離子的絕對熵，然而我們測得在一定溫差時典型溫差電池的電動勢ε，再查得金屬的標準絕對熵 S(s)，代入S(aq) = S(s) — nFε/ΔT，便可得到離子水溶液的絕對熵。Cu(NO3)2 溫差電池的電解液中若含有1M 或0.5M 的KNO3，電池電壓仍然與溫差成正比， 但卻可獲得較大的電流，我們稱此類溫差電池為「改良型溫差電池」。我們利用改良型溫差電池的原理，自製環保、節約能源、可重複使用的實用溫差電池，以PVC 水管當容器，上、下兩端開口用銅片封住當電極，管內裝海棉及0.125M Cu(NO3)與 1M KNO3 溶液，熱源加熱上層銅片形成溫差，當溫差維持在70℃，電壓約為70 mV，若串聯30 個實用溫差電池，電壓可達2 V 以上，就可以對鉛蓄電池充電。實用溫差電池的熱源可由回收冷氣機、工廠的廢熱，或直接利用太陽能來當熱源。
If the temperature difference cell only goes through the following reaction Then the potential created by the cell is proportional to the temperature difference, and such a reaction purely changes the thermal energy into electrical energy through chemical reaction, which we often name it “typical temperature difference cells”. We can come to the following formula for the typical temperature difference cells through a series of thermodynamic formula: ε= ΔT ． ΔS/ nF (ΔS = S(s)—S(aq), where S is the standard 3 entropy, and n is the number of electrons gained or lost, and 1F = 96487 C). We also provide the following three inferences to demonstrate the special phenomenon for the temperature difference cells: 1. Within the same temperature cell, the electromotive force (EMF) is proportional to the temperature difference. 2. When the temperature difference keeps constant, the electromotive force is proportional to the ΔS in different temperature cells, and is inversely proportional to the number of electrons gained or lost. Within the typical temperature difference cells, when the concentration of the electrolyte becomes more diluted, the concentration of the metal ions also proportionally become lower, which will make the absolute value of the following equation bigger, as a result, will make the electric potential of the temperature difference cells bigger: ΔS = (S(s)—S(aq)) 3. The value of ΔS decides the value of the electromotive force. The ΔS of the following temperature difference cells is positive value: Cu(NO3)2 and ZnSO4 . As a result, within the copper and zinc temperature difference cells, the higher temperature glass is the anode. On the other hand, the ΔS of the AgNO3 temperature difference cell is negative, which means that within the silver temperature difference cell, the higher temperature glass is the cathode. Meanwhile, because the cations and anions can not exist alone, therefore, it is not possible to find the standard entropy of the single ion solution. However, scientists define the standard entropy of the solution containing hydrogen ion to be zero, as a result, we only have to determine the electromotive force for a typical temperature difference cell, while keeping the temperature difference constant, followed by finding the standard entropy for the said metal S(s). Inserting it into the following equation to find the standard entropy for the ion solution. S(aq) = S(s) — nFε/ΔT If the electrolytes for the Cu(NO3)2 temperature difference cell contains 1M or 0.5M KNO3 , the electromotive force is still proportional to the temperature difference, and we can obtain bigger electric current. We call this kind of temperature difference cells “improved version of the typical temperature difference cells”. We try to make more environmental, energy saving, and recyclable temperature difference cell by applying the theory of the improved version of the typical temperature difference cells. We use PVC water pipe as the containers, both edges of the pipe sealed with copper metals, also work as the electrodes. Within the pipe filled with sponge and 0.125M Cu(NO3) and 1M KNO3 solution. The heat source keeps heating the upper copper metal to keep constant temperature difference. When the temperature difference is kept around 70℃, the electric potential is 70 mV. If we can connect 30 practical temperature difference cells in a series, the electric potential will reach 2V, which can then charge the lead rechargeable battery. The heat sources of the practical temperature difference cells can be supplied by the recycled air conditioners, heat waste from a factory, or directly comes from the solar power.
倍位元灰度影像產生器
本研究設計一新型的影像投射系統，可將影像顯示的灰度位元加倍，例如，顯示面板只需用4位元，即可顯示8位元的影像;亦能充分利用光路光源，增加光源使用率。此系統使用兩片相同灰度位元的顯示面板，此兩面板所顯示的影像經過灰度的重新處理，且各經由不同光源強度比值的光路合成後，其灰度分佈將可增為原來的平方倍。經模擬與實驗顯示，此種系統很輕易就能獲得預期目標。無論使用穿透式或反射式皆可應用於目前單片液晶面板之投影系統中;未來可望利用網板來表現灰度，應用於紅外線景物投射系統中，作為紅外線影像式尋標器靜態模擬時所需的高強度動態範圍與高解析度之影像產生器。In this study, a novel image generator utilized in a projecting system has been proposed; it can double the bits of gray-level for image display and enhance the efficiency of illumination of lamp in the optical path. With this system, a 4-bit display panel can achieve an 8-bit image display. Two display panels with same gray-level bits is adopted, images on them will be processed, and then go through different path with a proper intensity ratio. The gray level distribution of image displayed which the two images combined afterward, will be the square of that of original one. The results of simulations and experiments have approved to meet the requirements. No matter transmitting or reflective types can be applied to current projecting systems with single LCD panel. It is expected that a halftone-gray-level pattern will be suitable for this system to form an infrared scene projector, and to act as an image generator with high dynamic range and resolution for static simulation of infrared imaging seeker.
分子篩包覆奈米銀製作與應用
本實驗合成之奈米銀粒子產物分為水溶液與固態形式。奈米銀粒子水溶液態製造方法以多芽基之檸檬酸根離子當保護劑，再以NaBH4 還原生成奈米銀粒子。而固態形式之奈米銀粒子是先以四級銨鹽界面活性劑當保護劑，經過NaBH4 還原生成奈米銀粒子水溶液後，再用二氧化矽包覆奈米銀粒子，藉由高溫燒去保護劑，得到含奈米銀粒子之二氧化矽分子篩材料。 將含奈米銀粒子之二氧化矽分子篩材料產物浸在純水中，除了不會改變水溶液性質外，又能以分子篩通透的特性，讓奈米銀漸進地釋放出銀離子，而達到長效性抗菌效果。 至於具抗菌性棉衫或濾網的製作，則採直接浸泡在奈米銀粒子水溶液中的方法，使奈米銀粒子吸附於上，針對上述實驗非常成功，洗滌超過十次且放置時間長達一個月以上，其抗菌效果仍佳，表示此簡易法製成的棉衫或濾網具有長效性的抗菌功效，為本研究重大突破。 奈米銀粒子對環境的影響是利用黑殼蝦來測試，控制適當奈米銀粒子濃度，使黑殼蝦能生存，亦可達到水中殺菌的效果。本實驗為首次針對奈米銀粒子對環境影響的測試並獲得重大的成果。;In this study, two Ag nanoparticles samples including Ag nanoparticles in aqueous solution and in solid form were prepared. The Ag nanoparticles aqueous solution readily obtained from reduction of AgNO3 aqueous solution with NaBH4solution in the presence of the sodium citrate as protecting agent. To prepare the Ag nanoparticles@porous silica sample, cationic alkyltrimethylammonium surfactant was used as the protecting agent of Ag nanoparticles and template of the porous silica. The Ag nanoparticles@porous silica was synthesized via reduction by NaBH4, silicification in silicate solution and calcination for the removal of surfactant. When adding the Ag nanoparticles@porous silica, the property of the aqueous solution was not changed. In addition, the Ag+ ion was gradually released from the accessible silica matrix to achieve a long-lasting effect on anti-bacteria. To prepare anti-bacteria clothes and sieves, these objects were soaked in Ag nanoparticles aqueous solution. The Ag nanoparticles were spontaneously absorbed into the clothes and sieves. The anti-bacteria efficiency of the Ag-nanoparticles containing clothes and sieves still remains even after ten-time washing and a period of time longer than one month. These worthy results indicate that this synthetic method provides a simple way to prepare the long-lasting Ag-nanoparticles containing clothes and sieves for anti-bacteria application. To investigate the influence of the Ag nanoparticles on the environment, shrimps are used as testing objects. With a well control on the Ag nanoparticles concentration, the shrimps survived well and the bacteria content was reduced. It is the first time to have testing result about the effect of the Ag nanoparticles on the environment. Thus, this is the most remarkable achievement in our experiments.
NICE數-正方形與正立方體的切割
源自於Thinking Mathematically這本書的一道題目, 關於正方形的切割問題：將一個正方形切成不重疊的正方形, 所得的個數就可被稱作NICE(好的), 問有哪些數是NICE數？ 在平面的正方形切割的問題, 透過分割技巧, 我們得出了重要的結果：除了2、3、5以外的自然數都是NICE數, 並推導出：若k為NICE數, m為自然數, 則k+3m為NICE數。我們將問題推廣至立方體：將一個正方體切成不重疊的正方體, 所得的個數就可被稱作very NICE(非常好的), 問有哪些數是very NICE數？我們也得出重要的結果：大於47的自然數皆為very NICE數, 並推導出：若 是very NICE數, 且m是自然數, 則k+7m為very NICE數。