臺灣

19、20世紀的後期印象派中，點描派為最吸引人的畫派之ㄧ，而喬治‧秀拉(Georges Seurat)即是其畫派之代表人物，因此，設計實驗時以秀拉的畫風為中心。\r 本研究以Photoshop繪圖模仿點描派之作品，?探索物質的本質，選用三原色為混色的原色，來觀察混色後對畫作的效果。研究中，以分析兩亮點之大小、距離與觀測距離的關係來設定點之尺寸，再進一步分析三原色點之觀測距離、比例及三原色點之佈點方式對混色效果之關係做為實驗主軸，並以瑞利準則判斷之。\r 希望藉由本實驗能以物理學的角度瞭解點描畫派之作品，同時，設法將點描畫數位化，並希望找出欣賞點描畫最佳情況，提供賞畫者最好的視覺享受。

磁性流體（magnetic fluids）是一種含有磁性奈米粒子的液體，當磁場外加於磁性流體時，流體中各磁性奈米粒子的磁矩會沿外加磁場方向排列，而導致粒子間相互吸引，形成較大的磁性叢集，即所謂的磁鍊。當外加磁場增強，該磁鍊數會變多，並使磁性流體的折射率產生變化。磁性流體的折射率變化會隨外加磁場之變大而增大。本研究除探討磁性流體折射率受外加磁場控制的變化情形及其物理原由外，並進一步運用此特性研發可調性光纖「光調制器」 ，以探討磁性流體可調性折射率應用在光電元件上的可行性。A magnetic fluid is one kind of colloids which contain magnetic nano-particles. Under an external magnetic field, the magnetic moment of nano-particles is aligned along the direction of the external magnetic field. This leads to the agglomeration of magnetic particles and to form magnetic clusters under an external magnetic field. With the formation of the magnetic clusters, the refractive index of magnetic fluid is varied. The refractive index of magnetic fluid was found to increase under a higher magnetic field. In this work, In addition to investigating in detail the behavior of the field-dependent refractive index of the magnetic fluid, we also explore the relevant physical origins. Furthermore, the feasibility of developing fiber-optical modulators by utilizing the tunable refractive index of magnetic fluids is discussed.

Because the electrolyte solution used in an alkaline battery is a concentrated KOH solution, the zinc electrode in such a battery undergoes both a charging reaction and a corrosive reaction with the alkaline solution. The corrosive reaction not only reduces the lifetime of the battery but also produces hydrogen, which can cause the battery to explode and burn. Most of the zinc alkaline batteries currently on the market use mercury plating on the zinc electrode to increase its resistance to corrosion. To reduce corrosion of the zinc electrode in an alkaline battery and to avoid the use of toxic mercury, this study aimed to design a device to measure the quantity of hydrogen gas produced during the charging of a zinc-silver battery. We plated the zinc electrode with the immersion electroless plating method, using several different kinds of low-polluting anticorrosive additives(metallic compounds such as lead, tin, and indium)instead of mercury. We also used the vacuum immersion electroless plating method and added zincate ion into electrolyte solution to reduce further the quantity of hydrogen produced. The results of the experiment revealed that either a 10:1 or 100:1 ratio of lead to tin under optimal conditions will yield much better results than mercury.鹼性電池中使用的電解質溶液為濃氫氧化鉀溶液，因此電池中的鋅極除了放電反應之外，也會與濃鹼溶液中發生腐蝕反應。鋅極的腐蝕作用不僅會降低電池放電壽命，而且所產生的氫氣更可能使電池發生爆裂燃燒的危險。目前市面上所售之含鋅鹼性電池，大多是用鋅極鍍「汞」作為鋅極抗腐蝕的方法。為了改善銀鋅鹼性電池中鋅極在放電時的腐蝕效應，以及減少其所產生的氫氣量，本實驗設計了一動態放電裝置，可用於檢測銀鋅電池的放電電壓、放電時間與鋅極腐蝕反應的氫氣生成量。本研究藉由浸鍍其他低污染性金屬溶液 (鉛、錫、銦的化合物)來取代不環保的鍍汞製程，並進一步設計抽真空的浸鍍裝置，以及電解質溶液採用含有ZnO22-的KOH溶液，有效的降低電池中氫氣生成量。最後綜合所有優良條件，以鋅極採用真空浸鍍(Pb:Sn)為(10:1)及(100:1)的條件，此舉非常有效地提高電池中鋅極抗腐蝕性。此項製程所使用的Pb、Sn污染性質遠遠低於目前工業上所使用的汞製程污染，而且製程成本也遠遠低於Hg製程成本。

針對乒乓球凹陷後，放入熱水中可以恢復圓球面的現象，不論是課堂、書本，或是網路上的資料，都將原因歸咎於氣體的熱脹冷縮效應，似乎都忽略了乒乓球殼本身的受熱效應。我們因此設計了四個實驗，希望透過實驗結果的分析能夠確實了解乒乓球凹陷後能夠復原的原因。我們測量了（一）乒乓球在不同水溫下，可復原的最大凹陷深度與水溫的關係，（二）水溫與乒乓球內氣體壓力的關係，（三）純粹氣體壓力作用下，凹陷乒乓球的復原結果，（四）無氣體壓力作用時，純粹乒乓球殼受熱的效果。實驗結果說明，乒乓球受熱增加的氣體壓力遠低於足夠使凹陷球殼復原的壓力，因此簡單以氣體熱脹冷縮效應解釋凹陷乒乓球殼復原的說法並沒有完整呈現背後的物理原因。

蟋蟀聲音與行為的關係密不可分。取北部四種蟋蟀樣本，以數位錄音筆錄製及電腦軟體分析蟋蟀的聲音，並用PCR技術萃取蟋蟀的粒線體DNA(16S)加以分析，藉此和傳統的形態學分類相互比較。結果發現蟋蟀聲音的頻率特性中主頻率的差異在親緣遠近有關聯性，但聲音的時間特性方面則沒有特定關聯，不過聲學分析圖仍可作為單一種的鑑定指標。此外，研究發現此4種蟋蟀的聲音頻率範圍有重疊現象，但主頻率、脈衝比、唧聲率及唧聲長不同，推測雌蟋蟀應是綜合這些特性辨別同種。另一方面，以黑蟋蟀作為研究對象，進行干擾實驗，觀察並繪製出其聲音行為模式; 並將此作為對照，結果發現蟋蟀的生殖行為主要受到雄蟋蟀的聲音支配，而雄蟋蟀則以嗅覺辨別雌蟋蟀位置，決定下一步行動，與視覺較無關係。 Cricket's voice is closely related to the behavior. We select four species of crickets from the northern Taiwan to study the acoustic and mating behaviors. The digital sound recorder and acoustic software are used to analyze their acoustic characters. Furthermore, the PCR technology is used to amplify and sequence parts of mtDNA sequences and the results were compiled as the comparison to the traditional morphological character. The result shows that the resolution in acoustic characters of main frequency, pulse number, chirp rate, and the length of chirp are different among four species, though the minor frequency pattern is overlapping. Moreover, we find that frequency characteristic difference among four species is partly related to their phylogenetic relationship, yet is not seen in time characteristic. It is obvious that difference of acoustic behavior can be regarded as identified index among species. Results of acoustic analysis impel us to infer that the female crickets take the comprehensive acoustic behavior to distinguish their specific male. In addition, behavior pattern and model of Gryllus bimaculatus are established as the comparison of interfering experiment is undertaken. Which results suggest that the mating behavior in cricket is dominated by males’ acoustic behavior, and is initiated by male’s olfactory sense rather than that of sight.

目的：紫色桿菌（Chromobacterium sp.）是一種生活在土壤及水域環境的革蘭氏陰性菌，它會產生紫黑色的紫色桿菌素（Violacein），因而使菌體與培養液皆呈紫色。Violacein是一種由兩個L-色胺酸（L-tryptophan）分子所聚合成的五環化合物，已被證實具有抗菌以及抑制腫瘤細胞生長的活性。本實驗的目的在探討紫色桿菌是否會利用不同官能基的L-色胺酸，合成不同的Violacein衍生物，並分析這些Violacein衍生物的生物活性。方法：將紫色桿菌培養於液態LB培養基中，分別加入不同濃度的L-tryptophan、1-CH3-L-tryptophan與5-OH-L-tryptophan，於室溫下培養48小時，再用乙酸乙酯萃取Violacein及其衍生物，將萃取出來的紫色桿菌素，用紫外光/可見光分光光譜計和質譜儀進行分析。最後，再將這些萃取物打入斑馬魚受精卵做胚胎毒性測試，並進行試管外DNA剪切能力分析。結果：加入不同官能基的L-色胺酸所合成的產物都是紫色，且在紫外光/可見光的光譜中的最大吸收波長皆相同，質譜儀分析結果則顯示，L-tryptophan 、與5-OH-L-tryptophan的產物圖譜不同、而1-CH3-L-tryptophan的產物則無法分析。斑馬魚胚胎毒性測試結果顯示，Violaecein和1-CH3-Violacein 不會對胚胎發育造成影響，但是5-OH-Violacein則會造成胚胎發育異常。DNA 剪切能力測試也顯示，只有5-OH-Violacein具有剪切DNA的能力，其他則否。重要性：本實驗成功地利用紫色桿菌合成Violacein及其衍生物，並發現了5-OH-Violacein比Violacein 具有更高的生物活性。;Aims: Chromobacterium sp. is a Gram negative bacterium which inhabit in soil and water environments. Chromobacterium produce a purple color compound named Violacein. This colorful compound makes Chromobacterium and its culture mediumin purple color. Violacein is a five rings compound synthesized from two L-tryptophan molecules. Studies have shown that Violacein has anti-bacteria and anti-tumor activities. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether Violacein can be synthesized from different tryptophan analogues, and whether these Violacein derivatives have different bioactivities. Materials and Methods: Chromobacterium sp. was cultured in liquid medium containing different concentrations of L-tryptophan, 1-CH3-L-tryptophan, and 5-OH-L-tryptophan. After 48 hours incubation at room temperature, Violacein and its derivatives were extracted by EA, analyzed by UV/visible spectrophotometer and MS. Violacein and its derivatives were also tested for their embryo toxicity and DNA cleavage activity in vitro. Results: The compounds synthesized from different tryptophan analogues were all purple and have the same maxima absorption wave length in the UV/visible spectra. However, MS spectra of compounds synthesized from L-tryptophan and 5-OH-L-tryptophan were different. The results of zebrafish embryo toxicity tests indicated that violaecin and 1-CH3-Violacein had no effect on embryo development, but 5-OH-Violacein caused development defects. DNA cleavage tests also showed that only 5-OH-Violacein could digest DNA in vitro. Violaecin and 1-CH3-Violacein could not digest DNA. Significances: Results from this study indicate that Chromobacterium sp. can be used to synthesize Violacein derivatives from different tryptophan analogues, and revealed that 5-OH-Violacein is a higher bioactivity compound than violaecein.

The purpose of the research is to investigate the settling mode of the viscid micro-particle, such as the ones from the “Miso Soup”, in static liquid. We constructed the “constant temperature environment” by constant temperature trough and transparent glass trough. The data is gathered from pictures captured from DV and then analyzed by Media Player. We did a stability test prior to the start of the experiment and found the system with good stability. The results of the experiment are as followed: 1. The settling mode can be divided into four phases: (a) Initial accelerated phase (b) Maximum phase (c) Gradually decelerated phase (d) Stationary phase. 2. The lower the fluid concentration is in the fixed temperature: a. the faster its settling interfaces appears; and the deeper it becomes for the depth of its settling interface. b. the faster the maximum sedimentation rates of the settling interface becomes and the slower it appears. 3. At the fixed concentration, the higher temperature: a. has the bigger maximum sedimentation rates of the settling interface b. gets to the stationary phase sooner c. has shallower stationary settling interfaces d. the time when the settling interface appears is independent with the temperature 4. The shape of the container has no effect on the settling mode as the settling interface is always perpendicular to gravity field. 5. If we add salt into the liquid, the stationary settling interfaces of the result will be higher than non-added ones.本研究的目的在於探討味噌這樣的微小黏性顆粒，在靜止液體中的沈澱模式。運用恆溫槽與透明玻璃水槽所建構之恆溫環境透過數位攝影機，以電腦播放軟體於特定時間擷取畫面進行分析。在正式實驗前，進行了穩定性試驗，發現穩定性良好。實驗的結果發現：一、 沈降模式：可以分為四個時期，分別為（一）起始加速期（二）高峰期（三）逐漸穩定期（四）完全靜止期。二、 在固定溫度下，溶液濃度越低：(一) 出現沈降交界面的時間越短且穩定距離距液面越深。(二) 沈降面沈降速率最大值越大且出現的越晚。三、 在固定濃度下，溶液溫度越高：(一) 沈降面沈降速率最大值越大。(二) 沈降交界面完全靜止期出現的時間越短，也就是越快達到穩定。(三) 沈降交界面的穩定距離距液面越淺。(四) 沈降面沈降速率最大值出現的時間與溶液的溫度無關。四、 容器內部的形狀與沈降面的沈降行為並沒有影響，都是成與重力場垂直的水平線沈降。五、 添加食鹽之後最終穩定沈降面比同濃度同溫度的高了許多。表示添加了食鹽對於味噌溶液有阻止沈澱的效果。

金黃色葡萄球菌是生活中常見的病原菌之一，因其抗藥性日益嚴重，是大家所熟知的超級細菌。 目前醫院對此菌的檢測方式，從培養到獲得結果大約需要兩天，對許多感染此菌的重症患者是無法接受的醫療時間延誤。 有鑑於此，本研究利用創新的適體、光電及奈米技術發展一個可以快速偵檢金黃色葡萄球菌的系統。 適體為具有與抗體同樣分子辨識功能的寡核酸。我們利用DNA適體篩選技術，獲得能夠專一地辨識金黃色葡萄球菌的適體序列，進一步發展高敏感度細菌檢測系統，並測得靈敏度近個位數的金黃色葡萄球菌。本研究亦結合奈米金與共振光散射原理，以簡便的二極體雷射與偵測裝置，可快速判定檢測樣品中是否有金黃色葡萄球菌，大大縮短檢驗所需的時間。

一般人從小就知道如果要判斷西瓜有無成熟，只要用手輕拍瓜皮，利用聲音的特性就可以知道西瓜是否成熟，此技術看起來容易，卻需有多年經驗之西瓜商始可為之。本研究利用拍擊西瓜所造成之聲音進行非破壞性音波檢測，來探討西瓜之成熟度。換言之，本研究希望在依照西瓜商拍擊的習慣下，從客觀的科學角度，探討存在於西瓜商手上「聽音辨瓜」的奧秘。由研究結果得知，西瓜的拍聲在頻譜中可分為三個頻區，即西瓜殼所造成的高頻區，水及含水量高的果肉所形成的中頻區，及由空洞及含水量低的果肉所造成的低頻區，而西瓜商就是藉由這三種音頻所表現出的綜合效果進行判斷。The method, tapping the watermelon rind and listening to the sound, has been often used to judge whether the watermelon is mature or not. Although it is not difficult to tap the rind of a watermelon, it is not so easy to have a correct judgment of the maturity just from the sound you heard, unless you are an experienced watermelon farmer. In order to investigate the secret that the farmers have, this research detects and analyzes the sound of tapping watermelons in an objectively scientific way. According to the experimental results, the sound could be approximately partitioned into three regions in the frequency spectrum, denoted as high-frequency, mid-frequency, and low-frequency regions. The high-frequency region and mid-frequency region are resulted from the hard solid rind and the juicy flesh of a watermelon, respectively. As for the low-frequency region, it comes from the vacant holes or flesh with little amount of water. Based on the experiment, it can be concluded that the maturity of a watermelon can be correctly judged from the combination of these three frequency regions, just like the farmer’s method.

在果蠅成蟲的頭頂上方三顆可以感光的單眼(ocelli)，其構造和複眼有顯著的差異，但單眼及複眼在果蠅幼蟲時期，皆從一片特別的組織eye-antenna disc發育而來。而且目前已知會表現在單眼的一些特定基因，也是會調控複眼發育的基因，如sine oculis (so)，eyes absent (eya) 等。但到底是哪些特定的基因決定了單眼與複眼的差異，目前並不是很清楚，因此我想探討果蠅單眼細胞在發育過程中，有哪些特定的基因會調控果蠅單眼的生成與變化。 本實驗主要是利用果蠅研究上常使用的基因表現系統(UAS-GAL4 system)進行研究，我們挑選許多和複眼發育相關的基因、胚胎生長發育相關基因進行表現，觀察其單眼性狀有無變化，篩選出會影響單眼發育的相關基因後，再進一步研究此基因的可能作用機制。 從實驗的結果中發現當表現ras及Egfr的顯性抑制型 (rasDN, EgfrDN)時，在掃描式電子顯微鏡下可觀察到三顆單眼會明顯變小。而在幼蟲時期的eye-antenna disc，利用免疫螢光染色以及雷射共軛焦顯微鏡觀察到當表現rasDN、EgfrDN時, 單眼標記基因(marker gene) Eyes absent (Eya)表現的強度顯著降低。再加上已知ras為Egfr的下游基因，綜合這些結果，我們認為Egfr-Ras 以及其下游基因的訊號傳遞對於單眼發育是很重要的。 另外在視網膜電流圖（electroretinogram）的實驗當中，發現Egfr, ras訊息傳遞被抑制的果蠅單眼在對光線刺激的反應強度比起正常的果蠅下降許多，因此可推論Egfr, ras的訊息傳遞不僅會影響單眼的發育，也會影響單眼的正常感光的功能。