臭氧事件日-氣象與地形對臭氧於近地大氣層之生成與傳輸影響
2001、2002 年監測資料被用以探討風場、時間、地形對臭氧傳輸影響。完成沿海地區與盆地內各二次採樣分析，探討各污染物與風場之垂直變化，及地面臭氧分布與風場變化。結果顯示各月份與全年之日間，其相對濕度與O3 相關度最高，日照次之。提高濕度，最能抑制[O3]。夜間NO 與O3 的相關度最高，濕度次之。臭氧事件日時：(1).11:00 即可產生高臭氧，(2).沿海地區在臭氧事件日仍保持低[O3]， (3).盆地效應改變風場，使近山地區[O3]居高不下，(4).因處O3 不斷被吹入，沿海地區傍晚時之[O3]下降速度減緩。臭氧事件日之O3 生成速率R 與消失速率常數L 被求出，其中14:00 後之R 與L 值均由正值轉負值，顯示大氣反應型式明顯轉變。R 與L 值在14:00∼15:00 間最小，係因O3 反應生成光化學煙霧所致。16:00 後另一低R 與L 值，則可能導因O3 與微粒或水份反應。分析結果顯示：(1).污染物會隨高程而略增，最高濃度在300∼500 m 處，(2).各高程大氣均可分析出73 種主要HC，其隨高度之分布被繪出與探討，(3).低層大氣會有較多低分子量HC，而高層大氣則有較多高分子量HC。結果亦顯示： (1).盆地內[O3]、[NO]與[NO2]不僅較沿海地區高，且於各高程之變動亦較大，(2).沿海地區THC、烷、烯類均較高，且隨高程增加而增高，但在盆地內則相反，(3).二地區各高程之鹵化物、芳香族、氧化物與其他有機物之平均濃度相近，但沿海地區之濃度變動較大。探討O3 之二傳輸現象獲知：(1).風吹向盆地內時，[O3]隨風向遞增，R 與L 會由12:00 之正值，轉為14:00 之負值；(2).風由盆地內外吹時，[O3] 隨風向遞減，R 與L 值提前於12:00 即為–202.561 與–1.621，但14:00 時R 與L 值增大為–76.411 與0.244， (3).風向並非決定[O3]的主要因素，地形與環境因素才是。實驗結果證實：(1).不同HC 會影響O3 之生成與消失，(2).改變[NO]o 對[O3]影響不大，但高[NO]會使得[O3]下降略緩，(3).降低HC 與[NOx]雖可使 [O3]略降，但提高濕度最能抑制[O3]，(4).在O3 的衰減量上，[O3]隨濕度增加而快速降低，但衰減率則隨[O3]o 的增加而降低。一個臭氧之統計模式被建立，臭氧與水反應速率常數與速率式也被求出。
The monitoring data were used to investigate the effect of surface wind, time, and terrain on the transformation of ozone. The sampling and the analysis in the coastal and in Taichung basin were completed. The vertical distribution of O3, NOX and HC and the different altitude wind were investigated. The contour of O3 and surface wind with 3D map were plotted. The results show that the correlation behaves relativity of relative humidity with ozone is the best, and solar radiation is the next. Enhancing environmental moisture can efficiently decrease ozone concentration. In each ozone event day are: (1) the high [O3] always starts from 11:00, (2) the ozone concentration on the coastal is always low due to the high humidity, (3) the high [O3] in the east of the basin is due to the basin effect which causes changes the surface wind, and (4) in the evening, the descend rate of [O3] in the coastal area is lower because ozone blows into the coastal area. The formation rate (R) and disappear rate constant (L) of the ozone event day were obtained. The values of R and L change from plus to minus before 14:00. The values of R and L are lower at 14:00∼15:00 due to the photochemical smog formation. And another lower R and L value before 16:00 may be due to ozone react with particle or water. The results of analysis indicate that: (1) the concentration increases with increasing altitude, and the maximum is at 300∼500 m height, (2) 73 kinds of hydrocarbons were identified, and the concentration variation with altitude was also investigated, and (3) most of low molecular weight HC are at lower altitude, otherwise high molecular weight HC are at higher altitude. The results also show that: (1) [O3], [NO], and [NO2] on the basin are not only lower than on the coastal, but also their variability of concentration are big, (2) THC, paraffins, and olefins on the coastal are higher than on the basin, and the concentrations increase with increasing altitude on the coastal, but on the basin is decreasing, (3) the average concentrations of halides, aromatics, oxides, and others are similar on both area, but concentration variability on the coastal is obvious. Two types of O3 transformation was investigated, the phenomenon indicts that: (1) when wind blew into the basin, [O3] increased with wind direction. The value of R and L change from positive (12:00) to negative (14:00); (2) when wind blew out of the basin, [O3] decreased with wind direction. The more small value of R (−202.561) and L (−1.621) appeared at 12:00 earlier. But the value of R and L will become bigger to –76.411 and 0.244; (3) ozone concentration does not just dependent on wind direction., topography and surrounding conditionsa are more important effect. The experimental results show that: (1) ozone formation or disappearance depends on different HC, (2) the effect 2 of [NO]o is small for ozone photochemical reaction, but [O3] decreases with increasing [NO], (3) the descend rate of O3 depends on high humidity more than different kinds of HC or [NO], and (4) the descend amount of ozone increases with increasing humidity strongly, and the descend rate of ozone decreases with enhancing [O3]o. A statistical model was developed. The reaction rate and rate constant of ozone reaction with water were also obtained.
聚球藻 RF 一 1 品系生物時鐘之特性
我們成功的用溶氣計偵測到了聚球藻 RF-1 在 28℃下光合作用的概日韻律。和傳統的研究方法比起來，這個方法具有連續偵測的優點，減少因不斷取樣所造成的影響，此實驗可觀察到聚球藻 RF-1 溶氣量之變化圖與一般藻類（如單殼縫藻）不同.在光 /暗條件下 RF-1 之溶氣量的增加與減少均呈週期性變化，而且此變化現象在進入連續照光後仍然可以維持兩個循環以上，這些結果顯示以溶氣計連續偵測聚球藻 RF -1之概日韻律是可行的，而且所得到的變化圖形遠比傳統方法（於不同時間取樣）所得者自然。本實驗同時發現含聚球藻之培養液的溫度，在進入黑暗週期時會有明顯的上升，由於其變化程度比其他藻類明顯，如加以探討應有助於對此藻以及其韻律特性之瞭解。We successfully detected the photosynthesis circadian rhythm of the prokaryote Synechococcus RF-1 under 28℃ by a DO (Dissolved-Oxygen) meter. The advantage of this method, comparing with the traditional methods, is that it can detect signals continuously, reduce the influence of discrete sampling. The DO curves of the Synechococcus RF-1 are different from that of other algae. Under Light/Dark conditions, the DO values of RF-i increased and decreased periodically. The periodic phenomena progressed over two cycles under constant lighting conditions. These results revealed the feasibility of using DO meter to continuous detect the circadian rhythm of the Synechococcus RF-1 The detected DO curves looked more natural than those obtained in the traditional discrete-sampling method. We also found that the temperature of the culture increased in dark cycle. Since the variation is clearer than that of other algae, further investigation will benefit the understanding of the Synechcoccus RF-i and its circadian rhythm.
Molecular and Cellular Responses under Hypoxic Stress among Rice Cultivars with Different Flooding T
全球暖化造成水災頻繁，嚴重威脅植物生存。看似耐淹水的水稻，在完全淹水下亦有其生存危機。水稻FR13A 因耐水性極佳而常用於分子育種，IR64 產量高卻不耐水。是那些特質使稻種間有不同耐水機制？我們觀察其幼苗淹水24 小時後生長情形、通氣組織 (aerenchyma) 變化及應用即時反轉錄聚合?鏈反應 (real time RT-PCR)，研究酒精醱酵的主要蛋白質：乙醇脫氫? (alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH1, 2) 及丙酮酸脫羧? (pyruvate decarboxylase, PDC2) 基因之表現量。兩種水稻的胚鞘及根都因淹水減緩生長，以FR13A 減緩最明顯。通氣組織在淹水期間都有增加，FR13A 中的形成近似於對照組，IR64 則明顯較差。FR13A 中ADH1 及ADH2 在淹水一小時後迅速增加60 至100 倍，IR64 僅增加10 至20 倍。PDC2 在IR64 中表現量的增加幅度較大，但最大值仍小於FR13A 之基礎表現量。由此可知，FR13A 在完全淹水時成長減緩而原有通氣組織則持續生長，且酒精醱酵中的基因有獨特誘導反應，因此耐水性較佳。藉由此研究揭開水稻細胞及分子生物學上的耐水反應策略，將可更精準地改良稻作使其對抗淹水逆境，解決未來因環境造成的糧食危機。Global warming increases the frequency of flooding, which drastically reduces the growth and survival of plants. Although rice (Oryza sativa) appears well-adapted to flooding of roots as it is often farmed in paddies, problems arise when the whole plant is submerged in water. I am interested in the structural and molecular responses that result in different submergence tolerances in rice cultivars. Indica rice FR13A is submergence-tolerant and frequently used in molecular breeding for this trait, while IR64 is a high-yield but submergence-intolerant cultivar. In this study, I monitored the growth rate, aerenchyma formation, and gene expressions of the carbohydrate metabolism in FR13A and IR64 seedlings subjected to submergence for 24 hours, by means of real time RT-PCR and microarray. FR13A had prominently inhibited coleoptile growth and sustained levels of aerenchyma formation whereas IR64 did not. The mRNA levels of alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1) in FR13A was induced prominently, while ADH2 was induced in IR64 during early hours of submergence. The induction of pyruvate decarboxylase 2 in FR13A was stronger than IR64. The expression of sucrose synthase was similar in both strains. Expressions of the genes involved in anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism were also studied by analyses of microarray data. My findings demonstrate that elongation quiescence, persistent aerenchyma formation and shifts in anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism gene expressions are beneficial strategies of FR13A towards submergence. Through elucidating the molecular basis of coordinating submergence tolerance genes as this study provided, it will be possible to discover multiple traits associated; hence crop improvement for flooding tolerance could be achieved.
多重電極並聯情況下交、直流電解水的比較研究
The temperature of the water was commonly higher and both of electrodes were oxidized during electrolysis by using alternating current, but the above happenings were only found at the positive electrode by using direct current. It can be explained by the principle of the microwave stove. The exchange of the current causes the water molecules to release heat. The strength and weakness of electrolytes, the length and width of the electrodes, and the frequency of the alternating current can affect the rate of electrolysis of water. Commonly speaking, the stronger the electrolyte is, the faster the rate of electrolysis will be. NaOH and HNO3 are strong electrolytes, but the amount of the gas is zero during electrolysis by using alternating current. Maybe both of electrolytes react with stainless-steel electrodes to form some kinds of protective layers to affect the conduction of current. When copper bars, carbon bars, and iron nails are used as electrodes, either the alternating current or direct current is used, the amount of the gas is very small. Maybe these electrodes react with oxygen produced during electrolysis to form oxidized layers to block the conduction of current. Long and wide electrodes produce more amount of the gas. The amount of the gas increases when the frequency of the alternating current increases. The longer the distance between electrodes is, the smaller the amount of the gas will be. The smaller the angle between electrodes is, the smaller the amount of the gas will be, too. When the number of multiple electrodes in parallel increases, the total amount of the gas almost increases. The amount of the gas is smaller at the farther electrode. The amount of the gas at the electrode at the same distance becomes smaller when the number of multiple electrodes in parallel increases. At the same voltage, the effective current of the alternating current is about 0.707 of that of direct current. So we can predict that the total amount of the gas elect rolyzed by alternating current must be about 0.707 of the total amount of the gas electrolyzed by direct current. When we used stainless-steel electrodes and the electrolyte- H2SO4, we found the ratio was about 0.4286. Maybe the system of the electrolysis of water doesn’t obey the ideal linear system of Ohm’s Law and some part of electrical energy is wasted by increasing the temperature of the water and the oxidization of electrodes.
交流電解普遍水溫較高且兩極都有被氧化現象，直流電解則只有正極有上述現象，可能是交流電有類似微波爐的原理，電流交替時造成水分子震盪發熱。電解質強弱、電極種類、電極長短粗細、交流電頻率會影響電解水速率：強電解質較快，但NaOH 、KNO3 雖是強電解質，在交流電解時，氣體產生量幾乎是零，這可能是他們與不銹鋼電極反應形成某種保護層而影響導電；以銅棒、碳棒、鐵釘為電極時，不管是交流電或直流電，氣體體積都很小，這可能是這些電極和產生的氧氣反應，形成氧化層阻礙了導電；長的和粗的電極氣體產生量較多；交流電頻率越大，則電解所產生的氣體量也隨之增加；電極之間的距離越大兩極的氣體體積越小；兩電極之間的角度越小，兩極的氣體體積越少；多重電極並聯的個數越多，總氣體體積約略越大，距離越遠的氣體體積越小，同距離的氣體體積隨並聯的個數越多氣體體積越小。在相同電壓下，交流電輸出的均方根電壓(電流)為直流電電壓(電流)的0.707 倍(1/√2)，所以推測交、直電解水的氣體總體積比值也應為0.707，但我們以不銹鋼為電極、H2SO4 為電解液下比值為0.4286，這可能是本電解水系統並非為遵守歐姆定律的理想線性系統，且電解水時部分電能被消耗在水溫的升高及電極的氧化上。
甩毛巾與音爆
在網路上看到甩毛巾、皮鞭的影片，會產生巨大的聲響，查找了資料，我們知道當發聲體超過音速時便會產生音爆。部分文獻提到，毛巾或皮鞭生成音爆原因是來自於角動量守衡理論，我們想利用實驗方法來驗證其正確性，因此利用video point 來分析影片討論手的加速度和毛巾末端質量、長度的關係，並用crocodile physics 做電腦模擬，我們發現毛巾長度與音爆產生無關，這樣和角動量理論模型有所不同。所以我們嘗試利用能量守恆及自由端反射駐波理論來解釋毛巾產生音爆關係，並利用影片分析及crocodile physics 驗證其正確性。We saw the film clippings on the Internet about snapping towels and whips, which made a big noise. After going through related literature, we found out that it is called the sonic boom .Some papers say that the sonic boom results from the Location momentum conservation theory. To prove its accuracy, we used a kind of computer software called Video Point to analyze in the clippings the movement of the hand, understanding the relationship between the mass of the towel end and the length of the towel. We also used another software called Crocodile Physics to simulate the whole process. We discovered that there is no connection between the length of the towel and the sonic boom. It does not conform to the Location momentum conservation theory. We then in turn employed energy conservation theory and the trait of the standing wave (specific wave length) to explain, when we also used Video Point and Crocodile Physics to prove.
台灣和東亞地區的氣候變遷
由人類活動造成的溫室效應可能導致地球溫度升高,聖嬰現象加劇等現象與災害,本文利用個氣候中心發展出的模式,推估台灣和東亞地區未來氣候變遷的情況,我們發現當大氣中的二氧化碳濃度增加為現在的1.9倍時,台灣地區的年平均溫度將升高0.85-2.50度C而東亞地區將會升高1.46-4.07度C,在同條件下個模式的平均推估量也顯示,台灣地區將每天增加0.10公厘的降水，而東亞地區每天將增加0.08公哩,我們希望這個研究結果可以做為其他相關研究的基礎,使大家提早因應未來氣候變遷所可能引發的種種變化;Greenhouse effect, incurred mainly by human activities may result in lots of phenomenon and damages such as the increasing of the world's average temperature and he aggravation f the "ElNino" effect. In this research, we simulate future metrological values by employing several simulation modes developed by different climate centers and predict future climate changes in Taiwan and East Asia area. We found that when the concentration of carbon dioxide exceeds 1.9 times than current value, the estimated range of the increased year-average temperature are0.85-2.5℃ and 1.46-4.07℃ for Taiwan and East Asia, respectively. Under the same condition, the ensemble mean reveals that the precipitation raises will be 0.1 and 0.08mm per day, for Taiwan and East Asia respectively. We hope our work can be the foundation of other related researches, and all the researches together can help for coping with possible damages caused by future climate changes.