臺灣

近幾年來，蠶繭彩色化已引起廣泛的注意，日本與中國大陸紛紛投入此研究領域。我們用食用色素、酸性染料和活體染色劑中性紅等色素水溶液，以沾附於桑葉餵食、浸泡蠶體、注射入蠶體血腔等方法，使白色繭品系的家蠶生產出多種顏色的彩色蠶繭，其中以附於桑葉餵食最有效率，我們就此法找出投與色素的有效期間，可以比日本、中國的方法更節省色素。同法處理黃色品系的家蠶則產生黃色與所加色素的混合色蠶繭。由於這樣得到的彩色蠶繭放久了都會褪色，我們試用奈米色素餵食家蠶所得彩色蠶繭，與一般食用色素所製成的彩色蠶繭比較，發現對各種光照、清潔劑清洗等處理，用奈米色素所得蠶繭明顯較用一般食用色素所得蠶繭不易褪色。這樣用奈米色素生產的彩色蠶繭，因為解決了褪色的問題而更具有潛在的產業價值。To make silkworm cocoons with different colors has received a great attention recently. Japan and China have invested great resources in this field of the study. In order to let white cocoon silkworms produce cocoons of different colors, we used the aqueous solutions of food dyes, acid dyes and neutral red, and fed the worms with mulberry leaves immersed with such aqueous solutions, or directly soaked or injected them with the solutions. We found that using mulberry leaves immersed in the dye solutions was the best approach. We improved this approach by finding a critical, effective time of applying dyes. It saved the dyes and labor than those of Japan and China. We also found that yellow cocoon silkworms produced yellow and mixing colored cocoons by the mulberry leaf feeding method with the same dyes. Because all colors of the cocoons mentioned above faded easily, we furthermore tested nano-dye and found that colors of the cocoons had better resistant to fading away in washing with detergents under various types and intensities of light illumination. This result suggested that nano-dye has a potential in solving the fading problem of the colored cocoons.

由人類活動造成的溫室效應可能導致地球溫度升高,聖嬰現象加劇等現象與災害,本文利用個氣候中心發展出的模式,推估台灣和東亞地區未來氣候變遷的情況,我們發現當大氣中的二氧化碳濃度增加為現在的1.9倍時,台灣地區的年平均溫度將升高0.85-2.50度C而東亞地區將會升高1.46-4.07度C,在同條件下個模式的平均推估量也顯示,台灣地區將每天增加0.10公厘的降水，而東亞地區每天將增加0.08公哩,我們希望這個研究結果可以做為其他相關研究的基礎,使大家提早因應未來氣候變遷所可能引發的種種變化;Greenhouse effect, incurred mainly by human activities may result in lots of phenomenon and damages such as the increasing of the world's average temperature and he aggravation f the "ElNino" effect. In this research, we simulate future metrological values by employing several simulation modes developed by different climate centers and predict future climate changes in Taiwan and East Asia area. We found that when the concentration of carbon dioxide exceeds 1.9 times than current value, the estimated range of the increased year-average temperature are0.85-2.5℃ and 1.46-4.07℃ for Taiwan and East Asia, respectively. Under the same condition, the ensemble mean reveals that the precipitation raises will be 0.1 and 0.08mm per day, for Taiwan and East Asia respectively. We hope our work can be the foundation of other related researches, and all the researches together can help for coping with possible damages caused by future climate changes.

一、目的：1.找出基隆沿岸是否受到塑膠微小物的污染，建立塑膠成分的簡易檢定法，3.分辨所發現塑膠微小物成分，4.試圖分析其污染源，並尋求減輕汙染方法。二、結果：本研究為首篇證實東北部海岸已遭受塑膠微小物污染之本土研究。我們想出了不用昂貴儀器的位之塑膠簡易成分判別法，發現海面漂浮的油渣含有塑膠微小物，還觀察到海岸生物（藤壺）由本來附生在岸邊的石頭上轉而附著於漂浮的塑膠垃圾及漁民和釣客所使用的浮標、漁網、浮桶等。三、為減少海岸的塑膠微小物污染，建議政府立法規定業者主義塑膠原料運送中產生的問題，並提倡垃圾分類，人民本身也應自我覺醒。Taiwan is an island, and the sea is very important for us. So in this study, we tried (1) to examine the small plastics (resin pellets and plastic fragments) pollution of the northeast coast, (2) to identify the components of unknown plastics by burning, soluability in organic solvents and relative weight but without using expensive instruments, and (3) to classify the small plastics we found and to find out where were they from. Our study is the first grassroot research proving that the northeast coast of Taiwan has been polluted by small plastics. We attempt to identify the components of unknown plastics without using expensive instruments. The present study discovers that there are many small plastics in the floating oil scum. The relation between the oil scum and small plastics needs more study. We finds marine life (bamacles) growing on floating small plastics. The ecological importance of this discovery needs more study. We also make suggestions for reducing the minute plastic pollution of the coasts: (1) the government should ask big companies to be more careful on the transport of plastic pellets, (2) people should be aware of the problems caused by small plastics.

Steroid hormones are very important for physiological homeostasis, but some functions of steroids are still unclear during embryonic development. Embryonic cell movements are required forming embryonic body. Recently, there is already known Pregeneolone (P5) which could affect epiboly movement of zebrafish embryos is the first product of the steroidogenesis pathway, but effects of further downstream products on epiboly movement are unknown. In order to know this, we treat embryos with Pregnenolone (P5), 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone (17OH-P5), DHEA, Progesterone (P4), 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (17OH-P4), 11-Deoxycortisol (D), or Testosterone (T). We found out that P5 can accelerate epiboly movement, 17OH-P5 and D have no significant effects on it, and DHEA, P4, 17OH-P4, and T can decelerate it. These results indicated that steroids play important roles on embryonic epiboly movement in zebrafish. 類固醇荷爾蒙對生理平衡很重要，但其對於胚胎發育的影響仍舊不明。胚胎個體的形成需要胚胎細胞進行不同的移動排列。目前研究已知類固醇荷爾蒙生合成機制的第一個產物pregnenolone (P5)對斑馬魚胚胎epiboly 移動有影響，但其它更下游的類固醇荷爾蒙對epiboly移動的影響仍然未知。為了了解類固醇其他下游產物對魚卵早期細胞移動的影響，將胚胎處理Pregnenolone (P5) 、17α-Hydroxypregnenolone (17OH-P5) 、DHEA 、Progesterone (P4) 、17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (17OH-P4)、11-Deoxycortisol (D)、Testosterone (T)，發現17OH-P5、D對epiboly 的移動沒有影響，而DHEA、P4、17OH-P4、T 會使其變慢。這些結果說明了類固醇對胚胎細胞的移動扮演著重要角色。

去年暑假，我們從Newton雜誌得知，布洛貝爾博士(Dr. Gunter Blobel)由於發現了蛋白質如何在細胞之間運送，增進了人們對遺傳性疾病的了解，因而榮獲1999年的諾貝爾醫學獎。同為高分子鏈的DNA，在基因遺傳工程中常被用來在強電場的情況下穿破細胞膜，以進行基因的改造，其穿的物理機制又為何?在一場演講中，我們知道鍵振盪模型(bond-fluctuation model)可用來模擬高分子系統，因此我們想以之模擬DNA在強電場下穿透細胞膜的行為。

在這篇研究報告中，我們討論的是一種方形集合圖形的數量。”多元方形鏈”約略在 60 年代被提出，衍生出一系列的問題和遊戲，例如熟知的電玩軟體 『 俄羅斯方塊 』 ，或是 『 益智積木 』 的遊戲，都是多元方形鏈的應用。在這些問題當中，最令人頭痛的難題就是 n 元方形鏈的圖形總數。為了解決這道難題，我們採用一種轉換方法將圖形轉換成序組，並且給出序組的性質，再據此寫成 C 語言的程式；反覆地修改程式以增進執行效率及速度，最後利用該程式成功地統計出圖形總數。 In this report, we discussed the amount of polyominoes, the graphs of a set of squares. “Polyominoes” has been brought up in 1960s, and later developed into a series of questions and games, such as a well-known video game — Tetrix, and the game of puzzle blocks. Both are the applications of polyominoes. Among those questions, the toughest one is the amount of n-polyominoes. To solve this problem, we used a method which transforms the graphs into sequences. By looking into the properties of those sequences, we obtain a set of rules that can be used to determine the quantity of n-polyomines. The rules are implemented into computer codes in C language with proper modifications made to speed up the efficiency of our algorithm. The computational results show that the amount has been successfully calculated.

聲致發光效應(sonoluminesence)為最近二十年來相當新穎的研究領域，其基本原理是利用超聲波將水中的氣泡集中，並使之隨著超聲波快速且連續的膨脹壓縮，當氣泡被壓縮至最小時溫度急遽上升，並放出藍白色的光芒。正因為這是一個嶄新的領域，所以許多實驗是以嘗試錯誤的方法去進行，但也因此發現了一些特殊的現象：1. 氣泡在正常的頻率(30kHz)以外，經過一段不可發光的頻率後，還可在更高頻率(接近40kHz)的地方發光2. 氣泡發光效率曲線在不同性質溶液中的差異3. 針對高頻率發光及雙泡發光的部分，做了兩個相關的假設並進一步驗證，得到了相當特別的結論。至今已有許多關於此研究的成果發表，但對於同時兩顆氣泡存在並發光的雙泡發光現象(double-bubble sonoluminesence)卻還很少人研究。因此我們嘗試較系統化地分析雙泡發光，期望能夠對這個現象有進一步的認識，並對日後的多泡發光(muti-bubble sonoluninesence)研究奠定基礎。Sonoluminescence has been a very popular topic for the past twenty years. Single-bubble sonoluminescence occurs when an acoustically trapped and periodically driven gas bubble collapses so strongly that the energy focusing on collapse leads to light emission. Because it is a new topic, few related experiments on this issue have been carried out before. However, while doing the research and making adjustments at the same time we discovered some special phenomenon: 1. Besides the normal amplitude frequency (30kHz) added on the bubble, we found that after a period of frequency which can not emit, the bubble is able to remain and emit in higher amplitude frequency (about 40 kHz). 2. We also compared the emission efficiency when bubbles are in different liquids. 3. To explain part of the results in high frequency and double-bubble sonoluminescence, we made two assumptions and attempted to demonstrated them in the end of the report. Some research studies in this field have been released already; nevertheless, few people concentrate on “double-bubble sonoluminescence.” Therefore, we attempt to systematically analyze the emission of double-bubble, expecting to have more comprehension of this marvelous effect and also establish the fundamental background to “muti-bubble sonoluninescence.”

雷射光碟（以下簡稱ＣＤ）除了在電腦、音響方面有甚佳的視聽功能外，在光線照射下，呈現彩虹狀的光譜，必定引起你我研究其光學性質的興趣。國內以ＣＤ研究光的繞射的著作，有李偉等四人近三年發表五篇，國外科教期刊自1991年迄今共有19 篇，在老師指導下，利用ＣＤ進行了8 項實驗，分成三大項。1.利用氦氖雷射分別照射舊唱片、ＣＤ、ＤＶＤ，反射光形成繞射現象，由dsinθ=mλ，量出槽距。2.將ＣＤ-R 的鋁層刮掉，（整疊購買的ＣＤ-Ｒ上下有數片未鍍鋁的瑕疵片），成為透光式ＣＤ（透射式光柵），將其中心半徑5.5 公分部份，用黑紙遮住，正對陽光，螺旋狀的溝槽將陽光聚成一點，量出各色光到ＣＤ的距離，可算出色光的波長。3.透射式ＣＤ置於投影機鏡頭前方，投影機置物台上，放置化學藥品，可直接在屏上觀察吸收光譜。The rainbow of colors reflected from the surface of an audio compact disc (CD) is a familiar sight.It is the phenomenon of light diffraction. A standard CD has 20,625 turns of the spiral, and each line is spaced by 1.6μm. This provides a grating of 625 lines/mm. We used ordinary CDs as reflection grating in our experiment,and transparent factory rejects with no coating but printed data spirals as diffraction grating. We conducted eight experiments of diffraction using the two kinds of CD. (a) Determined the grating spacing of an ordinary CD using a laser beam. (b) Determined the grating spacing of a transparent CD using a laser beam. (c) Studied the diffraction patterns caused by a laser beam held at angles to a transparent CD. (d) Measured the wavelengths of sunlight using a transparent CD. (e) Measured the wavelengths of sunlight using an ordinary CD. (f) Formed a rainbow using a transparent CD. (g) Observed the scattering of light using a transparent CD. (h) Demonstrated the absorption spectrum using a transparent CD and an overhead projector.

本研究希望在數位顯示方面做些改進，利用電腦運算使戶外大型LED看板所使用之能源降到最低，以達到節能減碳。\r 本研究分為兩個部份:\r 第ㄧ部份:以瑞利準則探討亮點間距與觀賞距離之關係。\r 實驗中，以Photoshop繪圖模仿LED燈泡之排列，分析兩亮點之大小、距離與觀測距離的關係來設定點之尺寸，再進一步分析三原色點之觀測距離、比例及三原色點之佈點方式對混色效果之關係，並以瑞利準則判斷之。\r 得到公式如下：\r 自己所繪之點大小/點恰可分辨之最近距離=LED燈之間隔/點恰可分辨之最近距離=0.8mm/1m \r 第二部份:數位顯示—LED。\r 利用第一部份所得知的公式發現：在某ㄧ觀賞距離時，有最佳的影像品質且有最少的用電量。較近時，則影像品質降低；而較遠時，影像品質已無法提昇，而多餘的用電量則可經由實驗省去。藉由本次實驗結果，可利用所編寫之程式計算出在某ㄧ距離下最適合之燈泡尺寸及所省之電量，以達到節能減碳的效果。

此篇報告中,主要是在敘述以單晶片8051為主體,運用其所具有之功能,製作成此作品,稱為記數抽籤機,又稱抽籤機,根據本篇報告結果,可歸納出以下結果:1.本實驗能讓初學者對單晶片8051之特性與功能有更深的了解,以增進實驗與成品實作的能力。2.此作品以便利為原則,故其體積不大,重量輕攜帶方便。3.使用之元件普遍,價格便宜,在電子材料行均可買的到,成本低。4.依本品之功能,可用於學校讓老師進行抽問,也可用於其他有抽籤或抽獎活動之場合,公平又公正。;In the report, we take the single chip 8051 as a main body, making use of function to do the counting drawing lots machine, which are also called drawing lots machine. According to the resultof this report, conclusions are as followings: 1. With the experiment, the beginners egt deeper understanding about the characteristics and the finished products. 2. This machine is light and its volume is small, so it is easy and convenient to carry with. 3. The essential elements are common,cheap and can easily be bought in the store which is sellong electronic materials. 4. The drawing lots machine can be used at schools when teachers want to pick out some students to ask or it can be used for some drawing lots occasion as well. The outcome is just and fair.