臺灣

此篇報告中,主要是在敘述以單晶片8051為主體,運用其所具有之功能,製作成此作品,稱為記數抽籤機,又稱抽籤機,根據本篇報告結果,可歸納出以下結果:1.本實驗能讓初學者對單晶片8051之特性與功能有更深的了解,以增進實驗與成品實作的能力。2.此作品以便利為原則,故其體積不大,重量輕攜帶方便。3.使用之元件普遍,價格便宜,在電子材料行均可買的到,成本低。4.依本品之功能,可用於學校讓老師進行抽問,也可用於其他有抽籤或抽獎活動之場合,公平又公正。;In the report, we take the single chip 8051 as a main body, making use of function to do the counting drawing lots machine, which are also called drawing lots machine. According to the resultof this report, conclusions are as followings: 1. With the experiment, the beginners egt deeper understanding about the characteristics and the finished products. 2. This machine is light and its volume is small, so it is easy and convenient to carry with. 3. The essential elements are common,cheap and can easily be bought in the store which is sellong electronic materials. 4. The drawing lots machine can be used at schools when teachers want to pick out some students to ask or it can be used for some drawing lots occasion as well. The outcome is just and fair.

19、20世紀的後期印象派中，點描派為最吸引人的畫派之ㄧ，而喬治‧秀拉(Georges Seurat)即是其畫派之代表人物，因此，設計實驗時以秀拉的畫風為中心。\r 本研究以Photoshop繪圖模仿點描派之作品，?探索物質的本質，選用三原色為混色的原色，來觀察混色後對畫作的效果。研究中，以分析兩亮點之大小、距離與觀測距離的關係來設定點之尺寸，再進一步分析三原色點之觀測距離、比例及三原色點之佈點方式對混色效果之關係做為實驗主軸，並以瑞利準則判斷之。\r 希望藉由本實驗能以物理學的角度瞭解點描畫派之作品，同時，設法將點描畫數位化，並希望找出欣賞點描畫最佳情況，提供賞畫者最好的視覺享受。

雷射光碟（以下簡稱ＣＤ）除了在電腦、音響方面有甚佳的視聽功能外，在光線照射下，呈現彩虹狀的光譜，必定引起你我研究其光學性質的興趣。國內以ＣＤ研究光的繞射的著作，有李偉等四人近三年發表五篇，國外科教期刊自1991年迄今共有19 篇，在老師指導下，利用ＣＤ進行了8 項實驗，分成三大項。1.利用氦氖雷射分別照射舊唱片、ＣＤ、ＤＶＤ，反射光形成繞射現象，由dsinθ=mλ，量出槽距。2.將ＣＤ-R 的鋁層刮掉，（整疊購買的ＣＤ-Ｒ上下有數片未鍍鋁的瑕疵片），成為透光式ＣＤ（透射式光柵），將其中心半徑5.5 公分部份，用黑紙遮住，正對陽光，螺旋狀的溝槽將陽光聚成一點，量出各色光到ＣＤ的距離，可算出色光的波長。3.透射式ＣＤ置於投影機鏡頭前方，投影機置物台上，放置化學藥品，可直接在屏上觀察吸收光譜。The rainbow of colors reflected from the surface of an audio compact disc (CD) is a familiar sight.It is the phenomenon of light diffraction. A standard CD has 20,625 turns of the spiral, and each line is spaced by 1.6μm. This provides a grating of 625 lines/mm. We used ordinary CDs as reflection grating in our experiment,and transparent factory rejects with no coating but printed data spirals as diffraction grating. We conducted eight experiments of diffraction using the two kinds of CD. (a) Determined the grating spacing of an ordinary CD using a laser beam. (b) Determined the grating spacing of a transparent CD using a laser beam. (c) Studied the diffraction patterns caused by a laser beam held at angles to a transparent CD. (d) Measured the wavelengths of sunlight using a transparent CD. (e) Measured the wavelengths of sunlight using an ordinary CD. (f) Formed a rainbow using a transparent CD. (g) Observed the scattering of light using a transparent CD. (h) Demonstrated the absorption spectrum using a transparent CD and an overhead projector.

聚苯乙烯(S)-聚乙烯(E)-丁二烯-1(B)-聚苯乙烯(S) (polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene，簡稱SEBS)是目前直接甲醇燃料電池的質子交換膜研究中常用於與Nafion比較的膜材。Nafion的價格昂貴，且其高甲醇滲透率將造成電極毒化，故本研究探討不同製程與添加不同奈米粒子所製作之質子交換膜特性，以有效降低甲醇滲透。結果發現，添加之ZrP為層狀結構，增加甲醇通過親水區域端的難度，能有效阻擋甲醇滲透。且藉由磺酸根官能基團，以及本身帶有質子傳導性質，所以與Nafion的PTC數據差距不大，因此C/P值較Nafion高。未來可改變不同磺酸化程度，並在SSEBS內添加不同奈米粒子，並對於質子交換膜的持久性及實際應用之探討。

The feasibility of new design approach for dual-band antenna array using genetic algorithm is demonstrated in this study. In the past year, one dual-band printed-strip dipole antenna, which operates at 0.9/1.8 GHz, had been implemented in the laboratory and leads to a satisfactory performance. However, the antenna element is suitable for application at base-station rather than handset. Conventional antennas suitable for base-station application are arrays, which consist of antenna elements and at least one feed network. Feed networks for antenna arrays are usually designed to operate at single-band capability, and therefore, it requires two feed networks for a conventional dual-band antenna array. Nevertheless, a dual-band antenna array fed by signal feed network is feasible in our study. To begin with, a full-wave solver ID3D is applied to evaluate the impedance matrix of antenna array with eight elements. Then, the antenna array is modeled as a cascaded equivalent transmission line such that the genetic algorithm could network of dual-band antenna array and yields a seven-section design, which meets the specification of base-station antennas.在過去的一年裡，本人曾製作過具有雙頻效果的雙面印刷偶極天線，並得到不錯的量測結果。由於此天線單元於實際應用上適於基地台天線陣列之設計，所以本研究著眼於天線陣列的設計。傳統上天線陣列的結構包含了兩個部分，分別是天線單元以及饋入電路。目前基地台所使用的大多都是單頻天線陣列，在雙頻天線陣列部分，通常需要兩個饋入電路分別對不同頻帶作訊號的饋入；因此，我們希望能實現使用單一饋入電路製成雙頻天線陣列的想法。本研究中，我們利用之前所做出來的天線單元來合成陣列，並希望此陣列在0.9HGz和1.8GHz兩個頻段都能產生良好的共振效果。我們利用電磁模擬軟體IE3D估算具有八個天線單元的天線陣列阻抗陣列後，再將此天線陣列轉換成串接式等效傳輸線電路。借由基因演算法(genetic algorithm)對此電路做最佳化，我們可以求得饋入電路各段傳輸線的尺寸。由此研究發現，我們的方法應用於單一饋入電路之雙頻天線陣列的設計是可行的，而此電路的模擬結果亦符合基地台天線陣列的規格。

聲致發光效應(sonoluminesence)為最近二十年來相當新穎的研究領域，其基本原理是利用超聲波將水中的氣泡集中，並使之隨著超聲波快速且連續的膨脹壓縮，當氣泡被壓縮至最小時溫度急遽上升，並放出藍白色的光芒。正因為這是一個嶄新的領域，所以許多實驗是以嘗試錯誤的方法去進行，但也因此發現了一些特殊的現象：1. 氣泡在正常的頻率(30kHz)以外，經過一段不可發光的頻率後，還可在更高頻率(接近40kHz)的地方發光2. 氣泡發光效率曲線在不同性質溶液中的差異3. 針對高頻率發光及雙泡發光的部分，做了兩個相關的假設並進一步驗證，得到了相當特別的結論。至今已有許多關於此研究的成果發表，但對於同時兩顆氣泡存在並發光的雙泡發光現象(double-bubble sonoluminesence)卻還很少人研究。因此我們嘗試較系統化地分析雙泡發光，期望能夠對這個現象有進一步的認識，並對日後的多泡發光(muti-bubble sonoluninesence)研究奠定基礎。Sonoluminescence has been a very popular topic for the past twenty years. Single-bubble sonoluminescence occurs when an acoustically trapped and periodically driven gas bubble collapses so strongly that the energy focusing on collapse leads to light emission. Because it is a new topic, few related experiments on this issue have been carried out before. However, while doing the research and making adjustments at the same time we discovered some special phenomenon: 1. Besides the normal amplitude frequency (30kHz) added on the bubble, we found that after a period of frequency which can not emit, the bubble is able to remain and emit in higher amplitude frequency (about 40 kHz). 2. We also compared the emission efficiency when bubbles are in different liquids. 3. To explain part of the results in high frequency and double-bubble sonoluminescence, we made two assumptions and attempted to demonstrated them in the end of the report. Some research studies in this field have been released already; nevertheless, few people concentrate on “double-bubble sonoluminescence.” Therefore, we attempt to systematically analyze the emission of double-bubble, expecting to have more comprehension of this marvelous effect and also establish the fundamental background to “muti-bubble sonoluninescence.”

針對乒乓球凹陷後，放入熱水中可以恢復圓球面的現象，不論是課堂、書本，或是網路上的資料，都將原因歸咎於氣體的熱脹冷縮效應，似乎都忽略了乒乓球殼本身的受熱效應。我們因此設計了四個實驗，希望透過實驗結果的分析能夠確實了解乒乓球凹陷後能夠復原的原因。我們測量了（一）乒乓球在不同水溫下，可復原的最大凹陷深度與水溫的關係，（二）水溫與乒乓球內氣體壓力的關係，（三）純粹氣體壓力作用下，凹陷乒乓球的復原結果，（四）無氣體壓力作用時，純粹乒乓球殼受熱的效果。實驗結果說明，乒乓球受熱增加的氣體壓力遠低於足夠使凹陷球殼復原的壓力，因此簡單以氣體熱脹冷縮效應解釋凹陷乒乓球殼復原的說法並沒有完整呈現背後的物理原因。

在嗜甲烷菌中，甲烷與甲醇間的轉化是由甲烷單氧化酵素來進行。目前已知有兩種型態\r 的甲烷單氧化酵素，一種是溶解型甲烷單氧化酵素，存在於較低銅離子濃度之水溶液環境中﹔\r 另外一種為微粒體甲烷單氧化酵素，鑲嵌在細胞內質膜上，表現於較高的銅離子濃度環境下。\r 除了本身的天然基質－甲烷之外，其他種類之簡單烷烯類化合物，甚至芳香族化合物，均可\r 作為此酵素催化的基質。其中，甲烷單氧化酵素將丙烯轉化成環氧丙烯與甲烷轉化成甲醇的\r 催化活性非常接近，因此丙烯普遍被用來作為酵素活性測量的基質。為了直接測量它們的活\r 性，我們設計出一種方法，可以讓我們直接利用氣相色層分析儀，來偵測細胞的催化反應過\r 程。基於異丁烷在甲烷單氧化酵素幾乎不存在任何活性，故我們將其作為內標準氣體，並藉\r 由丙烯在氣相色層分析儀中吸收訊號的遞減來偵測細胞的催化活性。在多樣性的動力學實驗\r 中，我們發現以sMMO 為催化酵素時，丙烯的轉化是依據一級動力學反應趨勢而減少。相對\r 的，以pMMO 為催化酵素時，丙烯的減少趨勢則是依據零級動力學反應模式進行。在比較完\r Pipes 緩衝液、上清液蛋白質及內質膜蛋白質溶液之丙烯吸附量測試結果後，我們發現內質膜\r 蛋白可吸附的丙烯分子相對於其它兩種溶液是最多的。依據Michaelis-Menten 動力學理論，\r 可得到以下結論﹕丙烯的轉化在sMMO 中是以基質受限的催化形式進行，而在pMMO 中則\r 已達到最佳的催化速率。\r \r In methanotrophs, the oxidation of methane to methanol is catalyzed by methane\r monooxygenase. There are two distinct forms of the enzyme associated with different gene\r products. One is the soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) expressed in the cytosolic portion\r of the cell and grown under copper-limiting growth conditions. The other enzyme is the\r particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO), a membrane-associated protein that is expressed\r under high copper-to-biomass ratios. In addition to the natural substrates of methane gas,\r simple aliphatic alkanes, alkenes, or even aromatic compounds could be used as the substrates of\r the methane monooxygenase. In those gaseous simple alkenes and alkanes, propylene converted\r to propylene oxide by methane monooxygenase has been considered as popularly use for enzymatic\r activity determination because of its comparable activity to the methane gas. To measure the\r catalytic behavior of the methanotroph directly, we design a method to choose isobutane as the\r internal standard because of the negligible activity in the methane monooxygenase. The catalytic\r activity can be simply inferred from the decrease of the gaseous propylene signals in the GC\r chromatograms by generating the liquefied epoxides mediated by MMO within the methanotrophic\r bacteria. Under various kinetics measurements, when we incubate the methanotroph grown under\r copper-limiting concentrations, we observed the diminishment of propylene follow a first-order\r kinetic behavior with the over-expression of soluble methane monooxygenase. However, the\r growth of bacteria under 40 M presents the zero-order kinetic trend with the bulk expression of\r pMMO. After the quantification of the dissolved propylene in the deionized water, soluble\r proteins solution as well as membrane proteins solution, we observe the membrane proteins could\r adsorb more propylene molecules in comparison with the other solution mixtures. By considering\r Michaelis-Menten kinetics, we conclude the propylene conversion in sMMO is under substrate\r limiting catalysis whereas the pMMO has attended the optimized velocity of propylene conversion.

植物行光合作用時，電子吸收光能後在能階上躍遷，形成ATP，藉此原理，利用葉綠素吸收光能後產生的化學反應，可製作出太陽能葉綠素電池。本研究主要針對萃取葉綠素之方式、葉綠素放置天數、電池電極與電解液之成分、電池的放置環境等變因進行實驗，根據實驗結果，葉子加入酒精後，以研磨方式萃取出的葉綠素再搭配碘液、鋁箔紙、碳棒，能做出電壓：1.136V 電流：0.4mA 電功率：0.4544mW的葉綠素電池。 葉綠素電池裝置的設計不只考量到裝置的可行性，對環境友善且永續也是很重要的考量因素，因此將會從下列面向進行研究：裝置如何防水、裝置的使用期限、裝置的素材是否環保，最後成功做出了一組環保的水上漂浮葉綠素電池，未來會再提高此電池產能並且運用在農漁業上。

此研究希望找到適當的材料和製備方式，提升直接甲醇燃料電池 (DMFC)的工 作效能。 使用石墨烯為基材，將純度99.999%的石墨在高溫下以過錳酸鉀進行氧化，經 剝離後得片狀級氧化石墨烯(GO)，然後以氯鉑酸(H2PtCl6)提供正四價的鉑(Pt)，還原 在此樣品上成零價鉑金屬做為催化劑的使用。使此樣品(G-Pt)於三電極系統下進行循 環伏安法，分別對硫酸與甲醇進行催化量測此新型材料的氧化電位。對硫酸進行催 化，可得氫的脫附面積；對甲醇進行催化，則是觀察此新型材料的運用成效之優劣。 本實驗進一步於氧化石墨烯(GO)加入苯甲醯氯(Benzoyl chloride)做修飾，合成經 氧化修飾的石墨烯(GO-B)，同樣地還原觸媒鉑在此材料上(G-B-Pt)。經電化學分析 後比較是否因修飾後接上苯甲醯氯而有比較好的性能表現。 結果發現，經苯甲醯氯修飾的材料，氫的脫附及甲醇的氧化電位數值表現上高 於未修飾者，說明在三電極系統下，本實驗加入的修飾藥品有助於提升直接甲醇燃 料電池的工作效能，將來可被運用於燃料電池上。