臺灣

在網路上看到甩毛巾、皮鞭的影片，會產生巨大的聲響，查找了資料，我們知道當發聲體超過音速時便會產生音爆。部分文獻提到，毛巾或皮鞭生成音爆原因是來自於角動量守衡理論，我們想利用實驗方法來驗證其正確性，因此利用video point 來分析影片討論手的加速度和毛巾末端質量、長度的關係，並用crocodile physics 做電腦模擬，我們發現毛巾長度與音爆產生無關，這樣和角動量理論模型有所不同。所以我們嘗試利用能量守恆及自由端反射駐波理論來解釋毛巾產生音爆關係，並利用影片分析及crocodile physics 驗證其正確性。We saw the film clippings on the Internet about snapping towels and whips, which made a big noise. After going through related literature, we found out that it is called the sonic boom .Some papers say that the sonic boom results from the Location momentum conservation theory. To prove its accuracy, we used a kind of computer software called Video Point to analyze in the clippings the movement of the hand, understanding the relationship between the mass of the towel end and the length of the towel. We also used another software called Crocodile Physics to simulate the whole process. We discovered that there is no connection between the length of the towel and the sonic boom. It does not conform to the Location momentum conservation theory. We then in turn employed energy conservation theory and the trait of the standing wave (specific wave length) to explain, when we also used Video Point and Crocodile Physics to prove.

面對一個終身學習，多元化學習的社會，學習的方法不再侷限於閱讀或求教於師了，取而代之的是電腦科技的變革。上屆學長利用線上代理人融入遠距教學的作品令我印象深刻，但總覺得少了些趣味及互動性，於是本實驗嚐試將虛擬實境加入線上代理人及遠距教學，利用空間魔法師建構出來的環境，讓使可者能夠融入其中，悠遊在虛擬的世界，並配合鍵盤的滑鼠的控制移動，點選建構出來的虛擬物件，透過超連結連結至網路上的知識網頁，配合線上代理人的互動及帶領，結合了主動、趣味、互動與便利，開創未來的學習方法，一個講求效率、速度及克服空間無時無刻都能學習的環境。With the arriving of 21st century，things are widely different，including the ways of learning. Because of the revolution of multi-media，computer technology will change the traditional way of learning. I was impressed by the master piece 「Long-distance with Agent」 which was done by the schoolmates last semester. But I feel their work still have much room for improvement，so I combine to use the virtual environment with the advantages of their work. Learners can move and click the objects in the virtual reality space，and they can be linked to the knowledge website through the Internet. Learners can enjoy the interesting ，fast，interactive and efficient learning environment. This work is done by the Space Magician Ver3.0， which is used to design a 3D virtual reality environment. And the users can enjoy the net-surfing and through the hyperlinks to get the information.

植物行光合作用時，電子吸收光能後在能階上躍遷，形成ATP，藉此原理，利用葉綠素吸收光能後產生的化學反應，可製作出太陽能葉綠素電池。本研究主要針對萃取葉綠素之方式、葉綠素放置天數、電池電極與電解液之成分、電池的放置環境等變因進行實驗，根據實驗結果，葉子加入酒精後，以研磨方式萃取出的葉綠素再搭配碘液、鋁箔紙、碳棒，能做出電壓：1.136V 電流：0.4mA 電功率：0.4544mW的葉綠素電池。 葉綠素電池裝置的設計不只考量到裝置的可行性，對環境友善且永續也是很重要的考量因素，因此將會從下列面向進行研究：裝置如何防水、裝置的使用期限、裝置的素材是否環保，最後成功做出了一組環保的水上漂浮葉綠素電池，未來會再提高此電池產能並且運用在農漁業上。

相剋作用是指植物在代謝過程中釋放出有毒物質以抑制本身或鄰近植物種子萌發及植株發育生長的過程。一般認為，榕樹是具有相剋作用的常見植物，但很少見到相關的文獻探討。本實驗利用榕樹不同組織萃取液，以小白菜、結球白菜與阿拉伯芥作材料，探討該萃取液對上述植物發芽與生長之影響，結果顯示榕樹葉萃取液所造成之影響較顯著，不同榕樹組織的萃取液、不同濃度的萃取液對不同植物所產生的效果不盡相同，針對不同生長期的植物進行處理所造成的影響亦有差異。進一步以管柱層析法與高壓液相層析法（HPLC）分離葉萃取液，結果發現以正己烷和乙酸乙酯75：25為沖提液的條件下，於HPLC的層析圖中分離時間約8分時所流出的物質具最明顯的抑制作用。電泳剖面分析顯示處理與未處理間有些許蛋白質條帶差異，此變化蛋白可能與植物幼苗對該萃取液之耐受性有關。利用核酸微陣列(microarray)對榕樹萃取液處理之阿拉伯芥植物進行基因表現分析，發現榕樹萃取液對植物部分基因表現也有促進和抑制的情形，經由基因體與蛋白質體分析法可推論出一些受影響之相關基因。 Allelopathy was defined as a phenomenon which certain plant species, by secreting metabolites to the environment, can suppress the growth of themselves, seed germination and/or growth of other plants in the same habitats. Banyan （Ficus microcarpa L.f.） is a plant species in our campus likely to have allelopathy effect. However, documents describing such action on allelopathy were rare. In this study, we applied the crude tissue extracts including leaves, stems, roots of banyan onto the germinating seeds of Pai-Tsai （Brassica rapa L.ssp.chinensis（Rupr.（Olsson）））, Chinese cabbage （Brassica pekinensis Rupr.） and Arabidopsis（Arabidopsis thaliana, ecotype Columbia-0） to study the effects of such plant extract on the germination and seedling growth of other plants. It is found that allelopathic effects on seed germination vary among different tissues used for extract preparation. Different concentration of the extract also yield various degree of allelophathic effects. It is also noted that the application of extract onto the post-germinated sprouts has less effects on plant growth. The extract of leaves was subsequently chromatographed over silica gel using hexane/EtOH gradient solvent system and HPLC. The result showed that there was one fraction about 8 min in the chromatography of HPLC eluted with 25% EtOAc in hexane had the most inhibitory effect. SDS-PAGE analysis on the electrophoretic profiles of water soluble proteins has explored a different band pattern between the treated and non-treated sprouts. The observed band difference might provide a clue for exploring proteins which reacted differently upon the application of extract. DNA microarray analysis on the effect of banyan extract on Arabidopsis gene expression has also been employed to characterize genes responsive to the allelophathic treatment. Cross-comparison between the differential transcript and protein profiles will reveal key regulators in plants experiencing allelophathic condition. \r

The feasibility of new design approach for dual-band antenna array using genetic algorithm is demonstrated in this study. In the past year, one dual-band printed-strip dipole antenna, which operates at 0.9/1.8 GHz, had been implemented in the laboratory and leads to a satisfactory performance. However, the antenna element is suitable for application at base-station rather than handset. Conventional antennas suitable for base-station application are arrays, which consist of antenna elements and at least one feed network. Feed networks for antenna arrays are usually designed to operate at single-band capability, and therefore, it requires two feed networks for a conventional dual-band antenna array. Nevertheless, a dual-band antenna array fed by signal feed network is feasible in our study. To begin with, a full-wave solver ID3D is applied to evaluate the impedance matrix of antenna array with eight elements. Then, the antenna array is modeled as a cascaded equivalent transmission line such that the genetic algorithm could network of dual-band antenna array and yields a seven-section design, which meets the specification of base-station antennas.在過去的一年裡，本人曾製作過具有雙頻效果的雙面印刷偶極天線，並得到不錯的量測結果。由於此天線單元於實際應用上適於基地台天線陣列之設計，所以本研究著眼於天線陣列的設計。傳統上天線陣列的結構包含了兩個部分，分別是天線單元以及饋入電路。目前基地台所使用的大多都是單頻天線陣列，在雙頻天線陣列部分，通常需要兩個饋入電路分別對不同頻帶作訊號的饋入；因此，我們希望能實現使用單一饋入電路製成雙頻天線陣列的想法。本研究中，我們利用之前所做出來的天線單元來合成陣列，並希望此陣列在0.9HGz和1.8GHz兩個頻段都能產生良好的共振效果。我們利用電磁模擬軟體IE3D估算具有八個天線單元的天線陣列阻抗陣列後，再將此天線陣列轉換成串接式等效傳輸線電路。借由基因演算法(genetic algorithm)對此電路做最佳化，我們可以求得饋入電路各段傳輸線的尺寸。由此研究發現，我們的方法應用於單一饋入電路之雙頻天線陣列的設計是可行的，而此電路的模擬結果亦符合基地台天線陣列的規格。

在嗜甲烷菌中，甲烷與甲醇間的轉化是由甲烷單氧化酵素來進行。目前已知有兩種型態\r 的甲烷單氧化酵素，一種是溶解型甲烷單氧化酵素，存在於較低銅離子濃度之水溶液環境中﹔\r 另外一種為微粒體甲烷單氧化酵素，鑲嵌在細胞內質膜上，表現於較高的銅離子濃度環境下。\r 除了本身的天然基質－甲烷之外，其他種類之簡單烷烯類化合物，甚至芳香族化合物，均可\r 作為此酵素催化的基質。其中，甲烷單氧化酵素將丙烯轉化成環氧丙烯與甲烷轉化成甲醇的\r 催化活性非常接近，因此丙烯普遍被用來作為酵素活性測量的基質。為了直接測量它們的活\r 性，我們設計出一種方法，可以讓我們直接利用氣相色層分析儀，來偵測細胞的催化反應過\r 程。基於異丁烷在甲烷單氧化酵素幾乎不存在任何活性，故我們將其作為內標準氣體，並藉\r 由丙烯在氣相色層分析儀中吸收訊號的遞減來偵測細胞的催化活性。在多樣性的動力學實驗\r 中，我們發現以sMMO 為催化酵素時，丙烯的轉化是依據一級動力學反應趨勢而減少。相對\r 的，以pMMO 為催化酵素時，丙烯的減少趨勢則是依據零級動力學反應模式進行。在比較完\r Pipes 緩衝液、上清液蛋白質及內質膜蛋白質溶液之丙烯吸附量測試結果後，我們發現內質膜\r 蛋白可吸附的丙烯分子相對於其它兩種溶液是最多的。依據Michaelis-Menten 動力學理論，\r 可得到以下結論﹕丙烯的轉化在sMMO 中是以基質受限的催化形式進行，而在pMMO 中則\r 已達到最佳的催化速率。\r \r In methanotrophs, the oxidation of methane to methanol is catalyzed by methane\r monooxygenase. There are two distinct forms of the enzyme associated with different gene\r products. One is the soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) expressed in the cytosolic portion\r of the cell and grown under copper-limiting growth conditions. The other enzyme is the\r particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO), a membrane-associated protein that is expressed\r under high copper-to-biomass ratios. In addition to the natural substrates of methane gas,\r simple aliphatic alkanes, alkenes, or even aromatic compounds could be used as the substrates of\r the methane monooxygenase. In those gaseous simple alkenes and alkanes, propylene converted\r to propylene oxide by methane monooxygenase has been considered as popularly use for enzymatic\r activity determination because of its comparable activity to the methane gas. To measure the\r catalytic behavior of the methanotroph directly, we design a method to choose isobutane as the\r internal standard because of the negligible activity in the methane monooxygenase. The catalytic\r activity can be simply inferred from the decrease of the gaseous propylene signals in the GC\r chromatograms by generating the liquefied epoxides mediated by MMO within the methanotrophic\r bacteria. Under various kinetics measurements, when we incubate the methanotroph grown under\r copper-limiting concentrations, we observed the diminishment of propylene follow a first-order\r kinetic behavior with the over-expression of soluble methane monooxygenase. However, the\r growth of bacteria under 40 M presents the zero-order kinetic trend with the bulk expression of\r pMMO. After the quantification of the dissolved propylene in the deionized water, soluble\r proteins solution as well as membrane proteins solution, we observe the membrane proteins could\r adsorb more propylene molecules in comparison with the other solution mixtures. By considering\r Michaelis-Menten kinetics, we conclude the propylene conversion in sMMO is under substrate\r limiting catalysis whereas the pMMO has attended the optimized velocity of propylene conversion.

密閉容器置入待測液，放入浮沉子，施加壓力，當浮沉子恰要沒入液中瞬間，因表面張力的總力達極大值且向上，外加壓力(p1)為極大值，浮沉子沒入液中；液面減壓，當浮沉子在液面正下方時，外加壓力 p2，量 p1、(p1- p2)，浮沉子的質量 m，外半徑 R，及玻璃管的體積 G V ，可求得液體表面張力。 液面再減壓，浮沉子恰要露出液面時，表面張力的總力達極大值且向下，外加壓力(p3)為極小值，量 p3、(p2- p3)，浮沈子的質量 m，外半徑 R及 G V ，應亦可求得表面張力；但實驗時浮沉子漂移到容器邊，並吸附在器壁上，因此發現浮沉子的”Cheerios effect”。 利用浮沉子和容器的相吸及相斥現象，可解釋西式早餐的小榖片放入牛奶中為何會漂移到碗緣，並支持 Vella在 2005 年 9 月份美國物理期刊(AJP)認為 Cheerios effect的成因除了由於接觸角不同外，浮力、重力、表面張力共同作用，使小榖片間有相吸、相斥現象。 The experiment apparatus is equipped with a Cartesian diver by using a glass tube with air trapped inside that floats or submerses in a closed vessel containing liquid. The external pressure may be varied with a syringe and measured with a water manometer. The maximum pressure P1 inside the vessel is measured when the diver is just about to sink, where the surface tension that acts on the diver is upward. Then the pressure P2 of the vessel is measured when the diver is just beneath the liquid surface, where no surface tension acts on the diver. Finally, the surface tension is calculated from P1, P2 and the radius of the diver, R. When the pressure inside the vessel is decreased, the diver will rise. As the diver is about to emerge from the liquid, we get the minimum pressure P3 inside the vessel, and the surface tension that acts on the diver is downward. By measuring P3, P2, and R, the magnitude of surface tension is found to be the same as above. When the diver is just about to sink into the liquid, it floats to the center of the vessel. When the diver is about to emerge from the liquid, it sticks to the wall of the vessel. This phenomenon is named the “Cheerios effect.” Our results again strongly support that the cause of the effect is due to the different contact angles between the diver and water, as well as the balance of gravity and surface tension in the case of the sinking diver, and the balance of buoyancy and surface tension in the case of rising diver as Vella claimed in his paper (AJP 73, 817 (2005)).

本實驗改良菲左測定光速之實驗，將原本的光路以光纖取代，並將原本的光源改為紅外光。做了上述的改良以後，可將實驗的空間及時間縮小。實驗中輸入固定頻率的紅外光載送週期性的訊號經光纖傳輸後，利用示波器觀察訊號的延遲時間，以此實驗技巧可精密計算出光速。在輸入訊號為0.1~5MHz時，光在光纖的平均速率為2.09×108 (m/s)。換算真空中光速c＝折射率n(1.467)×光纖中速率v(2.09×108m/s)＝3.03×108 (m/s)，平均百分誤差0.43%，平均誤差為0.13×108 m/s，準確度為99.57%。 若取最佳輸入頻率2~3MHz所得到之數值，光在光纖的平均速率為2.05×108 (m/s)。換算真空中光速c(3.00×108 m/s)＝折射率n(1.467)×光纖中速率v(2.05×108 m/s)，平均百分誤差為0.33%，平均誤差為0.01×108 m/s，準確度為99.67%。 A method using optical fiber is described for measuring the velocity of light . Measuring the velocity of light usually needs a long distance and in a brief time. These experiments use optical fiber and TOSA and ROSA

聚苯乙烯(S)-聚乙烯(E)-丁二烯-1(B)-聚苯乙烯(S) (polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene，簡稱SEBS)是目前直接甲醇燃料電池的質子交換膜研究中常用於與Nafion比較的膜材。Nafion的價格昂貴，且其高甲醇滲透率將造成電極毒化，故本研究探討不同製程與添加不同奈米粒子所製作之質子交換膜特性，以有效降低甲醇滲透。結果發現，添加之ZrP為層狀結構，增加甲醇通過親水區域端的難度，能有效阻擋甲醇滲透。且藉由磺酸根官能基團，以及本身帶有質子傳導性質，所以與Nafion的PTC數據差距不大，因此C/P值較Nafion高。未來可改變不同磺酸化程度，並在SSEBS內添加不同奈米粒子，並對於質子交換膜的持久性及實際應用之探討。

醫學上的植皮手術成功率受皮膚厚度影響，皮膚愈薄癒合速度愈快，其中以取皮厚度介於0.05mm 到0.1mm 為佳。在實驗量測時，需要經過一連串繁複的薄皮標本製作，再放到光學顯微鏡下測量，這種厚度測量方式不但耗時，又因嚴重損毀皮膚而不精確。由於使用螺旋測微器做接觸式測量會有形變的問題，因此我們想做間接接觸式的測量，所以採用氣體為媒介，做非破壞性檢測膜厚，這對於在皮膚上的施力遠小於螺旋測微器或是接觸式膜厚計。我們設計一套三頭連管線，使用空氣為媒介，儀器運作原理為在管線一端針頭非常靠近被測物時，所流出的氣體會受到被測物阻礙產生反壓使管線內的壓力上升，導致連通於另一管路的氣泡指示計壓出氣泡，當氣泡為最大氣泡時（半球形）視為達到平衡狀態。實驗時先用已知厚度且不變形的蓋玻片來當作被測物，此時可以算出針尖至蓋玻片的實際距離做為參考值。在量測軟性薄膜時，設計上採用兩側雙針頭靠近軟性被測薄膜兩側以達到氣流氣泡平衡，這時使用螺旋測微器讀取兩針尖距離，減去已知參考值的兩倍距離，即可測出未形變的軟物質厚度。本研究開發一套能測量軟性薄膜的厚度裝置，尤其在皮膚厚度測定上，不但不會直接接觸標本造成損毀，並且能夠快速地測量出厚度值，此為本儀器的最大特色。The thickness of skin graft has deterministic influences on the success of graft surgery. Experimental measurements of skin graft thickness involve complicated specimen preparation processes followed by optical microscopic examination, which are time-consuming and may incur inaccuracy due to possible damage. Here we propose a novel method using air as the media to avoid direct contact of the measured object. The physical operation relies on the following principles: When the tip of a needle connecting to a catheter system is placed close to the object to be measured, the air pumped forward from the catheter system becomes impeded by the object. The resulting backflow pressure opposing the air flow causes an increase in air pressure within the catheter and inflates the bubble connected at the other end. Balance at maximal surface tension is attained when the bubble reaches its maximum volume in hemispherical shape. In practice, a two-needle design was used, each approaching simultaneously from each side of the object. A micrometer was then used to read the distance between the two needle tips, from which the film thickness was derived, subtracting the thickness of the air layer pre-calibrated using cover glass with known thickness. The system implemented was capable of measuring thickness on soft thin films with an accuracy of ± 0.001mm. In addition to rapid measurements with high accuracy, since the pressure exerted on the skin graft is much less than in conventional calipers requiring direct contact, our method has the unique non-distorted and non-destructive advantages.