2017年

本實驗成功在水相以及相對低溫中合成均一度高的鈀金奈米觸媒，並藉由引入不同比例的界面活性劑到合成系統中，來促使不同形態的鈀金奈米觸媒生成。此種奈米觸媒於不同成分比例下可產生相異之催化表現，且具長時間穩定的優點，故為具潛力的燃料電池觸媒。 實驗過程除了探討不同形態的鈀金奈米觸媒的合成外，並進行CO電氧化、乙醇電氧化以及長時間穩定測試。由合成的結果可得知，不同比例的CTAB及CTAC搭配可以得到合金或核殼結構的鈀金奈米觸媒；電催化實驗中，首先藉由CO吸脫附電氧化求得觸媒的活性表面積後，再進行乙醇電氧化測試，進而發現以核殼AuPd為1：1活性表現最佳，較商用Pd觸媒高約4.09倍；長時間穩定測試中AuPd核殼觸媒比商用Pd觸媒有有約16倍的穩定度及容忍力的提升。本研究結果有助進一步利用鈀金觸媒改善純鈀在進行乙醇燃料電池上的應用。

本研究以不同水解纖維素的方法，包括傳統酸水解、微波及臭氧法，完成效果比較，並以各方法最優勢理論組成最快速且產醣量最高的水解程序。再以麴菌發酵將醣轉為生質酒精，以止逆閥自製簡易即時取樣發酵裝置並研究效率最佳的麴菌酒精發酵，其中速發酵母平均一天酒精生成率高達約90.5%。 藉由基礎水解及發酵研究成功設計一套「低耗能、低成本、低汙染、高效率」自製可攜式簡易水解發酵膠囊進行纖維素水解，轉化為醣後又可在同一膠囊中加入麴菌進行酒精發酵，效果極佳，提升轉換率達63.8%。本研究進一步透過此自製膠囊推廣到廢棄稻草桿、甘蔗渣、甘蔗皮等，皆可得到極佳效果。

The purpose of this research is to prevent the desertification by using my original “agar sheets”. The dry regions, in other words, the desert has already occupied about forty percent of the surface of the earth (Figure 1). In addition, it is said that land of seven million hectares turn into desert every year. However, we can reproduce the green-bosomed earth by using appropriate means, because this desertification originated in excessive farming, excessive pasturing, and deforestation caused by human beings. I learned “Cape Erimo’s Green Construction Method”, which has succeeded in planting trees in the coast of Japan by using seaweed, and this method led me to use the agar to prevent the desertification, which is a familiar Japanese food made from seaweed. I think that it is possible to prevent the desertification of any conditioned lands by using my original “agar sheets.”

本作品『翻轉塗色驚嘆號』為2016年國際科展『翻轉塗色』的一般化延伸改進作品。在過去文獻中討論的問題是一列已上色的格子中，估計會有多少個『等間隔而且同色格子」的可能。而本研究所探討的問兩個顏色（以1及0表示，1跟0互為補色），並以Thue-Morse遞迴著色（若B已著色，則接下來的|B|個格子就著上B的補色，其中|B|表示B的格子數)，其中每次遞迴時精確的『三個間隔相同而且同色的格子』（本作品稱為3-AP）的精確總數。為了表示方便，我們將著好顏色的格視為一雙色字串。在之前的作品中，我以中心排列手法算出了起始字串為1時每次遞迴的3-AP精確數目。而本作品的突破在我們推廣到對於任意起始字串B，所遞迴產生的Mp(B)字串都能精確算出3-AP總數，其困難點在於歸納不同B之間的共同性。令人驚嘆的是，在遞迴兩次之後，其3-AP增加的數目與B的內容無關，只與B的格子數有關。此為本作之重要定理。除此之外，我也給出依序刪去每次遞迴後所剩下的Mp,q(B)中3-AP總數的公式。其困難點在刪去之後失去了對稱性。在本作品中突破方式是改變中心排列以偏心排列找出基底，並以未定係數法將其3-AP總數找到。而令人驚嘆的地方在於，若同時增加後續字串並同時刪去前方字串，其3-AP增加的數目也與B的內容無關，只與|B|有關。

生物韻律與植物許多生長過程息息相關，其機制是生物學中重要的研究主題。FIN219能夠活化茉莉酸，進而引發植物對於逆境的防禦能力，也參與了藍光的訊息傳遞鏈，與植物的開花有關聯，其表現在長日照環境下也具有以24小時為週期的變化，因此很有可能參與了生物韻律的調控。本研究以GUS染色、西方墨點法與RT-PCR進行實驗，發現阿拉伯芥的FIN219基因與其蛋白質進入照光期後表現量會增加，進入黑暗期則會減少，此生物韻律也會受到外加JA與JA合成抑制劑DIECA的影響。再以RT-PCR比較生物韻律相關基因在野生種與剔除FIN219基因的突變株中的表現，也發現FIN219基因沒有表現時，相關基因TIC、TOC1、CAB2、CAB3、RBCS-1A和JAZ1表現的生物韻律會減弱。因此可知FIN219不但能夠增進植物的防禦能力，其引發的訊息傳遞也參與了生物韻律的調控機制。

Donor–acceptor cyclopropanes (DACs), which can act as sources of 1,2- and 1,3-zwitterions in the presence of Lewis acids, are widely used in organic synthesis for the preparation of various carbo- and heterocyclic compounds, including natural compounds and their analogues. To date, many types of DACs reactivity have been identified. However, the chemistry of styrylmalonates (isomers of DACs, which can be easily generated from DACs) is almost undescribed and has a powerful synthetic potential. The use of styrylmalonates as synthetic equivalents of DACs allows us cardinally change the known reaction pathways of DACs. In this work, a new strategy for cascade assembly of substituted pyrenes based on the reactions of styrylmalonates with aldehydes in the presence of BF3•Et2O has been developed. Generation of formal 1,2-zwitterionic intermediates owing to complexation of dicarboxylate groups with BF3•Et2O is the driving force of the reaction discovered. This method makes it possible to assemble pyrenes or 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-ones in one synthetic stage from readily available starting compounds with high regio- and diastereoselectivity, and use these pyrenes in futher reactions. We’ve optimized conditions of the reaction and synthesized a number of various substituted pyrenes. Moreover, the reaction shows good results with various aromatic and heteroaromatic substituents. Pyrenes can be easily purified by crystallization. Every product was obtained selectively and determined by full set of physical-chemical methods, including X-ray analysis. 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one skeleton is found in various natural compounds demonstrating a broad spectrum of biological activity, such as antiviral and antineoplastic.

Tradescantia (Tradescantia fluminensis) is the worst weed in New Zealand. By smothering and shading out seedlings, Tradescantia prevents forest regeneration. Current control methods are ineffective and simultaneously cause harm to native forest. In 2011 Neolema ogloblini, a Brazilian beetle was introduced into New Zealand as a biological control for Tradescantia. To be successful in New Zealand, a country with different environmental factors, the beetles’ ranges of preference (temperature and light intensity) had to be investigated. A gender specific trait also identified, to enable desired sex ratios within founding populations to be selected. [18] This would ensure that the beetles are not released in areas of physiological stress, and can be optimised to have the greatest impact on Tradscantia. To establish how the intensity of light affects the distribution and amount of Tradescantia eaten by N.ogloblini a choice chamber investigation was conducted. Different layers of shade cloth provided a range of light intensities 150-3450Lux (likely to be found under forest canopy where Tradescantia is problematic). Thirty beetles of a range of sizes and approximately same maturity were randomly distributed through the chambers. Each chamber contained a shoot of Tradescantia with 5 leaves. After a 24hour period the number of beetles in each chamber were counted and the amount of surface area of the leaves eaten measured. The effect of temperature on the amount of leaf surface area eaten was investigated by selecting 90 beetles of a range of sizes and withholding food for 24hours. Five beetles were placed in each of three containers containing two leaves. Each trial container was precooled/warmed to the test temperature before the beetles were added. Leaves of a similar size, shape, mass and maturity were used. All leaves were genetically identical and collected from the same location. Sets of three containers were held in the dark at the following temperatures for 24hours: 9°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C and 35°C. The surface area of leaf eaten at each temperature (mm2) was calculated. Lastly, microscopic dissections were conducted, using 32 beetles ranging in size, to establish if length (measured from the top of the head to the base of the abdomen) could be used as a phenotypic marker to identify beetle gender. While only a very weak positive relationship between increasing light intensity and the number of beetles was found a significantly higher area of leaf was eaten at a light intensity of 3450Lux compared to 150Lux. The amount of leaf area eaten is significantly reduced at temperatures of 15˚C and below, and significantly increased at 35˚C. There is no significant difference in the amount of leaf area eaten when comparing temperatures between 20-30˚C. Females have on average a larger body length (median=4.92mm) than the males (median=4.215mm). Therefore, sites with warmer temperatures in dappled light conditions (3450Lux) should be prioritised for the release of N.ogloblini, as this is the location in New Zealand at which their use as a biological control will be optimised. Beetle length can be confidently used to select desired gender ratios.

The redox reactions of bacteria metabolism have been extrinsically studied. These mechanisms allow certain types of bacteria to be able to synthesize extremely valuable extracellular byproducts. Other types of bacteria are able to extract toxic metals from water by donating electrons directly to those aqueous metal ions, thus turning them into solid precipitates. However, the problem of these microorganisms is that their efficiency rates and production speeds are exceptionally low. This study focuses on the properties of electrotrophs, which are bacteria that can feed on pure electrons directly from an electrode (Rabaey et al 2010). Compared to normal organic-feeding bacteria, electrotrophs direct the majority of the electrons obtained to the production of metabolic byproducts (Nevin et al 2010). Therefore, when electrotrophs are employed in bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) their metabolic redox reaction efficiency rates are dramatically increased. This makes it possible to produce large quantities of valuable compounds such as hydrocarbons, plastics and medicine or efficiently remediating the environment (He et al 2016). Moreover, the usage of electricity as an energy source compared to conventional organic substrates is immensely cheaper (Rabaey et al 2010). However, not all bacteria are electrotrophs nor do all electrotrophs have favourable metabolic traits. Thus, there is a need for a novel procedure to turn conventional bacteria into electrotrophs which is a crucial step to making the BES an aggressive competitor in the sustainable energy industry.

研究指出近年中高緯度天氣異常與北極震盪有關，本研究探討過去30年間北極震盪(AOI)、北大西洋震盪(NAOI)與南方震盪(SOI)特性及其間相關性，發現AOI與NAOI全年各月達中度相關以上，代表北極震盪暖相位時，西風有增強的趨勢，有利反聖嬰發展，說明海溫與北極震盪的連結。 分析2004至2013年北緯40度以北海溫資料，以月為單位各海域海溫距平值與AOI之相關係數，結合洋流圖進行區域互動之分析。發現當AOI正相位時，北大西洋暖流有增強的趨勢，與西風增強有關；海溫變化部份，6月、7月北緯85度以上北極海域低溫，應和夏季融冰或冷空氣封鎖極區有關，顯示高緯度海溫與北極震盪間的互動關係。

The growth of a city and the population movement has many correlations. However, the complex interaction causes difficulties in developing a mathematical model needed for analyzing the growth factor of a city and the movement factor of population. The model involving traditional equations cannot explain many phenomenon. The newly introduced data-science suggests possibilities to overcome these difficulties. Particularly, the abundant amount of accumulated data proposes a new solution for the problem we have. Throughout these steps, data-utilizing methodology, such as machine learning for artificial intelligence, are researched and developed with attention. In this research, data about accumulated for previous population movement and city growth are collected, and a mathematical science model based on data is developed to explain population movement and city growth by utilizing data analyzing methods such as machine learning. Especially, artificial neural network and stratified advance learning(deep learning) proves possibilities in solving many problems. This research aims to construct an artificial neural network appropriate for population movement and consequently use it in developing population movement model. Using this model, growth of many existing cities can be explained and furthermore, examining the population movement factor of a city and social factor necessary for city growth become possible. This model is expected to become the tool for resolving overpopulation and predicting and deciding factors needed for a new future city. In spite of decreasing population, it is still important to develop a model for population movement that well explains city growth and environment change.