全國中小學科展

物理與天文學

Efficient Modelling of Aeroacoustic Phenomena in Seebeck Sirens: A Simplified Approach for Real-World Applications

This paper presents a simplified but mostly accurate model for the acoustic mechanism of Seebeck sirens. We investigate the impact of key parameters, including the number and size of holes, as well as the angular speed of the disk, on the characteristics of the produced sound. The disk is fabricated using fused deposition modelling 3D printing, and we used a brushless motor, an air compressor, and a shotgun microphone to capture the generated sound. An order of magnitude analysis was conducted on the Navier-Stokes equation to formulate a simplified version. These simplifications allowed for a low computational intensity model relating volume flow rate to sound pressure level, which is used to predict the waveform of sound produced. Our findings reveal that the fundamental frequency of the sound can be precisely predicted by only the rotational frequency of the disk and the number of holes, a relationship validated experimentally. Notably, observed asymmetry in the waveform was attributed to skin drag effects, and this hypothesis was experimentally verified. Our model computes a solution in less than half a second on average: far less than the 21h 47min needed for a k−ω turbulent model to compute the same phenomenon. The research presents and verifies a simplified model of acoustic mechanics for the sound generated by rotating systems that require little computational resources, which can prove useful in situations where absolute precision is not required, in exchange for ease of computation. For more precise systems, this model serves as a foundation for quickly generating an initial design, paving the way for subsequent iterations using more comprehensive models. The developed model not only serves as a foundation for efficient preliminary designs but also contributes valuable insights into the intersection of fluid dynamics and sound production.

液滴撞擊平板耗散能量之變因

本研究探討液滴碰撞時各種變因對撞擊前後耗散能量的影響,主要以直徑、速度、黏度作為變因進行實驗。實驗前,先完成接觸角、表面張力、黏度與密度等基本量測,再利用高速攝影機測量出液滴直徑、最大擴張直徑與液滴撞擊速度,將其數值代入能量守恆式,計算出耗散能量後,發現它受到直徑的二分之一次方、速度的二分之三次方、黏度的二分之一影響,其中黏度也會造成能量與韋伯數關係圖的斜率些微變化。

Modal frequencies in a nonlinear beam-magnet coupled oscillator system

In this paper, I investigated the motion of a nonlinear coupled oscillator system consisting of two leaf springs secured to a non-magnetic base with magnets attached to the upper ends such they repel and are free to move. My results showed that the system exhibits the beats phenomenon, and interestingly that the frequencies show a dependence on initial conditions. I hence hypothesized this sensitivity is due to two sources of nonlinearities: geometric nonlinearity during large deflections of the leaf springs and the nonlinearity in the magnetic force. To test this hypothesis, a nonlinear mathematical model was developed, accounting for nonlinear beam effects up to third order and fully solving the nonlinear magnetic force using a current cylinder model, accounting for the tilting of the magnets. An approximate linear model was also developed for comparison. The theoretical models were validated experimentally by investigating the dynamic motion of the springs through time, as well as how the modal frequencies in the system depend on the initial displacement, the length of the spring, and the distance between the springs. The more accurate nonlinear model I derived shows good agreement with experimental results while the linear theory does not, highlighting the importance of nonlinearities in this system. An improved understanding of these nonlinear systems could lead to advancements in design and efficiency, and safety in various applications such as energy harvesting.

扁平長方容器中顆粒體之轉動現象探討

顆粒體(細沙、塑膠珠與鋼珠)於扁平長方容器內近二維堆積在高速轉動時,其自由面有要成為拋物線的趨勢,但因有摩擦力的存在易導致自由面出現中央尖錐區與兩側線性堆積區之分布,因而呈現類似W之外型。近二維堆積顆粒體高速轉動下,摩擦力大者(如細沙、塑膠珠)易在近轉軸處出現中央尖錐;而摩擦力小者(如鋼珠)在近轉軸處則易出現較平坦之分布。另近二維堆積顆粒體在轉動過程達穩定後之自由面分布,會受經過的歷程所影響,不具可再現性。 相同數量(1000顆)與尺寸(3 mm)的鋼珠與塑膠珠混合後以高速(>500 rpm)轉動,其堆積分布與同轉速下的鋼珠一致,代表混合態高速轉動後穩定堆積的自由面分布是由慣性大的顆粒體所決定。 顆粒體和液體轉動時類似卻又不同的現象讓值得進一步的探討。

日中必彗~由速霸陸(SUBARU)望遠鏡影像分析彗星大小

本研究從日本Subaru天文台 Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP)及Hyper Suprime-Cam Legacy Archive (HSCLA)計畫網站下載公開的可見光觀測影像,撰寫程式進行彗星軌跡擬合(trail fitting)與孔徑測光(aperture photometry),分析已知彗星在遠日軌道時的光度並初步測量其彗核大小,進行後續討論。

從吹不動螞蟻到吹出層流特質

為觀察氣流流經物體表面不易流動的現象,我們設計製造風洞實驗裝置。將筆芯墊在金屬片上,測量筆芯被吹動時的驅動速率,繼而變更筆芯的高度與水平位置,測量筆芯被吹動之驅動速率。由數據作圖可看出在風洞管下半部,筆芯驅動速率會隨著高度以乘冪減少,也就是從底層往上的流速是乘冪函數增加,與文獻之圖形類似。同時從數據作圖分析中也可看出筆芯越細,隨高度增加時,驅動速率較快變小。而筆芯超過風洞管一半鉛直高度後,數據曲線不如預期,故又繼續研究金屬塊破壞層流之效應。在底層放平行條狀物(簡稱肋條),用筆芯來看出氣流的擾動,測出驅動速率有些區域大有些區域小,表示障礙物引起二次流的紊流並不是流速變快,是屬於擾動式的。

使用蓋亞資料庫探討球狀星團中天琴座RR型變星的組成

球狀星團是星體分布緊密、金屬豐度低的星團。天琴座 RR 型變星經常出現在球狀星團中, 且在恆星演化上有重要意義。僅管目前對此類型變星的其週期、亮度等研究十分完備,分析其組成比例的研究仍略為缺乏。使用 GAIADR3資料庫,首先根據目標星團周圍星體數量繪製熱點圖,求出星團視半徑後,分析二十個球狀星團的天琴座 RR 型變星組成百萬分率,發現影響的主要參數依序為星團年齡、星團半徑與金屬豐度,並分別提出假說解釋 其原理。透過調整三個參數的係數,定義出能代表三者或其中二者共同影響的參數,使變星組成比例成為輔助判斷星團相關參數的依據。另外討論偏離主要趨勢星團的原因,且亦探討以熱點圖概念求出的視半徑和文獻之出入之處。

金屬豐度對類太陽恆星氦閃的影響

氦閃是類太陽恆星演化過程的關鍵事件之一,過去已有人建立了不同初始質量、不同金屬豐度的恆星演化模型,但礙於當時的科技水平,無法直接計算氦閃的過程,只能在水平分支時透過導入模型繼續運算。如今因為模擬程式的進步,已能補足以往之缺漏,以新的視角來檢視恆星演化的過程。 本研究使用功能強大的 MESA進行恆星演化的模擬,再以 Python將模擬結果繪製成可視化圖表,來探討金屬豐度對類太陽恆星氦閃過程及恆星演化的影響。經分析得知恆星的金屬豐度與能夠發生氦閃的初始質量上下限呈正相關。而在會發生氦閃的恆星中,金屬豐度與其氦閃前的表面光度為正相關。隨後因為金屬豐度氦閃釋放的功率峰值呈負相關,導致其與氦核溫度與密度的變化也呈負相關,所以金屬豐度與恆星氦閃後的光度呈負相關;並因為金屬豐度與氫包層質量呈負相關,所以其與恆星在氦閃前及氦閃後的溫度也呈負相關。

Development of Electrical Shielding system for auto dust removal for solar PV modules

Currently, Large-scale solar PV systems installations are taking place in the desert environment and space to harness abundant solar energy effectively. Dust accumulation on the surface of photovoltaic panels (PV) is the most stignant problem for photovoltaic panels, as dust deposition reduces PV problem energy generation efficiency significantly. Thus, the removal of dust from the PV panels has become very important to increase the rate of energy efficiency by the PV panels. The dust particles could be reduced using traditional dust cleaning techniques. But, in the harsh and hostile desert environment, these approaches which requires a lot of water, complicated mechanical instruments, enormous logistics, and personnel. Electrodynamic dust shielding (EDS) system has been developed at our laboratory to remove dust particles from the surface of the PV panels. The EDS system has been successfully tested for dust mitigation. The unique features of our EDS System is that it is cost effective, easy to install and no manpower required as it is an unmanned system. The design and construction of a single-phase electrodynamic dust repulsion device built locally in KSA is demonstrated in this study. This work showed that the optimized electrode design and electrical parameters, such as AC source voltage and frequency, maximized the EDS system's dust mitigation effectiveness. A perfect balance was achieved between the geometrical and electrical parameters of the EDS system, resulting in a dust removal efficiency of up to 92±1 ℅.

磁星短x射線爆發特徵分析:以1E2259+586為例

我們是探討磁星的短X射線爆發(Short X-ray burst)。利用RXTE太空望遠鏡觀測磁星1E2259+586的數據,經由Bayesian block方法對光變曲線篩選找出爆發,並配合「波松分佈」與「虛無假設」找出50筆爆發事件(爆發的正確性有5σ的信心水準)。再利用HDBSCAN非監督式學習演算法來對短X射線爆發進行分群,找出此磁星有「短暫且高能爆發、中等持續與能量爆發、較長持續且溫和爆發、快速且低能爆發」現象,暗示了磁星爆發的多樣性並有不同的爆發機制。此外我們也發現磁星可能有「週期性」的現象,也許是自轉週期、地殼受的應力或磁場變化經過同樣時間累積(有週期性)而爆發。我們也比對有快速電波爆發 (Fast radio burst, FRB)的磁星SGR 1935+2154,看是否1E2259+586有FRB現象,結果暗示1E2259+586可能沒有FRB現象。