全國中小學科展

物理與天文學

低速狀態下磁性齒輪傳動特性的實驗與理論探討

本研究探討利用指尖陀螺作為磁性齒輪,觀察並分析其磁性齒輪效應。本研究測量了磁性齒輪間的轉動慣量、影響範圍及力矩,除此之外,本研究發現,自由運轉狀態下的齒輪,具有三個運動階段,高速狀態,介於高速至低速難以預測的階段,以及低速的穩定運動狀態。 此外,為提升磁場計算的精確度,我們發現磁偶極近似方法無法有效描述系統中的磁場分佈,因此使用積分計算來求得更精確的磁場數據,並與實驗數據進行比對,結果吻合良好。

滾動的「刺」界—濱刺麥滾動因素之探討

此實驗主要在探討不同條件對濱刺麥(Spinifex littoreus)滾動之影響,並利用模型(以下簡稱模擬球)來推導其實際滾動之效果。我們利用木板作為模擬球滾動的環境,並設計了四個操縱變因,分別為刺的長度、數量、材質(模擬球本身的條件)及風速(外在環境條件),測量模擬球的滾動軌跡、終端速度等物理量,並利用tracker、Excel等軟體分析數據,發現了刺的長度和環境風速與模擬球滾動的終端速度呈正相關;而刺的數量則與模擬球滾動的終端速度呈負相關,刺的材質主要影響滾動的阻力。

探討星系交互作用對恆星形成速率與恆星質量關係的影響

星系的恆星形成速率與恆星質量關係一直是天文研究中的熱門主題。為何星系在相似的恆星總質量下有不同的恆星形成速率?這些差異的基本機制是什麼?為了回答這些問題,在這個研究中,我使用了 Sloan Digital Sky Survey(SDSS)的大量光譜數據以及 Hyper Suprime- Cam(HSC)Survey 所獲取的深度成像數據,來研究星系合併對恆星形成速率的影響。首先, 我使用 HSC 圖像來尋找正在合併過程中的星系子集,之後使用了機器學習演算法幫助辨別所有在 SDSS 數據集中有 HSC 觀測的合併星系。然後,我分析合併的不同階段對恆星形成速率與恆星質量關係的影響,並將其與獨立星系的關係分別進行比較。最終,結果顯示,平均而言,合併星系的星形成速率約是恆星質量相似的獨立星系的 2 倍,這證明星系合併是影響星系恆星形成速率與恆星質量關係的關鍵機制之一。

親疏有別-水滴在親疏交錯界面之運動現象探討

當水滴碰撞親疏交錯界面,直線、弧線及螺線親疏線條決定了水滴鋪展收縮的對稱形態與受力,研究發現水滴有分割、彈跳、移動、旋轉等多樣化運動現象,接著以此基礎提出「水滴移動猜想」並且驗證成功:水滴置於繪有親水弧線道的疏水振動平板上,會因為持續的不對稱鋪展收縮產生了振動-移動現象,且和水滴大小、振幅頻率、親疏線型、平板材質、張力黏度、角度…有關。本研究亦嘗試控制水滴使其產生繞圓周、直角過彎、爬坡下坡等現象,更測試出「懸吊」水滴的振動-移動。最後,針對其形態、受力加以分析,提出模型予以解釋。

以數據驅動方式探究類星體於可見光與無線電光譜之性質關聯

通過 LOFAR望遠鏡與斯隆數位巡天計畫之資料釋出,我們得以在大量、清晰的資料庫中發掘許多天體的特殊性質。本研究結合兩個大型研究計劃的無線電波源目錄與類星體光學目錄,分析 LOFAR-detected類星體在可見光觀測上與其他類星體的光譜性質差異,利用決策樹與相關的集成學習模型建立對於缺乏無線電紀錄之類星體的光學資料分類模型,並期望在未來驗證學界目前對於類星體產生無線電原理的各種假說。

偏心馬達振動對物體運動速度之影響

本研究探討振動體運動。調控馬達轉速帶動離心錘旋轉。閃頻同步測量轉動頻率,並追蹤軟體分析運動軌跡,各頻率下平移速度。 離心錘逆時針旋轉高於 24Hz開始運動,移動速率與旋轉頻率關係:理論值 26~47Hz轉一圈向右移動,47~56Hz 轉兩圈向左,56~65Hz 轉三圈向右,並以起跳至著地空中時段,合力向右或左比例,分析運動方向。 力圖分析列出水平驅動力、正向力、摩擦力等時間函數建構理論模型。由 Desmos軟體計算水平移動速率,藉頻率調控正向力、摩擦力,計算得各頻率下振動體速度,進行理論與實驗比對後,幾乎完全吻合,驗證此理論模型正確性。 安裝加速規得垂直加速度與時間關係,類似鋸齒波與正弦組合,似乎可由振動體底座為具彈性珍珠板加以解釋。

Development of Electrical Shielding system for auto dust removal for solar PV modules

Currently, Large-scale solar PV systems installations are taking place in the desert environment and space to harness abundant solar energy effectively. Dust accumulation on the surface of photovoltaic panels (PV) is the most stignant problem for photovoltaic panels, as dust deposition reduces PV problem energy generation efficiency significantly. Thus, the removal of dust from the PV panels has become very important to increase the rate of energy efficiency by the PV panels. The dust particles could be reduced using traditional dust cleaning techniques. But, in the harsh and hostile desert environment, these approaches which requires a lot of water, complicated mechanical instruments, enormous logistics, and personnel. Electrodynamic dust shielding (EDS) system has been developed at our laboratory to remove dust particles from the surface of the PV panels. The EDS system has been successfully tested for dust mitigation. The unique features of our EDS System is that it is cost effective, easy to install and no manpower required as it is an unmanned system. The design and construction of a single-phase electrodynamic dust repulsion device built locally in KSA is demonstrated in this study. This work showed that the optimized electrode design and electrical parameters, such as AC source voltage and frequency, maximized the EDS system's dust mitigation effectiveness. A perfect balance was achieved between the geometrical and electrical parameters of the EDS system, resulting in a dust removal efficiency of up to 92±1 ℅.

Study on acoustic wave and disturbances in thermal flow fields

本篇研究說明了不同週期波對於熱流場與火焰搖擺之相關原理與運動觀察。實驗中運用了重低音音響去進行週期波的擾動,而我們也從中觀測到許多現象, 如:火焰的週期性搖擺、共振等等。此外,研究包含了確認熱流場被週期波擾動 之可能性與其狀態,也在理論與分析過程中,不斷的經由多項實驗去支持我們自行推導出的偏離角度與火焰恢復時間之公式 tr ∝ 𝑎 1/2b0.55 ≃ √b/a = √𝛽/𝛼 1/(1-ρf/ρa)∙ℓ2/gR (1 − 𝑘θ)

金屬豐度對類太陽恆星氦閃的影響

氦閃是類太陽恆星演化過程的關鍵事件之一,過去已有人建立了不同初始質量、不同金屬豐度的恆星演化模型,但礙於當時的科技水平,無法直接計算氦閃的過程,只能在水平分支時透過導入模型繼續運算。如今因為模擬程式的進步,已能補足以往之缺漏,以新的視角來檢視恆星演化的過程。 本研究使用功能強大的 MESA進行恆星演化的模擬,再以 Python將模擬結果繪製成可視化圖表,來探討金屬豐度對類太陽恆星氦閃過程及恆星演化的影響。經分析得知恆星的金屬豐度與能夠發生氦閃的初始質量上下限呈正相關。而在會發生氦閃的恆星中,金屬豐度與其氦閃前的表面光度為正相關。隨後因為金屬豐度氦閃釋放的功率峰值呈負相關,導致其與氦核溫度與密度的變化也呈負相關,所以金屬豐度與恆星氦閃後的光度呈負相關;並因為金屬豐度與氫包層質量呈負相關,所以其與恆星在氦閃前及氦閃後的溫度也呈負相關。

Inclined Sedimentation of Suspensions: Theoretical and Experimental Investigation into the Boycott Effect

The Boycott Effect is a phenomenon where sedimentation rate can be increased by tilting the container which holds the suspension, making it a way to increase the efficiency of the process without additional energy input. This makes the Boycott Effect valuable in speeding up and optimising a multitude of industrial applications such as wastewater management and food processing, all of which employ sedimentation to separate particulate matter from the fluids in which they are suspended in. Thus, it is imperative to model the Boycott Effect accurately for a wide range of cases, including arbitrary shaped containers and suspensions of various concentrations without the need to run costly, computationally expensive numerical simulations. In this project I investigated the inclined sedimentation of suspensions both theoretically and experimentally. Experimentally, two image tracking programs were created and tested out on my own experimental videos. I demonstrated the use of a novel method for making use of the Beer-Lambert Law to optically keep track of local concentration of suspensions. This method allows more information to be gathered about the sedimentation process in a very low-cost, non-equipment intensive or invasive way. Theoretically, I expanded upon the well-known analytical 2D PNK theory by accounting for concentration-hindering and sediment build-up effects, as well as the geometrical theory for 3D cylindrical geometries. All parts of the theoretical model were verified with experimental data and shown to have good agreement. (233 words)