見微知「駐」-水珠律動與圓駐波
It is always fascinating to see water droplet’s dancing around on a Japanese teppanyaki hotplate surface. The water usually does not evaporate immediately, but form interesting shapes, dance around and follow by evaporation of gaseous water and disappear. In this experiment, we designed a very simple experimental set-up to observe the little water droplets dancing on a heated hotplate. A homemade stainless plate and a small heater attached to the plate, and a thermal couple was assembled. With this simple setup, we observed the variation of water droplet’s shape as a function of the hotplate temperatures. The temperature of the water droplets, the duration of the water on the hotplate, and the shape number were measured. The shape formation mechanism was proposed. We found when the water droplet was subject to high heat due to the contact of the surface and the hotplate, the abrupt evaporation of the water molecules and violent vibration cause the formation of the various shapes to reach thermal equilibrium; the number of the shapes and the oscillation can be described by Laplace’s equation,Using a high-speed camera, we found the higher the temperature of the water, the more variations of the water droplet shapes can be observed. In addition, at a certain temperature range, the number of the water shapes did not change, suggesting a similar phase transformation behavior on the shape formation.
緣起: 邂逅專題研究、水珠漫舞、剪輯影片,引起我們想更進一步揭開它的神秘面紗。
緣續: 了解熱平台上水滴大小的變化及水珠基本的形狀及變化律動。
緣繫: 進一步研究水珠多變的面貌,並探討水珠的大小、溫度、停滯時間及變化規律相關機制。
緣定: 糾纏在水珠圓舞曲中有如大珠小珠落玉盤的曼妙,其中埋藏了平均圓與能量量子化的律動。
姑婆芋的傳粉生物學
我們在校園內設置兩樣區,從2007 年4 月至2007年6月,共調查9株姑婆芋,93朵佛焰花,以瞭解姑婆芋生活史、傳粉昆蟲生活史及兩者之間的互動關係。 姑婆芋在11 月至7 月花期時會不斷產生佛焰花苞,剛冒出的花苞經過1到3天後,雌蕊漸成熟,佛焰苞會漸漸展開,開始產熱及一些特殊氣味,吸引果蠅科未知種的蠅類傳粉。當胚株受粉後,佛焰苞頸部會閉合,迫使傳粉昆蟲會往上爬到雄蕊部位攜帶花粉,飛至另一株姑婆芋雌蕊上傳粉,因此姑婆芋與傳粉昆蟲之間具有互利共生的關係。佛焰花序主要產生氣味的部位是在附屬物及雄部,而佛焰苞則可以幫助吸引更多傳粉昆蟲。佛焰花序的附屬物及雄部相對溫度較高,可能具有產熱以吸引傳粉昆蟲的功能。 ;Our study started from April, 2007 to June, 2007. We observed a total of 9 Alocasia odora and 93 spathes to help understand the life cycle of these understory clonal herbs, its pollinators, and the relationship between them. Alocasia odora produces spathes continuously during inflorescence. In the female phase, the pistillate part of the inflorescence ripens and an opening appears at the spathe, heat and a special odor is produced to attract pollinators of Drosophilidae. When the ovule is pollinated, the male phase begins and the opening encloses, which forces the pollinators upwards to the staminate part to carry its pollens, and then fly to an other Alocasia odora, Heat and the special odor are produced by the appendix and the staminate part of the inflorescence, and the spathe can increase the number of pollinators attracted. The relationship of mutualism between these two species contribute to the study of coevolution.
多變色膽固醇型液晶面板之研發
多變色膽固醇型液晶面板為利用具雙穩態(Bistable)特性及因螺距不同而反射特定波長的膽固醇型液晶(CLC)。本研究創新作法為二:一、利用固化的方式使膽固醇型液晶螺距大小不同,使變色機制不同於一般電腦液晶面板,所製的液晶面板為以液晶的特性變色。二、將液晶螢幕中控制液晶的IPS 系統、側邊電極應用於液晶白板中。雙層液晶白板上層為混合E7(向列型液晶)+S811(旋光物質)的Bistable CLC,下層為混合RM82、CB15、BL006、I-369 的多變色(Multi-color)CLC 面板。The main purpose of the research plan lies in the application of the CLC. By using the Cholesteric -the bistable and the wavelength due to different pitch sizes- we can make liquid crystal whiteboard. First, by heating and curing, we are able to cause the pitch sizes of CLC to be different. Unlike the commonly used LCD in computers, the features of CLC itself are applied to the color changing mechanism we make. Second, we apply the IPS horizontal electric field and flank electrode to our LCD whiteboard. In making the Multi-color CLC Display, we mix RM82, CB15 and BL006.
狂舞飛圈-簡單飛機的飛行動力研究
本實驗主要是探究雙圈圈簡單飛機的飛行原理,歸納圈圈結構對飛行距離、升力的影響,以及氣流流經機體時發生的作用。研究結果如下:一、實際發射,歸納影響滑行距離的變因。1. 前後圈直徑比值約為0.8 時滑行距離為最大。2. 前後圈寬度比值越接近1 時,滑行距離越遠,但影響不大。3. 圈圈間隔在21cm 時,滑行距離最大。二、設置風洞,模擬飛機飛行,測量升力1. 圈圈寬度越大,升力越大。2. 升力最大值出現在圈圈仰角25 度左右,風速越快,升力越大。3. 鋁片仰角在20°時升力最大,升力與角度的關係式為 F = 5×10?7θ4 + 4×10?5θ3 ? 0.0083θ2 + 0.2615θ + 0.13744. 風速越快,升力越大,在仰角20°時升力與風速的關係大約為F = 0.4579V2 - 0.9231V +1.4772 。5. 鋁片面寬每增加1cm,升力也增加0.1513gw。前後長每增加1cm,升力即增加0.1263gw。三、設置蒸汽氣流,觀察簡單飛機的氣流場1. 蒸汽流通過圈圈時,會發生附壁現象,而且簡單飛機使氣流往下偏折,飛機得到升力。四、理論演繹︰1. 以康達效應的理論推算出升力,與實際測量得的升力約相等,驗證升力確實由康達理論造成。2. 墊高簡單飛機前圈,使得軸線提高,確實影響了飛行距離,墊高1cm 以內,飛行距離均增加了,以實際的改進證實升力確實是康達效應。This experiment mainly discusses the flying principle of the simple plane which is made up of a straw with two paper circles, one bigger than the other, stuck on both two ends of it. We first launched the simple plane actually and concluded the factors which influenced the sliding distance of the plane, including the distance between two circles, diameter and width of the two circles. Second, we set up a simple wind-tunnel and simulated the flight, in order to measure the strength of lift. Third, we set up the steam air flow and observed the change of the air current in the steam flow while flowing through the plane. The Phenomenon of Wall Enclosing happened and made the flows downward, and the plane gained the lift at the same time. Finally, we deduced that there are two sources of lift and Benoulli's law is not suitable for it. The Coanda Effect can be applied to figure out 54 percent of lift. And the current, blocked by the plane, also offers some lift. In order to prove that the Coanda Effect does effect, we padded the first circle to enlarge the angle of elevation of the axis of the two circles. It really affected the sliding distance of the plane. While the first circle is padded up within 1 cm, the sliding distance of the plane increases. Practical improvement proves that Coanda Effect accounts for the lift.
奈米複合材料與空氣分子的愛恨情仇-探討奈米碳管對空氣滲透率之影響
本實驗使用聚醚亞醯胺溶液製備基本薄膜,由於玻璃態高分子薄膜過於緻密,一直是高分子薄膜在應用上的一大限制,為了在薄膜上製造缺陷,又不會使薄膜之選擇性降低,因此選擇將酸化之奈米碳管(孔徑10~20nm) 加至聚醚亞醯胺薄膜中。本實驗主要為探討添加不同濃度的酸化奈米碳管對聚醚亞醯胺薄膜的滲透率與選擇率的影響,藉由添加0.5 wt%、1 wt%、1.5 wt%、3 wt%、4 wt%等不同濃度的酸化奈米碳管至15 wt% 的聚醚亞醯胺溶液中,並製作薄膜,測試其基本性質與五種氣體(H2、CO2、O2、N2、CH4)的滲透率及不同空氣分子之間的選擇率。我們總共測試了三種薄膜的性質,分別是表面特性、熱穩定性及結晶型與層間距,薄膜的表面性質,能觀察到奈米碳管在薄膜中製造奈米孔隙結構,增加氣體滲透的孔道,能有效增加氣體的滲透率。增加奈米碳管的量,能有效升高第一階段熱裂解的溫度,雖然熱裂解在本實驗中沒有很大的差異,但是還是可以從熱重分析圖中推測不同量的奈米碳管會影響熱穩定性。在X 光繞射實驗中,添加奈米碳管的薄膜與純聚醚亞醯胺薄膜,在結晶相上都屬非結晶型薄膜,添加了奈米碳管的高分子複合薄膜的層間距明顯增大。在氣體滲透實驗中,我們比較了不同氣體或濃度不同的奈米複合薄膜的氣體滲透率,在不同氣體時,氣體的滲透率會隨著奈米碳管濃度增加有明顯的提升,五種氣體滲透率大致依照H2>CO2>O2>N2>CH4 這個趨勢增減。奈米碳管對1.5%增加到3%或4%的奈米複合薄膜滲透率的影響卻減小,由此可以推斷奈米碳管對空氣滲透率並非無限制的增加,在1.5%以後就漸漸趨近最大值。H2為14.89barrer,CO2 為9.51barrer,O2為6.34barrer,N2為6.48barrer, CH4 為3.75barrer 。本研究總共比較了三組氣體的選擇率,分別是CO2/CH4,O2/N2,H2/CH4,分離率最高的是H2/CH4 的,兩分子的粒徑大小差對分離率有極大影響,差愈大,其分離率也愈高。奈米碳管的量改變並不會使薄膜的氣體選擇率明顯增加或減少,但是加入太多奈米碳管其選擇率會變低。在五片薄膜中,1.5%的薄膜有最好的選擇率,奈米碳管的添加量超過1.5%選擇率就會開始下降。綜合滲透率及選擇率可以分析出,添加1.5%奈米碳管的高分子奈米複合薄膜有較高的滲透率,又不會降低選擇率,在利用上比其他濃度的奈米複合薄膜在有害氣體過濾及空氣的分離回收方面產生更好的效果。;This experiment uses Polyetherimide polymers solution to make basic membranes. Because glassy polymer membranes are too dense for gas permeations, it is one of the limitations in their applications. To increase gas permeability and maintain air selectivity, I made some nanogaps on the surface of the membranes by an acidification multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs, kinetic diameter 10~20nm) in the PEI membranes. We mainly want to find if it has some influence between the consistency of acidification MWNTs and gas permeability or selectivity. We mixed 0.5wt% 、1wt%、1.5wt%、3wt%、4wt% acidification Carbon nanotube in 15wt% PEI solution, made membranes and tested the character, five kinds of gas permeability (H2、CO2、O2、N2、CH4) and the selectivity between different gases. We have tested the three nature of membranes, including surface characteristic, TGA and XRD. We can see some nanogapes made by carbon nanotube in the membranes. It could availably increase gas permeability. Mixing more carbon nanotube in the membranes could increase the temperature of the first heat-decomposition. Though the heat-decomposition in this experiment didn’t change a lot, we could say that different percent nanotube would affect the membranes’ heat-decomposition. By the experiment of XRD, the membranes with carbon nanotube and the pure PEI membranes attach to amorphous membranes. Nanocomposite’s de-spacing is bigger than pure membranes. In the experiment of air permeability, we compared different kinds of gas or different percent carbon nanotube of nanocomposite if they have some change of permeability. The conclusion is that air permeability increase as the quantity of nanotube increase. The five kinds of permeability the direction:H2>CO2>O2>N2>CH4.The influence of permeability will decrease when the quantity of carbon nanotube increase from 1.5% to 3% or 4%. We can get the conclusion that the increment of gas permeability isn’t limitary. It drifts towards maximal about 1.5%. H2 is 14.89barrer. CO2 is 9.51barrer. O2 is 6.34barrer. N2 is 6.48barrer. CH4 is 3.75 barrer.This experiment totally compared three groups of air selectivity. They ’re CO2/CH4, O2/N2 and H2/CH4. The maximum of selectivity is H2/CH4. The difference of kinetic diameter affects air selectivity a lot. The quantity of nanotube doesn’t associate with the air selectivity, but mixing too much nanotube will decrease air selectivity. The 1.5% nanocomposite has the highest selectivity. If the consistency of the membranes is higher than 1.5%, the air selectivity will decrease. Depend on the gas permeability and the air selectivity, the 1.5% nanocomposite has higher permeability and constant air selectivity. That shows the 1.5% nanocomposite has a better effect on air selectivity and recycling.
Crying Babies
a. PURPOSE: Do babies between 0 – 3 months have certain sound reflexes that can be interpreted as a language? Can parents be helped to understand their newborn babies better? Are parents aware of infantile speech patterns and language acquisition in babies? b. PROCEDURES: 70 Babies of different cultures were tested to determine if the 5 crying-sounds can be an indication of the baby's need. Questionnaires and information were given out at hospitals and clinics. Doctors, paediatricians, sisters and parents were involved in my project. DVD's were made to show and explain the different sounds. c. DATA: I obtained my data from the questionnaires, interviews with parents, doctors, paediatricians and the staff working in the labour-wards. 70 Babies were tested (68 responded) and I listened to every cryingsound to make sure that there are only 5 different sounds. I made a DVD from all the sounds of the babies that I've tested. Data were also gathered from science. d. CONCLUSIONS: According to all the research and sources, I can positively say that a person can identify the reason why babies (0-3 months) are crying. Babies of any culture, have universal sounds that indicate their needs. The different sounds are: EH – upper gas, EAIRH – lower gas, HEH – discomfort, OWH –tired, NEH – hungry.
環境因子影響美洲蜚蠊觸角擺動模式之研究
本研究以攝影紀錄的方式,透過電腦進行影像分析,記錄不同刺激下美洲蜚蠊(Periplaneta americana)的觸角擺動模式,計算出各項觸角運動的參數,以瞭解光線(光刺激或光適應)、震動刺激、喝水與進食對其觸角行為的影響。我們發現在不同因子的刺激下,觸角擺動的模式具有差異,若兩種不同的刺激同時發生,蜚蠊觸角的行為亦具整合性的反應。蜚蠊於不同狀態下(如喝水或進食),對相同的刺激有不同的反應,證明蜚蠊觸角的行為模式,受環境因子與個體狀態調節。透過掃瞄式電子顯微鏡的觀察,也發現觸角具多種感覺毛,且雌雄的感覺毛的分佈與數量具有差異。綜合以上發現,證明觸角除了為敏感的受器,亦為能反映出生理與環境狀態的動器,同時也適合進行發展檢測器的仿生學應用,用來檢測環境中物理及化學因子。The aim of this study is to investigate the different swing motion modes of antennae of American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) by computer-aided Imaging Analysis. The parameters of each swing movement were calculated in order to analyze how light (including light stimulation or light adaptation), vibration, food and drinking water may affect the antennae behavior of American cockroach. It was found that the antennae swing motion modes were significantly different under different types of stimulus. If two different types of stimulus occurred at the same time, the reactions of antennae motion may become conformable. Under different environmental conditions (such as food or water), same stimulus may result in different reactions. The antennae behavior has shown to be significantly affected by environmental conditions and individual physiological status. Through the observation with scanning electron microscope (SEM), it was found that the antennae has many types of sensilla; and the distribution and quantity of these sensilla are significant different between sexes. In conclusion, not only the antennae are considered as the sensitive receptors, but also they are the important effectors to reflect physiological status and environmental conditions. The current model is suitable for the development of specific detectors in the applications of Bionics to detect the physical and chemical factors in certain environments.