上樑不正下樑歪-脊椎側彎的探討
台灣大多數學校並無全面性脊椎側彎篩檢與追蹤的健康服務，因此學生脊椎側彎的問題都不易被發現。本研究的目的希望藉由長期的追蹤與鼓勵學生進行治療，以降低脊椎側彎的盛行率與側彎角度。台灣地區學齡兒童脊椎側彎的盛行率大約是3-3.5％，而本校脊椎側彎的盛行率大約在1％左右，而且女生明顯多於男生。根據篩檢發現本校脊椎側彎較易發生在BMI（Body Mass Index）值較低的學童身上，也就是說，瘦型體格罹患脊椎側彎的機會較高。脊椎側彎可以藉由簡單的目測及儀器測量實施篩檢，並配合醫師復健運動，可達預防與治療之效果。本校實施兩年即約有60%的成效。因此建議將脊椎側彎納入學校健康檢查的項目之一（包含國小五、六年級與國中階段）。 ;The scoliosis of school children cannot be discovered easily because the overall scoliosis screening and tracing are not provided in most schools in Taiwan. The main purpose of this study is to reduce the prevalence rate and the angle of scoliosis by proceeding scoliosis screening continuously, and encouraging the patients to take physical treatment at the same time. Compared with the scoliosis prevalence rate in Taiwan(3-3.5%), the rate in our school is about 1%. Furthermore, the girls with scoliosis are outnumber the boys with the disease. This study shows children with low BMI value will have higher probability to acquire scoliosis. In other words, thin children may fall victims of the disease more often. The scoliosis can be examined with some easy methods, such as unaided-eyes measuring or scoliosis detecting. Besides screening, hospital treatment can attain the effects of prevention and cure. For the first two years, the practice of scoliosis screening in our school can improve the disease obviously (about 60%). In conclusion, the study strongly suggests the scoliosis screening can be included into an item of health examination from the fifth graders to the ninth.
石油工業廢觸媒於水泥〈砂〉漿中對其流度影響之探討
隨著科技的發達，工業廢棄物應運而生，在地小人稠的台灣，每年就產生約6000 公噸的廢觸媒，為了讓環境免於遭受廢棄物的污染，本實驗著重於廢觸媒的再利用，探討廢觸媒作為混凝土中礦物摻料對水泥(砂)漿流動性的影響。
本實驗所採用的廢觸媒來自石油裂解廠的靜電集塵廢觸媒，主要由SiO2 及Al2O3 所組成且具有部份非結晶相和卜作嵐材料之特性，外觀為乳灰白色粉末、含水量2.8﹪，溶於水中有放熱現象，pH 值為3.85。廢觸媒對水的親和力大，添加至水泥(砂)漿中會使得漿體的流動性減小，因此必須藉由提昇強塑劑劑量才能提高工作度。
在水膠比(W/B)為0.42 時，隨著強塑劑HPC-1000 劑量的增加，水泥漿的流度明顯增加，而且適當量的廢觸媒取代水泥，能維持水泥漿一定的流度。當強塑劑HPC-1000 劑量為3.0﹪、砂/水泥＝2.75 時，隨著水灰比(W/C)的增加，水泥漿的流度也明顯增加，而同條件下，不論水膠比(W/B)0.485 或0.55 時，廢觸媒取代水泥之水泥砂漿的流度比飛灰、爐石、高嶺土好，與矽灰相當，其最佳取代水泥量為15﹪。
As technology continues to develop, a considerable amount of industrial wastes have been produced.In Taiwan, over 6,000 tons of spent catalysts were brought out yearly. If such wastes can be reused in some ways, it may be helpful to protect our environment from being polluted. This study was taken to determine the influence of spent catalysts on the flowability of mortar while the catalysts were used as mineral additives for concrete. Since the catalysts could reduce the flowability of cement pastes because of the affinity between the catalysts and water, it was necessary to have superplasticizers added to improve the fluidity of the mortar.
The spent catalysts used in this study were spent electrostatic precipitator cracking catalysts, called Epcat, which were provided by petroleum refining companies. Comprising mainly silicon oxide and aluminum oxide, the off-white catalyst powder present water content of 2.8%, pH value of 3.85 and exothermic reaction with water.
In this study, it was found that while the ratio of water to binder (W/B) was 0.42, the flowability of the cement pastes increased with the increasing addition of superplasticizers. Besides, the flowability of cement pastes kept steady while a proper amount of Epcat was used to replace cement.When the ratio of sand to cement (W/C) was 2.75, with 3.0% superplasticizers HPC-1000 added,the flowability of the mortars markedly increased while the W/C increased, and the replacement with spent catalysts made the mortars show similar flowability as silica fume but better flowability than fly ash, slag and kaolinite, no matter the W/B value of the cement pastes was 0.485 or 0.55. In fact, the best Epcat replacement for cement was 15%.
奇妙的三維世界
本實作以光學全像術為基礎，拍攝出三維立體的影像。內容主要為分別製作「穿透式」全像片、「反射式」全像片及「彩虹」全像片等三部份。其中，在反射式全像片中，嘗試以不同數量的光束來拍攝。發現以單光束法拍攝出的全像片比較容易成功，但重建影像的視角與效果都不如雙光束拍攝法來的好。在拍攝彩虹全像片的過程中我們令狹縫為變因，做有加狹縫與未加狹縫的實驗，實驗發現效果不同。並以改變狹縫的角度、方位，來觀察底片的變化。最後，觀察出豐富多樣的彩虹變化型態。全像片可重建拍攝的物光與參考光，並顯現拍攝物的三維狀態。可應用於信用卡、紙鈔防偽，廠商標籤，附加商品（如鑰匙圈、貼紙），廣告看板等，用途廣泛。 The purpose of this project is to construct the 3-dimensional images utilized optical holography. The holograms we made can be categorized into three main types: transmission, reflection and rainbow. In reflection hologram, we have tried to construct the hologram by the use of different number of light beams. It could be found that the reconstructed image of the hologram formed by a single beam is better than those of the hologram formed by two beams. However, the field of view and image quality of the two-beam hologram was better than those of single-beam hologram. In rainbow hologram, we varied the orientation and position of slit to investigate the quality of the reconstructed images. The reconstructed images displayed rainbow image diversity. In application, the holograms can display three-dimensional images by reconstructing the hologram. In addition, the holograms are in widespread applied in security applications of credit card、banknotes、labels、stickers etc.
毛細管內液體流速之探討及黏度測量方法之創新
有一次上實驗課時看到鄰桌的同學正以實驗室的毛細管吸吮一瓶\r 葡萄汁，每當他吞嚥時，毛細管內殘餘的葡萄汁竟然以近似等速的狀\r 態降回果汁瓶裡，這似乎違背了重力加速度的常理，是毛細管的影響\r 嗎？還是葡萄汁特有的現象？這與毛細管插入葡萄汁的深度有關嗎？\r 這一連串的問題皆因升學壓力而無暇深究。\r 升上高中的那年暑假，我參加了學校舉辦的資優科學營，在物理\r 實驗課中恰好遇到了以毛細管測量液體黏度的實驗，使我有機會深入\r 思索毛細管內液體流速的問題。這個實驗很不好做，要調整兩個定高\r 容器，使水平毛細管兩端產生固定的壓差，讓流經管內的液體為等速\r 的流動。大家手忙腳亂地操作了近三小時，測出來的黏度不僅和老師\r 公布的答案差距甚大，而且各組同學所測得之結果也大相逕庭，不過\r 我們都體驗到了液體黏度對流速的影響。\r 實驗的誤差為什麼那麼大？扣除人為操作誤差後儀器本身還有多\r 大改進空間？有否更精簡的方法測量黏度？毛細管中液體的流速真\r 是固定的嗎？把毛細管斜置或是垂直架置，流速還會固定嗎？重力不\r 會影響流速嗎？若流速真為固定的，如何控制或改變流速呢？是否可\r 以利用流速來測出液體黏度？\r 由於我對這個實驗的專注，在學校選修的專題課程中即以此為題\r 目做長期的研究，在老師的指導下，我和同組同學不停地查閱有關書\r 籍及整理資料，漸漸研究清楚原理後定出實驗計畫，並開始購買材料\r 與工具，長期地動手實驗及改進，兩年來我們利用毛細管中液體的等\r 速及不等速流動的特性，發展出了兩種既精簡又準確的液體黏度測量\r 法，以下就是整個研究及創作的過程。\r \r \r The viscosity is one of the most important parameters of the fluids. In conventional viscosity experiments, capillary-based viscometers are widely adopted because of their user-ready devices and moderate prices. However, to accurately measure the viscosity, the fluid velocity must be kept constant; otherwise, the fluctuation may cause the serious deviation. Besides, traditional capillary viscometers often require a long time to make the measurement. This research aims at exploring the capillary fluid mechanics and developing accurate and rapid methods to measure the viscosity. In this study, we developed two creative viscosity-measuring methods, the gravity sloping helical structure and the gradational liquid-level difference, and constructed two cost-effective capillary viscometer prototypes accordingly. The gravity sloping helical structure employs a long helical capillary as the flow channel and utilizes the gravity force to keep the fluid velocity extremely constant. The highlight of this method is that we can see the fluid flow through the capillary directly. On the other hand, the gradational liquid-level difference method uses the pressure sensors to precisely monitor the liquid-level difference, which drives the flow in the capillary, and allows automatic measurement of viscosity. Compared with computer simulation, the experimental results agreed well with the theoretical values. The gravity sloping helical and gradational liquid-level difference methods achieve 0.5% and 0.8% accuracy respectively. In addition, the automation of viscosity sensing also greatly facilitates the viscosity measurement. Furthermore, these two methods are both valuable for incorporating into educational purpose and industrial application.
紫茉莉生物時鐘機制的研究
Mirabilis Jalapa is a wild flower, which is often seen in countryside of Taiwan. This plant blossom regularly every day around PM 3:00-6:00. Since its regular behavior, it has the potential to become a model plant for research on circadian ryhtem. According to the on spot observation, a Mirabilis Jalapa will bloom consistently, whereas a minority of flower will bloom earlier or later. First, we observe how Mirabilis Jalapa response to disparate environmental conditions. Under a short period of light(8h) and an average period of light(12), Mirabilis Jalapa acts as normal. But under a long period of light, it flowers approximately 1h ahead of time. When under a continuous light, Mirabilis Jalapa shows a regular flowering in the first four day, and after that, circadian rythem of flowering terminate. The ripe flower buds mentain unbloom for 10 days or more, finally end up withered. Meanwhile, floral meristems are also suppressed. Temperature alter seems affct the flowering slightly. Second, we use SDS-page to detect protein divergence 6h interval.But as many of the earlier attempt, the floral stimuli is not sensible for average protein qualitative analysis. So we decide to take more direct approch by genetic experiment. From supplemental material of article” Orchestrated Transcription of Key Pathways in Arabidopsis by the Circadian” we obtain a group of genes regulared by bioclock in Arabidopsis.With Bio Informatics we choose 41 single gene, and compare with sequences in other species, designing promotors to isolate similar genes in Mirabilis Jalapa. Use rt-PCR to detect the level of certain gene expression,and compare characters of those genes in Mirabilis Jalapa with those genes in Arabidopsis. We also blast those 453 genes to the database of animal, trying to recognize some genes that is widely separated between disparat species. And test these genes in Mirabilis Jalapa to confirm this result.本實驗先針對紫茉莉開花生物時鐘的特性進行觀察，並以不同的變因測試對紫茉莉開花時鐘的影響，紫茉莉個別花朵開花生物時鐘並不一致，長日照會對植株造成開花時間提早（約1 小時）的影響，全日照則會對花芽分生及開花行為造成抑制，溫度對於開花影響不明顯。而後利用蛋白質電泳對不同時間點的樣本進行分析，由於開花激素存量極微，故並電泳結果無明顯差異。再來以阿拉伯芥已知與生物時鐘有關的基因中經過生物資訊（Bio Informatics）預測在紫茉莉中存在與開花及光週期有關之基因（CAA75629 CAB56039 AAB60305 AAC49807 AAA82068），針對該基因進行表現量的測定，驗證該基因與開花生物時鐘的關聯性。針對動物界與植物界中已知與生物時鐘相關的基因進行交叉比對，希望找出跨界廣泛存在的生物時鐘基因，接著測試紫茉莉中該基因的存在與否及表現狀況與其他物種的差異，驗證該基因分布的廣泛性。
奈米防蝕專家-微乳液法製備聚苯胺奈米粒子及其在防蝕應用研究
導電高分子在各面之應用非常廣泛，其中聚苯胺因價格便宜，製作簡便，使\r 其應用潛力更為突出。聚苯胺在鐵系及非鐵系金屬之防蝕能力已被證實，但由於\r 聚苯胺與金屬之附著力不良使其應用受到限制。奈米粒子所具有的表面效應、小\r 尺寸效應及宏觀量子隧道效應，使得奈米微粒材料之應用蓬勃發展。但在高分子\r 奈米微粒之製備仍屬有限。本文以微乳液法製備聚苯胺奈米粒子，以提高聚苯胺\r 與金屬間之附著力，使其防蝕能力充分發揮。國外雖已有廠家製作聚苯胺防蝕塗\r 料，但屬於商業機密無從得知其製備方法。本文所研發的微乳液法則是國內首\r 創！\r The development and application of the conducting polymer polyaniline is\r getting prosperous and popular. The capability of polyaniline in corrosion protection\r has been proved. But due to the adhesion of polyaniline on the metal is poor, the\r applications are restricted. By the way, the nanoparticles have the special effects such\r as the surface effect, the small size effect and the macro-quantum channeling effect\r make its applications are prosperous.\r In this paper, the authors utilized the microemulsion method to produce the\r polyaniline, to modify the adhesion of polyaniline on the metal in order to improve\r the effect of the corrosion protection of polyaniline in ferrous metal. The experimental\r results show that the nano-polyaniline has good adhesion on metal. The metal coated\r a layer of nano-polyaniline has the great ability of anticorrosion under different\r corrosion situations after weeks. The nano-polyaniline produced by the\r microemulsion method add the recipes invented by the authors has great potential to\r use in scale-up production in industry.
利用雷射光實驗研究溶液的折射率梯度
溶液和溶劑置於同一容器中，當溶質向上擴散時，會形成濃度梯度及\r 折射率梯度dn/dy，且dn/dy 對高度y 的關係圖會呈現隨著高度改變的現\r 象。\r 半徑r 的Ｄ形容器，下方置溶液，上方置溶劑，以雷射光照射容器的\r 平面部份時，雷射光沿著法線出射，受折射率梯度的作用而向下偏Ζ距\r 離，a 為容器至屏的距離，得到dn/dy=Z/ar 的關係式；改變雷射光的高\r 度y 可得dn/dy 圖。\r 以硫代硫酸那作實驗，其dn/dy-y 圖為以原始界面為對稱軸，因其擴\r 散係數不隨濃度改變；甘游水溶液的dn/dy-y 圖呈現不對稱，圖形的極\r 大值往甘油方偏，主要係因為甘油的擴散係數隨濃度的增大而減少。\r 我們成功第把不同時間對同一溶液的實驗結果予以模型化，得到的\r dn/dy-y 曲線隨時間改變，並發現該曲線所涵蓋的面積為定值。\r \r The mixing in a vertical column between a pure liquid and a solution produced a concentration gradient, which in turn produced the refractive index gradient. As the solute particles diffused upward into the pure liquid, the gradient was generated by the varying solute concentration. The plot of the refractive index gradient versus vertical position y (dn/dy vs y) is found to be varied with time. A D-shape container of radius r is partly filled with denser solution, and partly filled with solvent which is on the top of solution. When laser beam enters perpendicularly to the flat surface of the container, the outgoing beam strikes the container at normal incidence, and deflected down a vertical distance Z by the refractive index gradient. We can get dn/dy=Z/ar, where a is the distance between the container and the screen,. By changing the vertical position (y) of laser beam, we can get the plot of dn/dy vs y. For a sodium thiosulfate-water solution, the trace of dn/dy vs y is symmetric with respect to the position of original boundary. Since the diffusion coefficient of sodium thiosulfate is independent of concentration. For the trace of dn/dy vs y of a glycerol-water solution, it will no longer be symmetric. A skewed curve which reaches its maximum position is displaced to the glycerol side, because the diffusion coefficient of glycerol is decreased with concentration. We have successfully modeled the time-dependent experimental gradient curves on the same solution. The trace of dn/dy vs. y at different time is found to keep the area constant.
節省能源之社區供水系統
The water-supporting system of community should use high efficiency pumps to\r support water and set up a unique water tower for each floor. Since there are high and\r low period of water-consuming and the variety of water pressure, we have to set up a\r unique water tower for higher floors firstly.\r It help us through high peak period of water-consuming, or it turns on pressure-aid\r pumps to save energy.\r 社區供水系統應採高效率之幫浦高壓供水,分樓層設置專用水塔,在用水有高峰\r 及離峰時段,水壓有高低變化,優先順序供水給較高樓層的專用水塔,樓層專用水\r 塔容量必須足以渡過用水高峰時段之容量,否則就啟動輔助加壓幫浦,達到節約能\r 源之目的。