2024年

As the world population grows, the demand of food products grows as well and there will be an expected food crisis in the coming years. To prevent those crises, alternative food farming methods must be used. This paper studied two farming systems in different conditions, to compare and find the best, natural and cost-effective system that will cover the current and future demand. The system which can also be used in those areas where soil is less cultivated with insufficient aeration. The first system is the soil-based system (traditional), and the other is hydroponic system. Hydroponic is a technique of growing plants in nutrient solutions with or without the use of an inert medium. Two types of seeds; peas and spinach were observed in both systems over a period of 25 days. In hydroponic plants coco peat was used in place of soil along with the Aegis nutrient. 8 plants were seeded for both types of plants in different systems, conditions, concentrations and pH to conclude the best condition. Growth parameters of all plants including root, shoot and leaf length were observed and recorded daily. On the uprooting, their weight (g), no. of root hairs and used nutrient’s volume(ml) were also recorded. Fungus and insects were seen in the soil plants. The results executed that the growth was maximum in spinach having normal manufacturer nutrient’s spray concentration(1.25ml/625ml) with pH 6 and in peas having normal supplier concentration (5ml/625ml) with pH 4. So, it can be concluded that hydroponic spinach, which is a green leafy plant, can ideally grow at the pH of 6 and peas in slightly acidic condition. Hydroponic planting system has a better growth effect than traditional soil system and this system don’t need any fertilizer, insecticide, pesticide, fungicide and herbicide. While soil plants’ growth was adversely affected by fungus and insects in the absence of these chemicals which can contaminate our food and make it less hygienic for our health. This result achieves the aim of this paper which is finding a planting system and its conditions that can increase the productivity to cover the food demand.

本研究主要目的為改變風力渦輪機的結構，將原始的單層葉片設計改為雙層葉片，當風流過第一層葉片時將產生尾流效應，使葉片後氣流產生偏轉，若將第二層葉片更具此氣流偏轉區域調整，將能有效的提升發電效率。根據實驗結果顯示，葉片後的尾流造成氣流偏轉的角度約為 15 度，因此當渦輪機的兩層葉片位於理論最高的相位夾角時，應再減去 15 度的尾流偏轉角，該夾角才為最大的發電效率配置，基於此結果所設計的渦輪機，儘管與單層葉片渦輪機具有相同的葉片數量，卻能提升發電效率約 40%，同時相關文獻指出，葉片的成本約佔整體發電機總成本之 14%，因此透過使用本研究之作法，預估可降低約 18%的成本，整體而言，本研究之設計不僅能提高風能發電效率，同時將有效的減少成本，未來具高度前瞻性。

登革熱病媒蚊幼蟲主要孳生於人工積水容器中，幼蟲生長發育主要受到溫度與食物的影響。本研究至戶外調查人工積水容器，發現塑膠類人工容器為主要孳生類型。於實驗室以 11 種人工容器培養白線斑蚊幼蟲，結果發現塑膠底盆的幼蟲發育速度較快，蚊蟲平均翅長較長。以塑膠組成物質雙酚 A 進行試驗， 發現高濃度 (>50 mg/L) 雙酚 A 會導致幼蟲死亡， 活動力降低； 中濃度(12.5~1.56 mg/L) 會促進幼蟲生長速率，縮短發育時間；低濃度 (<0.78 mg/L) 則不顯著。以濃 6.25mg/L 雙酚A 處理蚊幼蟲，Q-PCR 顯示四個齡期的幼蟲蛻皮激素基因 (Ecr) 分別表現量都有增加，其中四齡幼蟲增加 9.68 倍，蛋白質分析顯示 34~72 kDa 之間的片段濃度增加。在蚊幼蟲防治上，4.0 %蛋胺酸和 1.0% 硼酸皆可 100%抑制孑孓活性，結合低濃度蛋胺酸(0.13%)和硼酸(< 0.5% )可以提升 30% 抑制孑孓活性的功效。

Due to global population growth and industrialization, excessive inflow of causative nitrogen into rivers, and the increase in water temperature due to global warming, the occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) is increasing. HABs can cause not only ecological destruction but also various social and economic problems. Additionally, consuming water from lakes with abundant toxic cyanobacteria can lead to liver damage, vomiting, abdominal pain, and even death if consumed over a long period. The first recorded occurrence of animal mortality due to HABs was in Australia in 1878, and since then, livestock and wildlife have suffered damages from HABs worldwide. Furthermore, the United States' Lake Erie has experienced frequent HAB occurrences since 2011, and in 2007, China faced social disruption when a massive HAB outbreak in Lake Tai, one of the freshwater lakes, resulted in a suspension of the water supply. In order to address these HAB occurrence issues and assess the severity of HAB events, several systems have already been established and potential solutions have been proposed. However, these systems have limitations such as being highly systematic and advanced in terms of equipment and configuration. They are often located only in periodically affected areas, and they involve substantial costs. Therefore, we aim to overcome these limitations and design a system that can effectively manage HABs.

Within the scope of sustainable cities and responsible consumption, which are among the goals of sustainable development, it is aimed to contribute to life safety, defense industry, protection from disasters and economy with the new generation environmental building technologies and materials to be developed in the field of construction. It is a critical issue to protect reinforced concrete structures, piers, bridge piers, overpasses against impacts, and to reduce the damages and economic losses in disaster situations. Reinforced concrete scaffolding is the load-bearing component of the structure and its impact resistance is crucial to the overall safety of the concrete structure. Therefore, there is a need to develop technologies that can protect structures against explosion and impact loads. Within the scope of the project, environmentally friendly and low-cost concrete materials with industrial waste glass, aluminum, plastic material additives, which can be used in columns, which are the most important part in the strength of reinforced concrete structures to prevent explosion and impact damage, were produced and their strengths were analyzed. The use and design of these materials in the strength of concrete creates the originality of the project. When the results obtained in the project were examined, it was observed that the steel fiber concretes with the addition of waste glass, aluminum ring, disc, beverage can and plastic bottle were resistant to high pressure when compared with the control groups without additives, and the change in surface height after the impact test, visual analysis and load-time graphics showed this. It is seen that the additives have a cushioning effect against the impact, absorbing the energy against the force by 87.6% and increasing the strength significantly. In this project, where it is aimed to increase the strength of concrete structures by using the impact energy absorption feature of waste glass, plastic and aluminum, products with high added value are developed, contributing to the literature and the construction sector. With the large-scale use of the project, the costs spent on the disposal of waste materials will be reduced, the upcycling based on re-using the waste products will be contributed, and the loss of life and property due to impacts and explosions will be prevented.

Agro-guard aims to revolutionize disease identification and community-based projects in the field of agriculture. Integrating Machine learning, Computer vision, clustering, and community-based technology, this project helped farmers to detect their plant disease with their solution and for early warning of plant disease which was spreading in their community which helped in crop management. The research project is divided into three parts.First,Integrating Machine learning to detect and classify plant disease with their solutions.Second,Integrating Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN),to identify disease and analyze the pattern within agricultural regions.Third,Establishing notification system to notify real-time alerts to farmers about disease spreading in particular region.The research is crucial because it solve one of the crucial problem of our community which is untimely detection of disease.The finding of the research highlight the effectiveness of Agro-Guard framework in early disease detection and community detection.The machine learning models achieved high accuracy in identifying common plant disease and clustering results the pattern in diseases that were very important for notifying the community.The significance of these findings is that it can build powerful system which will overall grow the production of crops and plants due to timely update of the disease prevailing in the community.It contributes in sustainability production of crops and plants which ultimately ensure the good livelihood of farmer.

The billiard table is a cuboid with integer side lengths. A point-wise ball moves with constant speed along segments making a 45◦ angle with the sides and bounces on these. We allow the ball to start from any of the 8 corners, resulting in a periodic trajectory known as a corner path. The geometry of the path depends on the artihmetic properties of the side lengths (for example if these are pairwise coprime). Points of contact between the ball and edges, known as edge points, are inves- tigated and their characteristics like distribution explicitly described. This generalizes a previous work by Perucca, Reguengo da Sousa and Tronto of University of Luxembourg.

本研究源於 2022年數學雜誌《CruxMathematicorum》的一道四邊形動態幾何問題，我們先將此問題設定為三角形，利用綜合幾何方法給出了兩種構圖條件下的三角形外心軌跡皆為圓弧，並且發現兩種圓弧的變換關係以及豐富有趣的性質。值得一提的是，分別對三角形的三個頂點輪換進行第一種構圖得出三個圓弧，這些圓弧恰可組合成三角形的九點圓。回到原始問題的四邊形，我們構造了兩個三角形，透過巧妙轉換頂角與直徑圓變換而給出外心軌跡所在圓弧的兩個定點而解決此問題。 最後探討三角形的形心之軌跡為圓或橢圓的幾何結構是什麼？先考慮具有定角的形心切入，結果發現垂心的軌跡是橢圓，但內心與旁心的軌跡並非二次曲線。再從外心與垂心思考，我們進而給出了該軌跡的內在的幾何結構是歐拉線。值得注意的是，歐拉線上的任意點之軌跡恆為橢圓，並無拋物線或雙曲線。

生醫材料的開發與應用，現今佔有極重要的地位，但以金屬製的生醫材料而言，仍有植入人體內，被體液腐蝕或氧化的問題。本研究希望藉由高分子薄膜沉積與基材表面處理兩種方式，使金屬醫材能夠抵抗腐蝕，以延長使用年限。 本研究比較以真空電漿系統分別沉積六甲基二矽氮烷 (HMDSZ) 薄膜與使用四氟化碳 (CF4) 處理基材後，對不鏽鋼基材表面之抗腐蝕性和疏水性的影響；並找出使基材表面具較佳抗腐蝕性的工作條件。實驗結果中發現：(1) 在單體壓力為 60mtorr、功率為 30W的電漿參數下，沉積 HMDSZ薄膜 30分鐘，具較佳抗腐蝕效果與疏水性；(2)在沉積後 21天內，HMDSZ薄膜置於室溫時間越長，其抗腐蝕效果越佳；(3)CF4表面處理可能造成蝕刻或沉積，實驗中尚未找到可增加疏水性與抗腐蝕性之參數。

1. Research Motivation Have you ever seen news stating that spring is gradually disappearing from the Korean Peninsula? The characteristics of the four seasons are disappearing due to the impact of global warming. As supporting evidence, droughts and heatwaves continue during the rainy season, and unexpected heavy rainfall occurs during autumn. These abnormal temperature phenomena are greatly affecting agriculture. Crops wither due to untimely cold spells or summer droughts, and the proliferation of bacteria and pests worsens. We need to conduct a thorough investigation and response to such weather phenomena. Carbon is known to be the main culprit behind these abnormal temperature phenomena. We want to explore how carbon affects climate change and understand the implications it has. 2. Research Objectives The consequences of climate change, such as deforestation and rising sea levels, will cause significant damage to society as a whole. This will also have a profound impact on the survival of all living organisms on Earth. Unless industrialization is halted, global warming will continue, making it crucial to gain a proper understanding and find accurate alternatives. The damages caused by global warming are expanding the habitats of mosquitoes, which is expected to have an impact on the spread of mosquito-borne diseases. This can also influence the emergence of novel viruses similar to COVID-19. By examining past outbreaks of diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, we aim to predict and understand such occurrences, as well as explore ways to minimize global warming. 3. Expected Benefits Based on this research, a focused exploration of the ecological impacts of global warming can provide essential data to understand the effects of climate anomalies on us and prepare for them. As these phenomena are expected to worsen over time, it will be possible to develop measures to minimize the damage caused by bacterial infections and agricultural losses.