全國中小學科展

2022年

探討I類與II類的HDAC基因調節細胞週期之互補功能

組蛋白脫乙醯基酶 (HDAC) 會調節染色體結構,提升基因表現。除了調控基因表現以外,HDAC基因家族中的 I 類已知有調節細胞週期的功能,但 II 類調節細胞週期之研究甚少。而癌症臨床用藥HDAC抑制劑會同時阻斷 I 和 II 類之功能而產生副作用。因此本研究以釀酒酵母為對象,分析 I 類的RPD3、 II 類的HDA1基因對細胞週期之影響,以及HDAC基因剔除菌株在面臨DNA複製壓力時的變化。結果顯示同時失去 RPD3 、HDA1 基因的菌株 S 期檢查點功能損壞、細胞滯留於 G2/M 期,且在DNA複製壓力環境下死亡。爲釐清此菌株死亡的原因,實驗剔除在S期和G2/M期皆具調節功能的 MAD2 基因。得知 HDAC 基因和 MAD2 在S期的DNA複製起步期分別調控不同路徑;在DNA複製衝刺期則調控同一路徑。也發現RPD3 基因在維持細胞S期檢查點正常作用扮演較重之角色,而 HDA1 則扮輔助的功能。

boom!玉米定時炸彈-探討玉米粒爆開之因素

本研究發現玉米粒受熱爆開的時間分布圖形,不符合普松分布圖形,證明玉米粒爆開不是一個隨機事件。研究亦發現玉米粒爆開的時間,會受玉米粒內水分的多寡與加熱時油溫的影響。從玉米粒在加熱的過程中,尖端的小孔會冒出氣泡,我們建立了「玉米粒壓力鍋模型」、發現玉米粒冒出氣泡的速率改變,符合白努力定律。再將玉米粒內產生的水氣莫耳數減掉溢出的水氣莫耳數,配合理想氣體方程式,我們得到一公式,可以解釋玉米粒在加熱過程中的壓力變化。並從此公式可解釋為何玉米粒在水分多、高油溫、孔徑小的情形下容易爆開。最後我們將推論的物理模型做數值模擬,發現模擬結果與實驗所觀察的現象相符。

探討電梯等待時間的期望值

本研究從電梯的運行方式,電梯的加速、等速、減速運動的時間、電梯開關門的時間,透過物理運動學的角度計算電梯等待時間的期望值。有別於一般從排隊理論的角度切入,本研究將電梯視為主體,以函數及微積分作為工具,分析電梯行駛路徑,以及乘客所需的等待時間。接著,研究者討論有一個外人同時要搭電梯的情況,將電梯運行的方式分類討論,以貼近現實生活。研究者希望透過本研究,能使乘客及管理者明白等待電梯所需的時間,進而作為是否增設電梯或限定樓層停靠的依據。應用本研究的結果,可分析百貨公司顧客等待電梯的時間,以提升顧客的購物體驗,或是在醫院中,分析急需使用電梯病患的等待時間,以增加可用的救援時間。

槭樹翅果成熟過程中單、雙翅差異性探討

具翅植物是一種成功適應散播的果實。槭樹果實會成對的在樹上生長,並在成熟後分開單獨落下。本研究欲了解槭樹果實成熟過程中的各階段變化、以及探討翅果單、雙翅在傳播效率上的差異性,並配合物理方面的分析。實驗結果發現單翅果之水平位移量、滯空時間、角速度皆較雙翅果大,且會受到康達效應作用,以終端速度掉落,雙翅果呈等加速度運動,故在傳播效率方面單翅果優於雙翅果。而在成長過程中槭樹翅果一開始是由合生心皮雌蕊發育而來,在成熟後產生離層,只透過心皮間柱與枝條相連,之後當心皮間柱斷裂時,雙翅果分離形成單翅果。由雙翅果較低的角速度推測其在生長過程中較為穩定。本實驗了解了槭樹翅果單翅及雙翅在不同時期對繁衍的優勢。

透過相轉移催化劑合成Chromeno[4,3-b]pyrrolidine之衍生物

本研究之反應產物Chromeno[4,3-b]pyrrolidine之衍生物含有吡咯烷及二氫苯并哌喃的骨架,而此二者存在於許多藥物及天然物中,例如:尼古丁及蛋白質中的脯胺酸皆為吡咯烷的衍生物,含有二氫苯并哌喃骨架的藥物則通常被應用於消炎藥物中。本研究主要反應是以對甲基苯醌衍生物與亞胺葉立德前驅物在相轉移催化劑及無機鹼的催化下進行(3+2)環加成反應與oxa-1,6-加成反應,合成出Chromeno[4,3-b]pyrrolidine之衍生物。利用改變不同的相轉移催化劑、溶劑和無機鹼的種類及各反應物的當量數,篩選出進行本反應的最佳反應條件。在此優化條件下,進一步使用不同的掌性相轉移催化劑,以探討本反應之光學活性。並利用無機鹼的篩選,以排除背景反應發生的可能性。希望最後能於起始物上替換不同種類的取代基,以探討本反應之反應活性,並增加其未來應用的多樣性。

AsqJ酵素活性庫之篩選並探討其專一性與反應性之改變

非血基質鐵/α-酮戊二酸依賴型雙氧化酶為巨大酵素家族,其在生物體內進行許多重要反應。我們選用小巢狀麴菌之 AsqJ 蛋白,其與 Fe2+ 及 α-酮戊二酸能催化 cyclopeptin 的去飽和、環氧化,形成 cyclopenin。根據 AsqJ 蛋白結構,我們將與受質結合的 9 個胺基酸位置以不同鹼基對隨機取代,以轉譯不同胺基酸,構築酵素活性庫,送入大腸桿菌篩選並觀察 AsqJ 突變蛋白分解非典型受質之表現。 我們成功篩選出能分解 X-Gal 之 AsqJ 突變株,代表我們能以改變 AsqJ 特定位置胺基酸,進而改變其活性位點,並分解與原先截然不同的受質,故此篩選平台深具生化技術應用潛力。我們並進一步將上述突變株進行純化、晶體培養及結構解析,以釐清反應機制,並與奈米抗體結合以增強活性。目前正嘗試分解環境汙染物結構相似物,期望對環境做出貢獻。

HOPE WASTE (House Processor Waste) with IoT (Internet of Things) as a Laundry Liquid Waste Treatment Household Environment

Washing is one of the things that must be done by every household. Rural and urban communities have to wash clothes every day, to get clean clothes so they can be reused. But it turns out that with many households doing this activity, it will cause side effects that are not good. The impact will worsen the quality of the surrounding water because this activity is not equipped with a waste treatment process, but instead is dumped directly into the nearest ditch or river. As a result, this waste causes water pollution. The chemical compositions contained in detergents are grouped into 3, namely surface active substances ranging from 20-30%, reinforcing agents are the largest detergent components ranging from 70-80% and other ingredients around 2-8%, where surfactants are the main ingredients. cleaning agent in detergent. If not managed properly, it will cause environmental problems in the future. This research was carried out for 4 months at MAN Sidoarjo and Brawijaya University. The research method used was research and development and experiment methods, and data collection techniques using the observation method. From these problems, we offer a solution by making an internet of things-based device which we call HOPE WASTE (House Processor Waste) with IoT (Internet of Things) as the processing of household laundry liquid waste. HOPE Waste is a house-shaped device that functions to treat Laundry Liquid Waste which combines electrocoagulation methods and utilizes Biosorbents, namely Barringtonia Asiatica and Activated Charcoal which are made into powder. Where the Biosorbent content can bind chemicals in laundry liquid waste so that we can combine them using environmentally friendly IoT-based electrocoagulation methods.

Introduction of Omed-Omedan Tradition Through Augmented Reality-Based Card Games To Increase The Love of Local Culture

This research is motivated by the differences in the people's perceptions, mainly youth about the omed-omedan tradition. The difference is that many people think that the omed-omedan tradition violates the norms of decency and is also called the pornography tradition. The purpose of this study is to, 1) describe the mechanism of applying omed-omedan tradition recognition attitudes through augmented reality-based card games, 2) analyz the impact resulting from the application of omed-omedan tradition recognition attitudes through augmented reality-based card games, and 3) analyze about the feasibility of application resulting from the application of omed-omedan tradition recognition attitudes through augmented reality-based card games. This research is a type of R&D research conducted at Bali Mandara State High School from July 1-September 6, 2021. The subjects of this study were the teenagers of Kaja Sesetan Indigenous Village and the object of this study was the omed-omedan tradition through augmented reality-based card games. The data collection method used is the literature studies, questionnaires, interviews, and validation questionnaires. Data is processed based on qualitative descriptive approach and quantitative descriptive approach. The results showed that the mechanism of implementing the omed-omedan tradition originated from the download of assistive devices, namely android studios and applications from AR, the impact of augmented reality-based card games was seen as very helpful in the introduction of the omed-omedan tradition and was seen as able to help increase the love of local culture, besides that the media used was also very popular by players because it was seen as interesting and very helpful. Based on the feasibility tests that have been calculated, this game is considered very feasible to implement and researchers hope that the innovations that have been created can effectively provide understanding to help out the local community about omed-omedan tradition.

鐵道守護者–高準確率AI鐵道辨識異物入侵系統設計之研究

在2021年4月2日台鐵太魯閣號在清水隧道行駛到轉彎口與滑落邊坡的工程車碰撞,造成火車出軌,衝入隧道中擦撞到隧道壁,造成49人死亡和247人輕重傷!當我們看到這則新聞時,心裡充滿驚訝與心疼!為了改善這問題,我們開始討論和查資料,發現台鐵在107年12月有一個「邊坡全生命監測系統」計畫,運用AI影像辨識技術,台鐵的規格是95%以上準確率,但因為辨識準確度不夠高,所以延宕到現在仍未完成。 我們設計AI鐵道辨識異物入侵系統,藉由攝影機將鐵道周遭影像傳至台鐵行控中心,運用AI深度學習技術辨識入侵鐵道的異物,從而準確判斷,讓火車駕駛員能提前預警,達到保障人車安全的目的。本研究並建立一套科學系統的方法來訓練視覺辨識模型,從而提高準確率,目前最高的準確率是97%!

車輛預防翻覆系統

人們每天依靠著車輛往來各地,在帶來各種便利的同時,卻也伴隨著各種安全隱憂。本研究想要預防因駕駛轉向過於劇烈所導致的車輛翻覆行為,因此設計自動控制系統以避免車輛因轉向過於劇烈所導致的車輛翻覆行為。本研究利用車輛模型模擬轉向時車輛側向加速度的變化,根據模擬結果設計控制策略。控制目標為希望能降低車輛轉向時的側向加速度,進而避免翻車。控制策略分為門檻式控制策略與連續控制策略。控制系統輸入訊號為車輛側向加速度,而輸出訊號為車輛左右兩後輪馬達的扭矩訊號。控制系統只需要偵測車輛的側向加速度即可推得車輛轉向的時間點,並在車輛有較高可能翻覆時,根據控制策略予以車輛馬達扭矩輸出訊號的限制,避免轉向時側向加速度過高導致翻車。