Surfactants have a great effect on decreasing the surface tension in aqueous solution and thus they are important components in detergents. The present study aims to explore the cleaning mechanisms of the substances for greasy subjects such as bowls and clothes. The roles of various surfactants that have on the changes in the surface tension of aqueous solution in the presence and absence of additives such as tea and salt have been carefully studied by using a lab-made equipment. We carefully observed the changes in the oil droplets after pushing oil in a syringe to the aqueous\r solution containing surfactants and additives. With decreasing the surface tension of the aqueous solution, the size of the droplet becomes smaller. By using this simple lab-made equipment, we are able to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), with a result of 0.0079 M at 20 ℃. The result is in a good agreement with the literature (0.0077M). With decreasing temperature and adding salts such as sodium sulfate, the decreases in the surface tension have been confirmed by our simple experiments. This simple equipment also allows study of the effects of impure additives such as salt, tea, vinegar that have on the changes in the surface tension of aqueous solution containing commercial detergents. We have found that most of the additives have a great effect on reducing the surface tension of the aqueous solution. The present study results suggest that the simple experimental set-up is practical for measuring the CMC of surfactants and for exploring the effects of additives on changes in the cleaning ability of commercial detergents.界面活劑性可有效降低水溶液的表面張力，因此，他們是清潔劑的重要成份。該實驗主\r 要在探討各種物質的清潔機制。利用自製的實驗裝置，針對各種不同的界面活性劑在添加了鹽類或茶水後界面張力的改變量，作詳盡的探討。我們將含有不同濃度界面活性劑以及添加物的水溶液裝入容器中，在推擠針筒使其的油通過針頭並進入該溶液後，我們仔細的觀察紀錄油滴大小的改變。結果顯示界面張力的降低會使得油滴變小。藉這個自製的裝置，在20℃下，本實驗所測得的陰離子型界面活性劑-十二烷基硫酸鈉之臨界微胞濃度0.0079M。結果幾乎與過去的文獻0.0077M 值符合。該實驗同時也證實了降低溫度，添加了鹽類後，可有效的降低界面張力。此外，此實驗裝置也可以用來測量市面上販售的清潔劑在添加了不純的物質後，其界面張力的改變量。我們發現大多數的添加物都能有效降低界面張力。目前的實驗結果顯示，這項實驗裝置在測定臨界微胞上有很高的實用性，同時也可以探討不同的添加物對市面上販售的清潔劑之洗淨力的影響。

By comparing eight different epoch images of the crab nebula taken through 1942 to 2004, we have calculated the expansion velocity of 27 optical bubble features and 60 filaments. The mean expansion velocity of bubble features and filaments is 0.173 arcsec/yr and 0.15 arcsec/yr, respectively. We also estimated the maximum radial velocity of the expansion by analyzing the emission spectrum of the nebula. The maximum radial velocity is 1385.5 km/s. Combining these measurements indicates that the crab nebular is approximately 5870 light year away. In addition, if we assume that the nebula has been expanding at a constant rate, our expansion velocity projected backward indicates the mean date of the supernova event as A.D 1124, more than 70 yrs later than the accepted date of 1054. The result confirms the well-known acceleration in the crab's expansion. Although we have analyzed eight images with a 62 yr baseline, the acceleration still can't be derived from this study. 透過量測由1942年到2004年之間八張不同年代的蟹狀星雲中爆炸後殘骸的位置變化，可以計算出蟹狀星雲爆發的擴張速度。本研究選定了27個包狀物和60個纖狀物，計算出的擴張速度分別為0.173 arcsec/yr.和0.150 arcsec/yr。再透過分析蟹狀星雲的光譜所計算出的徑向速度（radial velocity）為1385.5 km/yr，進而推得蟹狀星雲的距離分別為5430光年和6370光年，平均值為5870光年。 另外，如果假設擴張速度是等速運動，那麼把求得的擴張速度倒推出的爆發日期是在西元1124年，這比中國紀錄中超新星爆發的1054年晚了70年。這顯示出蟹狀星雲的確非等速擴張而是有加速度的狀態，才會造成以等速倒推發生日期時，晚了70年。雖然本研究中分析了相差62年之久的八張影像，仍然無法分析出星雲的擴張的加速度情形。

六種自行合成出來的聯吡啶釕錯合物Ru(bpy)₃、Ru(bpy)₂(phen) 、 Ru(bpy)₂dcbpy、Ru(phen)₃、Ru(phen)₂(bpy)、Ru(phen)₂dcbpy 及商用染料N3-dye，被成功的做成光敏性太陽能電池。光電流的產生率可由IPCE (incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency) 的測量可知。此類釕錯合物可以物理吸附或化學鍵結於TiO₂奈米粒子上。IPCE 的大小可以用來探討不同吸附方式的釕錯合物轉換光電流的效率。在物理吸附上Ru(phen)₂(bpy)的效率最好。化學鍵結的以N3 Dye 最好，我們合成的錯合物以Ru(bpy)₂dcbpy 較佳。此種以TiO₂奈米結構為承載基材的太陽能光電池(Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell)，染料仍以商用染料 N3-dye 最佳。本研究發現物理吸附的Ru complexes 也可產生光電流，若能最佳化，將可簡化染料錯合物之合成。 Six ruthenium complexes, Ru(bpy)₃, Ru(bpy)₂(phen), Ru(bpy)₂dcbpy, Ru(phen)₃, Ru(phen)₂(bpy), and Ru(phen)₂dcbpy were synthesized. These Ru complexes and N3 dye have been incorporated into the dye-sensitized solar cell system. The solar energy conversion of the ruthenium complexes were measured and converted to IPCE (incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency). There complexes were either chemically bonded or physically absorbed onto the nano-sized TiO₂ particles. The IPCE were utilized to compare the photon-to-current efficiency of these Ru complexes. Among the physical-absorbed dyes, Ru(phen)₂(bpy) has the highest IPCE. For chemical-absorbed dyes, the commercial N3 dye is still the best. Among the complexes synthesized in this research that are chemical-absorbed, Ru(phen)₂dcbpy has the highest IPCE The commercial N3 dye has the highest IPCE in the dye-sensitized TiO₂nanoparticle solar cell. We found that physically absorbed dye can convert photon to current. With better solar cell assembly, physically absorbed dye can have the same conversion efficiency as N3 dye.

In this research we derived heating effects on anti-oxidation by optical rotation analyses. A simple and accurate Polarimeter was devised with polar screens, laser, and photo resistor; the laser was used for light source, and the photo resistor for detection. Four kind of fruits, Hyloceeus polyrhizus, California plum, kiwi and tomato were experimented by heating them in boiling water and microwave oven. Their optical rotations versus time duration were calculated. Then we used ABTS/ the H2O2/HRP analysis system from Arnao's research to obtain the heating effects on anti-oxidation by calculating the vitamin C densities versus lag time. We found that there was a tendency of increased anti-oxidation at the beginning by heating, but decreased afterwards. Better oxidation was achieved by using microwave for Hyloceeus polyrhizus, by using boiling water for kiwi and tomato, and by using both methods for California plum. The same tendency was also found in the optical rotation analyses. Therefore we successfully developed a new method to measure the antioxidant activities by the optical rotation. We can also apply this method to simulate the fruit digestion process in the stomach, which let us understand further about anti-oxidation ( or optical rotation ) versus time. 本研究利用偏振片、雷射光為光源、光敏電阻為偵測器，組裝成一個簡易且精確的旋光度計。 我們利用此旋光度計對奇異果、火龍果、聖女蕃茄、加州李子四種水果以微波、水煮及油浴三種方式來處理，求出水果的旋光度與熱處理時間的關係。再藉由Arnao 研究的ABTS/ H2O2/HRP 分析系統，以不同濃度的維生素C與延遲時間畫圖作為標準曲線來測量總抗氧化活性，並比較熱處理後抗氧化活性的變化趨勢。 透過本研究可以了解不同熱處理方式對四種水果之抗氧化活性初期皆有增加的趨勢，但隨著時間增長則抗氧化活性降低。其中奇異果與聖女蕃茄用油浴，火龍果用微波處理，加州李子則是用任何熱處理方式均可得較佳的抗氧化活性，而熱處理後在旋光度測量上也有相同的趨勢。因為此兩種方法有一致的反應趨勢，所以證明我們成功地開發出一種可以利用旋光度來測定抗氧化的新方法。 最後，應用本方法進一步模擬水果在胃部裡的消化，讓我們更可以了解在整個消化的過程中抗氧化活性(旋光度)隨時間變化的情形。

The applications of digital image are rapidly growing with the developments in computer technology. This enforces digital image industry to produce devices with better quality. Despite the today’s advanced level of technology, it is known that input and output devices somewhat cause color distortions. International Color Consortium suggests that we can use ICC profile to overcome the problem mentioned above. But the related hardwares and softwares are too expensive for the general users. In this study, we base on the ICC profile’s mechanism to develop a color calibration method for low cost image acquisitions. From the theoretical and experimental results, it can be demonstrated that our method appears satisfactory.數位影像的應用隨著電腦資訊科技的快速成長而蓬勃發展，這也促使著數位影像工業的相關產品漸漸地普及與廣泛地使用，時至今日，雖然有著很好的製造技術，但是任何數位影像設備均無法完美無失真地將原有的色彩呈現出來或紀錄下來，或多或少都有色彩偏差的存在，尤其在價格越低廉的設備上更為明顯。雖然可以依據國際色彩協會的建議，使用每項設備的專屬色彩描述檔來克服色差的缺點，但是用來產生色彩描述檔的相關軟硬體均價格昂貴，實非一般使用者所能承受的負擔，本篇研究以色彩描述檔的色彩轉換機制為基礎，發展出針對廉價取像設備的色彩校正程序，無論從理論數據上的探討以及實際影像上的測試看來，我們的校正方法確實有效，讓原有的色彩能精準地重現。

DcR3是腫瘤壞死因子6B的成員（Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily），又稱為TR6或M68。DcR3會藉由與Fas Ligand, LIGHT或TL1A等細胞表面配位結合，阻擋T細胞的死亡訊息傳輸，保護該細胞免於細胞凋亡；另外，DcR3也會與抗原呈現細胞的硫化肝素糖蛋白結合，誘導未分化之T細胞發育成能減少自體免疫疾病發生的Th2細胞，顯示DcR3有充分作為自體免疫疾病預防之藥物的可能性。因此我藉本實驗探討DcR3對T細胞分化與發育造成的影響與造成此一現象的原因。 根據實驗結果，我們發現DcR3不僅有上述之功能，更能增加調節型T細胞（Treg）這種抑制免疫反應的特殊T細胞表現量，若能藉由Treg調控免疫系統活力，將可改善易般免疫抑制劑治療造成病人免疫力下降之缺點。因此我藉由NOD小鼠，實際檢測DcR3在活體中對抗自體免疫疾病發生的能力，並以DcR3與T 細胞之交互作用實驗，探討現象的成因。根據實驗結果，在Somatic gene therapy和Protein therapy的實驗中，皆可看出疾病延遲發生的現象。而在DcR3對T細胞存活率的影響方面，可看出DcR3並不會造成T細胞之異常死亡。故我們推測DcR3可藉由增加Treg表現量減緩或降低NOD小鼠糖尿病的發病。 因此我們認為DcR3非常有潛力作為未來自體免疫疾病預防或移植手術後用以抗排斥之藥物。

阿拉伯芥中，生物時鐘 (circadian clock) 會產生 24 小時之概日韻律 (circadian rhythm) 使植物適應環境中的溫度與光線變化。在阿拉伯芥中目前已經發現 LIGHT-REGULATED WD1 (LWD1) 和 LWD2 基因和調控生物時鐘有關，使其維持正常的一天 24 小時週期。當 LWD1 與LWD2 基因產生突變時，植物的生物時鐘週期會由一天24小時變為一天只有18小時。之前研究結果顯示 LWD1/2 會在維管束大量表現，由於目前對於維管束生物時鐘之運轉機制所知甚少，因此我們希望能進一步研究 LWD1/2 與維管束生物時鐘間的關係。 為了解 LWD1/2 在維管束中表現是否與其功能相關，我們將此兩種基因接上只會在維管束或葉肉細胞中表現的啟動子，轉殖入 lwd1 lwd2 雙突變株中進行互補試驗 (complementation test)；藉由觀察生物時鐘週期是否從 18 小時恢復為 24 小時，以了解這兩個基因的作用位置及功能。由實驗結果來看，我們發現不論是單獨在維管束或是葉肉細胞中表現 LWD1 或 LWD2 基因，皆會影響到阿拉伯芥的生物時鐘，整棵植株表現出的綜合週期，介於野生型 24 小時與 lwd1 lwd2 雙突變株 18 小時之間。這個結果顯示，不同組織之間的生物時鐘可能不會互相影響；而 LWD1/2 雖於維管束中有較高的表現量，但仍需要在葉肉細胞表現才能具備完整功能。

日常生活脫離不了機率問題，也因為機率使生活充滿樂趣與驚喜，本文藉由麻將賓果遊戲的討論，試著分析連線的概率計算，進而研究抽牌數量對應的連線機率，以及每局花費的成本與應得到的獎品價值的關係。目前在夜市中的麻將賓果遊戲玩法，大多是以排入6x6矩陣，達連線則獲勝，總共有36張牌，由當中抽取12張至15張牌，每局所需的費用由10局100元到1局100元都有(不同攤位抽取的數量各異)。經過我們理論計算的結果，能在夜市獲得連線得到獎品的概率實在是很低，機率由抽取12張牌的0.55%到抽取15張牌的3.73%，且其對應的獎品價值應該要比目前老闆提供的大娃娃更好才能達到期望值的數值。

在利用電腦螢幕來瀏覽圖形式資訊的時候，常常受限於螢幕的空間，沒有辦法在顯示\r 資訊整體結構的同時顯現細節部分的資料，目前的使用者介面所採用的方法有放大（zoom\r in）、捲動（scrolling）、開啟多個視窗（multiple view）等方法，這些方法雖然可以呈現出資\r 料的細節部分，但是仍有其個別的缺點存在，放大的方式會有遮蔽的情形；捲動的方式無\r 法同時地呈現整體結構；開啟多個視窗的方法使得使用者的眼睛必須在這些視窗間來回的\r 移動，造成麻煩。\r 魚眼鏡頭是一種短焦距、大視角的相機鏡頭，鏡頭成像的時候，越接近鏡頭中心的物\r 體會越放大而越遠的部分會越縮小，藉著發掘魚眼鏡頭的成像函數，我們發展出了一種新\r 的使用者介面，在瀏覽圖形式資訊的時候，能夠顯示整體的結構，並隨著滑鼠游標的移動，\r 以不開啟新視窗及無遮蔽的方式，即時地將想要觀察的部分局部放大以展現細部的資料，\r 這種使用者介面將具備現有方法的優點而無其缺點。\r Browsing the global structure of a large graph in limited screen space has the drawback that details\r are often too small to be seen. The most common solution provides a scrollable view. This shows full\r details at the region currently visible through the view, but hides the rest of the global structure.\r Alternatively, zooming into a part of the graph does show local details but misses the overall structure of\r the graph. The multiple views approach, one view of the entire graph and the other of a zoomed portion,\r has the advantage of seeing both local details and overall structure, but has the drawback that parts of the\r graph adjacent to the enlarged area are not visible at all in the enlarged views.\r A fisheye camera lens is a very wide angle lens that magnifies nearby objects while shrinking distant\r objects. It seems to be a tool for seeing local detail and global structure simultaneously. By means of\r exploring fisheye camera lens, we develop a user interface for browsing graphs using program analog of\r fisheye lens. Thus, our method seems to have all the advantages of the other approaches without suffering\r from any of the drawbacks.\r \r