臺灣

一幕吸管插入海龜報導，促使政府全面限制塑膠吸管，也引發我們想製作終極環保吸管的動機。用小麥、豆渣、油、膠、糖製作吸管，小麥及豆渣為主成分，發現淺烘焙豆渣能支撐結構，膠和糖為黏著劑使纖維緊密，油使麵團有延展性，而蜂蠟為防水塗料，此最佳比例下可常溫下耐用5小時，符合使用基準。與市售吸管比較實用性、環保性及營養性。豆渣吸管和市售吸管相比，有易戳膜、大口徑(可吸珍珠)、耐酸性、耐溫性等優點。環保性測試發現1豆渣吸管為所有吸管中分解速度最快2且較石頭紙吸管其燃燒殘餘物相比不影響綠豆生長。豆渣吸管富維他命E，具抗氧化能力。而巧克力口味之豆渣吸管最受同學喜愛。因此我們做出了對環境友善、實用又健康的環保吸管。

目前生物學知識認為雉科鳥類的性別，在卵受精後即決定(WZ型)，不受環境的影響，但是在本組一連串的實驗中發現，雉科鳥類的性別與孵化的溫度變化有非常大的影響，一般宮廷雞的孵化條件在濕度55％RH及溫度98℉～99℉，在此孵化條件下宮廷雞的子代♀：♂=1：1，若溫度降為97℉的孵化條件下所得子代♀性佔93％，倘若溫度升高為100℉的孵化條件下所得子代♂性佔92％，可見在比正常孵化溫度高的環境下宮廷雞的受精卵會轉變為♂性，而比正常孵化溫度低的環境下孵化的宮廷雞受精卵卻會轉變為♀性，本實驗續做了六代，結果大致相似，由此可以證明控制孵化溫度可以改變宮廷雞的性別，這一行為，可能與Z染色體上一個溫度依賴型的連鎖基因(DMRT1)之表現有關。 ;The temperature of hatching can affect Chinese silkys's sex It is now established that the sex of Pheasants is determined when the egg is impregnated, rather than by environmental factors. However, in a series of experiments, we find that the sex of Pheasants is strongly related to the temperature of hatching. In the normal hatching condition (humidity:55% RH ,temperature: 98.5℉), the ratio of female and male offspring of Chinese silkys is 1:1. If the temperature is lowered to 97℉, the female offspring occupies a proportion of 93%. If the temperature is raised to 100℉, the male proportion will reach 92%. We can thus derive the conclusion: the impregnated eggs of Chinese silkys will be transformed to male at a temperature higher than the normal one, while a lower temperature than the normal one will cause the impregnated eggs to be female. The experiments have been conducted through six generations of Chinese silkys, and the results are practically the same. This indicates that temperature changes can affect gender, This may be related to a Z-linked of DMRT1 gene on the DNA, which is temperature-dependent.

本實驗針對一取自台北縣烏來南勢溪下游之溫泉菌，進行微生物學、生物化學、分子生物學三方面之觀察與實驗，期能得到一可生產特定酵素之菌種，且具耐高溫之抗逆境能力。對其酵素進行定性，並嘗試轉殖出相關基因，使之可大量表現。目前已篩選出一種可生產多種酵素之菌種〔依其採集地點暫稱WL-A12〕經菌種鑑定為Bacillus subtilis WL-A12。藉由菌落檢測法以及Zymogram 的方式做酵素分析，並以電導轉形等技術，希望能成功轉至E. coli 上表現。另外，也對該菌種作了一些基本微生物方面的觀察〔如需氧情況、最適生長溫度〕。We isolated enzyme-producing thermophilic bacteria from hot springs near downriver of Nan-shi, Wulai, Taipei (北縣烏來南勢溪). Through microbiological, biochemistry and molecular biological analyses, a multiple enzyme-producing Bacillus subtilis strain, designated WLA12, has been isolated. The growth condition of WLA12 was observed. Using basic colony assay and zymogram analysis (gel electrophoresis) to observe the expressed enzymes, molecular weight and gene size of the enzymes were revealed. With comparison to E. coli control strain, the related enzymes were only found in WLA12. To express the Bacillus genes in E. coli, molecular cloning and gene transformation via electroporation was carried out.

I’ve heard a report on the internet that there are mites on the face, even a clean face, and I took an interest in doing a research. First, I found that on the face is Demodex, which lives and depends on human beings; besides, nearly seventy percent of people have these mites on their faces. To know more about the habit of Demodex, I sampled forty people of both sexes and different ages. The analysis, not correlating with sex and times of face washing, showed that more mites are found on the forehead than on other parts of the face, and there is more probability to find Demodex on the face of those who are older, those who have oily skin, and those who suffer from acne. I also observed that these mites are photonegative, often gather together in the hair follicles, and feed on sebum. Moved from the human body, Demodex is livelier in sesame oil than in other kinds of oils, but its life ends in about eight to ten hours and dissolutes at last. In addition, I tried to devitalize Demodex by various kinds of medicine, cleansers and cosmetics, but only those containing sulfer, eau de parfum, and the essence of rosemary or lavender are efficacious. 網路傳聞乾淨的臉上也有蟲，引起我探索的興趣，查探後發現是和人類片利共生的毛囊 蠕形?和皮脂蠕形?，初步調查顯示近70%的人臉上都有蟲。為了更了解蟲的習性，以年齡 與性別區分共在40 人臉上採集樣本，統整結果得知，額頭比其他臉上部位多、年齡越大、膚 質油的發現機率較大，但不受面皰多寡、性別、洗臉次數等影響；觀察後發現蠕形?以人類 的皮脂為食，經常群聚在人體毛囊中，離開人體後在芝麻香油中活動力較佳，但約8~10 小時 後就死亡分解導致無法繼續觀察其生活史，對光有明顯的負趨光性，最後試著用各種藥品減 低蟲的生命力，以薰衣草、迷迭香精油、毒藥香水和蜜花沉澱硫等較有效。

我們用樂高積木自製磁浮列車，卻發現懸浮平穩沒有想像中容易，於是開始一系列有關單面牆懸浮、摩擦力與綜效磁力的實驗，想找出列車懸浮平穩的秘密。在不同材質的單面牆摩擦力實驗中，利用列車可移動的最小軌道傾斜角度畫圖估算摩擦力，並與掛砝碼最大靜摩擦力的實驗數據比較，得到一致的摩擦力結果：木頭磨光滑 < 木頭 < 壓克力 < 砂紙。 列車的懸浮高度與重量有關，懸浮平穩會有一靠牆的力，須鋪置寬軌道，列車外側磁鐵對齊軌道正上方，靠牆內側磁鐵對齊軌道左側。列車在單面牆（木頭磨光滑）成功懸浮的力平衡狀態為：靜摩擦係數0.28，重力59gw，正向力12.5 gw，列車與軌道的綜效磁力60 gw，水平夾角78 度。最後運用電池或太陽能板加裝風扇驅動磁浮列車前進。

本研究探討肥皂膜與肥皂水的共振現象。在肥皂膜共振方面，我們以實驗探討皂膜的共 振模式與頻率的關係；並配合共振理論模型求出薄膜厚度，再與體積密度-厚度測量方法比 較。而又發現皂膜在共振時，皂膜保存時間較平常久，故進行皂膜生命期與頻率、強度的關 係。在進行肥皂膜實驗時，肥皂水滴落在喇叭上，振動出奇特的形狀，進而探討皂水共振的 特性並嘗試建立其數學模式。 ;The research is about the resonance of soap film and soapsuds. For the resonante of soap film, we tried to find out the relation between the resonant pattern and frequency by experiment; according to the resonante model, we measured the thickness of soap film, which was compaired with volume-dencity method. We found that the life-time of the resonant soap film is longer than the normal one, so we proceeded to study the relation between the life-time, frequency, and power. We observed special resonant pattern while the soapsuds fell down on the speaker. So we studied the characteristics of resonant soapsuds, trying to make the mathematical pattern of resonant soapsuds.

演奏樂器時，是使發聲體產生駐波而發出各式各樣悠揚的聲音及音調；樂器主要分成振動體(發聲體)及共鳴器兩部分，依發音方式分為弦樂器(使弦振動產生駐波)、管樂器(利用空氣柱振動產生駐波) 及打擊樂器(利用板、膜或磚等彈性材料的固有頻率振動產生駐波)。聲音有三要素：振幅、頻率及波型，響度取決於振幅大小、音調與頻率有關、波型則由不同的頻率及響度組成。樂音多變的主因是音色及音調。音色是發聲體的發音特性，取決於該發聲體的聲波波型。音調即聲音的高低，與發聲體的振動頻率材質息息相關，頻率愈高，其音調愈高，而樂曲中的音階高低則是由音調高低所構成。樂曲的製作及演奏必涉及到律制，從駐波的產生、律制的探討、頻率的測量和琴鍵的振動模型建立與波形的觀察，我們使用計頻器、示波器及有限元素ANSYS 軟體、數學計算Mathematica 軟體，我們設計一系列實驗，企圖對樂器聲波操作技巧有更進一步的認知。從實地走訪樂器製造廠，了解到設計與改良仍是樂器工藝家重要課題，本文的實驗方法可提供大型演奏會現場調音、樂器調音師或樂器工藝家設計製造樂器時參考用，對於發展文化產業期待提供更經濟與實用的建議。;Playing musical instrument is to make sounding part produce stationary wave so as to give off various gentle sounds and tones. According to different modes of sound producing, musical instruments which comprise vibrator (sounding part) and resonator can be divided into stringed instruments (which vibrate the strings to produce stationary wave), wind instruments (which produce stationary wave with vibration of the air column) and percussion instruments (which produce stationary wave with natural frequency of boards, films or bricks). Three Essentials of sound include amplitude, frequency and waveform, in which the amplitude decides the volume, tones are related to frequency and the waveforms are composed of different frequency and volume. Various musical sounds are mainly due to different timbres and tones. Timbres, sounding characteristics of sounding part, is decided by waveform of the sounding part. Tone means pitch of the sound and is closely related to vibrating frequency of sounding part. Higher frequency makes higher tones and pitch of a musical scale is decided by different tones. Music composing and playing is necessarily connected with music temperament including producing of stationary wave, discussion of temperament, measurement of frequency, establishment of vibrating mode of keys and observation of waveform. We adopted frequency counter, wave inspector, ANSYS software and Mathematica software and designed a series of experiment to get further knowledge of technique of handling musical instrument wave. After visiting musical instrument manufacturers, we learnt that design and improvement are still the essential subjects for instrument craftsmen. Experimental method in his article can provide reference for on-the-spot tuning of large concert, musical instrument tuner and musical instrument designing and manufacturing by craftsmen, and more economic and practical suggestion for cultural industry development.

本研究主題在測量口琴簧片受到各種氣流因子影響後，所產生音色、音頻等變化之探討。在過去我們認為，一片簧片不論如何吹奏，其發出的頻率皆相同。但是事實上，演奏家控制氣流的強弱、方向、渦流等，便可吹奏出多樣的音頻。探討形狀因子對簧片頻率的影響，如：長度、寬度、厚度對頻率所造成的影響。自製口琴，利用變壓器控制送風機風速。探討氣流因子對簧片主頻之影響，利用各種不同的自製吹嘴，改變風速、角度、渦流…等，找出可能使簧片改變頻率的氣流因素。實驗結果發現改變風速會影響簧片主頻的變化，風速越大，頻率越大，為一條平滑線。但並非一直都會上升，當簧片頻率上升至某一極限，便無法再利用風速使頻率上升。例如實驗四吸音標準狀態下，風速大於8 Kt 後，頻率一直停在429Hz。在外加障礙物時(模擬吹奏舌頭時隆起)和標準狀態(正常零度入射)下頻率比較吹音和吸音有明顯的差異。吹音時，同風速下，其頻率比標準狀態高，發生音升；吸音時，同風速下，其頻率比標準狀態低，發生音降，具應用性。我們發現在頻率改變時，簧片的振動型態會有所不同，所以利用高畫素像機拍攝和電腦相位差算出簧片之曲折點至尾端的距離，發現頻率和簧片之曲折點至尾端的距離成正向關係。如實驗五中頻率從414 至419Hz，簧片的曲折點到振動端距離也明顯變大。我們發現吹嘴和口琴只要稍有一點空隙(大約在0.2cm 左右)，便會和完全吻合時有顯著的頻率差距(吻合後大約比有空隙低20Hz 左右)，此實驗頻率變化現象和現實壓音頻率變化極為相近。實驗過程中發現，改變簧片吹嘴的吻合程度，吹入口琴的風速相近，但頻率變化卻也有壓音的音頻變化。在實驗三加入各種氣流因子發現入射角度和標準情形差異不明顯，因此推論壓音的頻率變化和風力強度、入射角度關係不大，壓音主要為渦流所造成的現象。簧片振動模式改變，導致簧片振動頻率發生變化，且簧片的自然頻率不變。當壓音產生時，氣流在振動面造成妨礙簧片振動的抗力，但琴格內部同時也給簧片的風壓，使簧片產生一種非自然振動的頻率。The theme of the research is to explore the changes on its timbre and frequency after the harmonica reed is influenced by each kind of air current factor .In the past ,most people think no matter how to play the reed ,the frequency it produced was supposed to be the same. But in fact the frequency will be changeable under different direction, turbulent flow and air intension by the perform. First to explore the basic feature of harmonica reed, for example: The length, the width, thickness cause the influence on the frequency. To make the self-made harmonica, using the transformer control air feeder wind speed. To discussion the influenced caused by air current factors,and use each kind of different self-restraint to boast, change the wind speed, angle, turbulent flow ,in order to discover possible factors the reed causes to change the frequency of the air current factor. The experimental result discovered the change of wind speed can affect the change of basic frequency , the stronger speed cause the bigger frequency, It will be a curve. But it will not be rising continuously, when the reed frequency rise to some limit, it is unable to cause the frequency rise again by using the wind speed. For example experiment four sound absorption standard conditions, after the wind speed is higher than 8 Kt, the frequency continuously stops in 429Hz. To compare obstacle (simulation plays when tongue sticks out) and the standard condition (normal zero degree incidence) , comparison blows the sound agreement sound absorption to have the obvious difference. When blows the sound, under the same wind speed, its frequency is higher than the standard condition, has the sound to rise; When sound absorption, under the same wind speed, its frequency is lower than the standard condition, has the sound to fall. The harmonica terminology for presses the sound, extremely has the application. We discovered when frequency change, the reed vibration condition have differently, therefore use the camera photography and the computer phase different figures out the reed winding point to the end distance, discovered the frequency and the reed winding point relate to end distance is being connected. If tests five medium frequencies from 414 to 419Hz, the reed winding point is away from to the vibration end also obviously changes . The different reed vibration condition cause the frequency to change. Natural frequency is constant. When cause “bending” (the frequency is lower than the standard condition), the airflow make a force keep from reed vibration. But the chamber air pressure still drive reed. therefore cause the reed to give off not natural frequency sound

聚丙烯酸是尿布中吸水成份，若被隨地丟棄勢必對環境造成污染。分析其結構，由於存在對重金屬離子具螯合作用的羧基，因此，可用於捕捉重金屬離子，作為偵測污水離子的利器。另外，若將螯合的銀離子以化學還原法製成奈米銀，將可應用於抗菌。研究結果有： \r (1)PAA對Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ag等離子具有明顯螯合效果。 \r (2)螯合反應：PAA＋Mn＋ [PAA-M]n－x＋xH＋，其可利用濃鹽酸使其再生。 \r (3)螯合能力以Fe3+最強，Zn2+(Mn2+)較弱。 \r (4)螯合離子的最小極限為10-3(M)，我們採樣的廢水有重金屬污染，推測濃度大於10－3(M)。 \r (5)成功將螯合的Ag＋製成奈米銀，為金黃色，屬於球形銀，甲醛濃度愈高，奈米粒徑愈小。 \r (6)奈米銀與銀離子在抗菌上的確有明顯效果，帄均粒徑小，抗菌效果越強。

在數學課堂中，老師拋出一道甄試的口試題目，那是一道有關蟲類繁殖過程\r 中，探討子代存在位置及其規律性的題目。此問題引起我們繼續討論的興趣，並\r 試著應用至「一路領先」問題。我們試著改變其形狀來構造「一路領先」的路徑，\r 再擴張其維度來解決任一人數「一路領先」的問題！\r 由於發現Motzkin 數列和三人「一路領先」給定得票數的情況一一對應，我們\r 找到一種對應方法，將Motzkin 路徑和「一路領先」得票過程做一對一的對應！以\r Motzkin 路徑和三人「一路領先」為基礎，我們構造了「立體Motzkin 」，發現其\r 路徑走法數竟和五人「一路領先」得票過程總方法數完全相同！若限制向量(1,0,0)\r 只能出現在xy 平面上，則和四人「一路領先」得票過程一一對應！當我們在網路\r 上搜尋資料時，發現有一種lattice path 的規則和四人「一路領先」的方法數完全\r 一樣！我們一樣找到一種對應規則，讓此走法和四人「一路領先」得票過程一一\r 對應！\r 架構出「立體Motzkin 」後，我們試著架構「n維Motzkin」，發現給定有規律\r 的(2n ?1) 個n維向量，就可以構造出n人的「一路領先」！此方法對解決lattice path\r 和投票問題等有顯著的幫助！