Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 對細胞內DNA damage修補的調控
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1)是一個細胞核內的酵素，它可以被因DNA damage\r 而形成的DNA片段活化，並將NAD(+)上的ADP-ribose轉載到結合蛋白質。這些結合蛋白質對\r 於DNA的合成、DNA的修補、以及細胞週期的調控都有關係。因此，PARP-1被認為是維持基\r 因完整性的重要角色。根據初步的研究，抑制PARP-1的活性對許多疾病的治療都可能有效，\r 其中包括癌症、心臟病、中風、糖尿病、發炎以及反轉錄病毒的感染。然而，以藥物抑制一\r 個對DNA修補這麼重要的酵素會有什麼潛在的問題呢？為了要得到解答，我們需要進一步了\r 解PARP-1在DNA damage反應的機能。在這一份報告中，我製造了一個失去活性的PARP-1突變\r 種，即E988K。經過對E988K詳細的研究，我將比較及分析PARP-1野生型與E988K之間不一樣\r 的互動蛋白質，希望能對PARP-1所控制的DNA修補有更進一步的了解。\r \r \r Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a nuclear enzyme activated by DNA strand breaks\r during DNA damage response and catalyzes the transfer of ADP-ribose units from the substrate NAD(+)\r to acceptor proteins. These acceptor proteins involve in modulation of chromatin structure, DNA\r synthesis, DNA repair, transcription, and cell cycle control. Thus, PARP-1 is believed to play an\r important role in maintaining genome integrity through modulation of protein-protein and protein-DNA\r interactions. PARP-1 has been the target for design of inhibitors for over twenty-five years. Inhibitors of\r the activity of PARP-1 have been claimed to have applications in the treatment of many disease states,\r including cancer, cardiac infarct, stroke, diabetes, inflammation and retroviral infection. However, are\r there potential problems associated with inhibition of this DNA-repair enzyme? To answer this question,\r we need to further understand the biological function of PARP-1 during DNA damage response. In this\r report, an enzyme dead mutant (E988K) of PARP-1 was generated. Detailed studies of E988K show that\r E988K could be used in the following studies. Compare and identify the different associated proteins of\r PARP-1 wild-type and E988K will shed light into the molecular mechanism of PARP-1-mediated DNA\r repair.
溫變性轉(孵化條件對宮廷雞性別的影響)
目前生物學知識認為雉科鳥類的性別，在卵受精後即決定(WZ型)，不受環境的影響，但是在本組一連串的實驗中發現，雉科鳥類的性別與孵化的溫度變化有非常大的影響，一般宮廷雞的孵化條件在濕度55％RH及溫度98℉～99℉，在此孵化條件下宮廷雞的子代♀：♂=1：1，若溫度降為97℉的孵化條件下所得子代♀性佔93％，倘若溫度升高為100℉的孵化條件下所得子代♂性佔92％，可見在比正常孵化溫度高的環境下宮廷雞的受精卵會轉變為♂性，而比正常孵化溫度低的環境下孵化的宮廷雞受精卵卻會轉變為♀性，本實驗續做了六代，結果大致相似，由此可以證明控制孵化溫度可以改變宮廷雞的性別，這一行為，可能與Z染色體上一個溫度依賴型的連鎖基因(DMRT1)之表現有關。 ;The temperature of hatching can affect Chinese silkys's sex It is now established that the sex of Pheasants is determined when the egg is impregnated, rather than by environmental factors. However, in a series of experiments, we find that the sex of Pheasants is strongly related to the temperature of hatching. In the normal hatching condition (humidity:55% RH ,temperature: 98.5℉), the ratio of female and male offspring of Chinese silkys is 1:1. If the temperature is lowered to 97℉, the female offspring occupies a proportion of 93%. If the temperature is raised to 100℉, the male proportion will reach 92%. We can thus derive the conclusion: the impregnated eggs of Chinese silkys will be transformed to male at a temperature higher than the normal one, while a lower temperature than the normal one will cause the impregnated eggs to be female. The experiments have been conducted through six generations of Chinese silkys, and the results are practically the same. This indicates that temperature changes can affect gender, This may be related to a Z-linked of DMRT1 gene on the DNA, which is temperature-dependent.
“碘化鋅”產率變變變---溶劑對產率的影響
The research mainly discuss the influence on the rate of zinc iodine with different solution as catalytic agent. We use water, acid water, ethanol methanol acid ethanol, and acid methanol and so on as different solution to participate in the process of an equation： Zn+I2 → ZnI2 to work out the variation of the product's amount. Besides, we also change the proportion of Zinc and Iodine to discuss the difference between the proportion of reactant and the product's amount. The result shows that the product of this equation is ZnI2 not Zn(I3)2. Ethanol and methanol have the same effect as water to accelerate the process of the equation. We find out that this reaction get higher product's amount in acid condition. Also, put the mass Zinc with the mass iodine can get higher product's amount, Furthermore, acid in specific range (0.01M—1.00M), the denser the acid is, the higher product's amount we get. But how the water as catalytic agent work in the reaction is the direction we can research deeply in the days to come.
鋅和碘作用生成碘化鋅的反應，是用水作為催化劑，然而一小滴水卻使這個反應劇烈進 行，我們嘗試了多種和水具有相同作用的催化劑，由於反應時間極短不易測量，我們考慮由 產率部分著手，讓原本只需一小滴的水〈催化劑〉改為此反應的溶劑，計算其產率的變化。
實驗分為三部分，第一部份先是改變不同的溶劑，讓鋅和碘在不同溶劑〈水、酸化水、乙醇、酸化乙醇、甲醇、酸化甲醇〉下反應，計算出產率的變化，我們發現在酸中的產率的確較不加酸者來得高。第二部分我們改變加入鋅和碘的量，改變鋅和碘的比例，讓鋅由過量到成為此反應的限量試劑，觀察其產率的變化，我們發現碘作為限量試劑較鋅作為限量試劑的產率高。由於此反應在酸中產率較高，但酸的濃度高低是否又會影響產率呢？我們繼續第三部分的實驗，改變酸的濃度，讓此反應在不同的酸化水濃度的溶劑下反應，討論產率和酸濃度的關係，我們發現在一定範圍內〈0.01M~0.5M〉，酸的濃度越高，產率亦越高。
實驗方法是將鋅和碘置入同一試管中反應，並使其在不同溶劑中反應，接著離心，將碘化鋅水溶液與未反應完的反應物分離，將所得的碘化鋅水溶液使用結晶法得到碘化鋅晶體，秤重並計算其產率。
三個新的鋅的幾何異構物
在本實驗中，我們合成了三個新的鋅的幾何異構物：trans-facial-[Zn(dipica)₂]Cl2.CH3OH(dipica=dipicolylamine，C12H13N3，雙(2吡啶甲基)胺)trans-facial-[Zn(dien)2]Cl2(dien=diethylenetriamine，C4H14N3，二乙基三胺)及反式-[Zn(demn)2Cl2](demn=N,N’-dimethylethylenediamineC4H12N2，N,N'-二甲基乙二胺)。本實驗的特色皆在室溫下反應，採用擴散法培養晶體。trans-facial-[Zn(dipica)22]Cl2.CH3OH晶體為三斜晶系，晶格常數a=8.8269(6)Å, b=8.9908(6)Å, c=10.0292(6)Å,α=76.715(1)。,β=81.232(1)。,γ=67.753(1)。;其空間群為P1，可信度R=0.025,Rw=0.0697。六配位的陽離子，其結構為扭曲八面體，兩個含氮三牙基(dipica)trans-facial配位，赤道面(ZnN(1)N(2)N(1A)N(2A))由兩個含吡啶環之氮(N(1)、N(1A))及兩個飽和胺之氮(N(2)、N(2A))所組成。主軸為兩個吡啶環之氮所組成。兩個含氮三牙基(dipica)與鋅的咬合角皆為84.5。。trans-facial-[Zn(dien)2]Cl2晶體為單斜晶系，晶格常數為a=11.3050(3)Å,b=10.9264(3)Å, c=12.6147(3)Å,β=92.884(1)。;其空間群為P21/c，可信度R=0.0191，Rw=0.0484。六配位的離子，其結構為扭曲八面體，兩個含氮三牙基(dien)與鋅的咬合角為156°、157°。反式-[Zn(dmen)2Cl2]晶體為單斜晶系，晶格常數 a=10.3397(4)Å,b=8.5916(4)Å,c=7.9774(3)Å,β=100.520(1)°;其空間群為C2/m，可信度R=0.0266，Rw=0.0686。其結構為八面體，鋅原子四個氮原子組成赤道面(ZnN(1)N(1A)N(1B)N(1C))，兩個氯原子位於此平面的兩側。兩個含氮雙牙基(dmen)與鋅的咬合角皆為83.0(1)Å。
In this study, we have synthesized three new geometrical isomers of zinc(II)complexes: trans-facial-bis(dipicolylamine)zinc(II)chloride-mathanol(1/2)(trans-fac-[Zn(dipica)2]Cl2.2CH3OH), trans-facial-bis(ethylenetriamine)zinc(II)chloride(trans-fac[Zn(dien)2]Cl2)and trans-bis(N, N'-dimethylethylenetriamine)zinc(II)chloride(trans-[Zn(dmen)2]Cl2). The crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction were obtained by slow diffusion of ether to solution of the products. There molecular strctures determined by X-ray diffraction. The complex trans-fac-[Zn(dipica)2]Cl2.2CH3OH crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 with a=8.8269(6)Å, b=8.9908(6)Å, c=10.0292(6)Å,α=76.715(1)。,β=81.232(1)。,γ= 67.753(1)。, for Z=1. The R value is 0.0259 for 3286 significant reflections. In the hexacoordinate cation, the two tridentate dipicolylamine ligands are trans-facially coordinated with two pyridine nitrogens and two secondary amine nitrogens situated on four positions in a basal plane(ZnN(1)N(2)N(1A)N(2A)). The remaining two pyridine nitrogens constitute the axis in a distorted octahedra structure. Colorless trans-fac-[Zn(dien)2]Cl2 crystallizes the monoclinic space group P21/c with a=11.3050(3)Å, b=10.9264(3)Å, c =12.6147(3)Å,β=92.884(1)。,and Z=1. The R value is 0.0191 for 3285 significant reflections. The zinc(II) atom has distorted octahedra coordination, in which the ligands are bound in a trans-facial configuration. Colorless trans-[Zn(dmen)2Cl2] crystallizes the monoclinic space group C2/m with a=10.3397(4)Å, b= 8.5916(4)Å, c=7.9774(3)Å,β=100.520(1)。, and Z=2. The R value is 0.0266 for 856 significant reflections. The zinc(II)atom of trans-[Zn(dmen)2Cl2]is six coordinate with 4 nitrogens of bidentate dmen forming a basal plane(ZnN(1)N(1B)N(1A)N(1C)),and two chlorines on the axial sites completing an octahedra structure.
無尾翼飛行器之穩定與控制
無尾翼飛行器(Tailless Aircraft)在軍事上的價值極大，且對於目前正在起步的微飛行載具(Micro Air Vehicle)而言，亦是值得嘗試與投資的。然而，由於無尾翼飛行器缺乏用以平衡的水平尾翼，造成其靜態的不穩定，即使設法提高靜態穩定特性，但其氣動力阻尼低、穩定性仍舊不佳。操縱上更是困難，在飛行穩定性與控制系統設計上極其挑戰性。本研究目的在探討無尾翼飛行器之穩定性與控制技術，改善其先天之不穩定特性，考慮之項目有縱向靜態穩定性、動態穩定性、控制面與組件配置等因素等進行詳細之探討。首先，找出了適用於無尾翼飛行器之Reflex翼形，接著建立無尾翼飛行器之非線性縱向動態模式，然後針對一翼展8Ocm之小型飛行器進行外型設計，並觀察分析其實際飛行狀態，再以理論與經驗公式估算無尾翼飛行器之氣動力導數，探討其飛行穩定與操控性能。此外，並運用古典控制PID控制法則，設計控制器進行非線性受控系統之動態響應模擬。由模擬結果可看出，經由翼剖面改變與控制系統的輔助下，大幅提高了其性能，使得無尾翼飛行器克服了先天的不穩定特性，更提高了其發展空間 The tailless aircraft has a great value on the military use. Meanwhile, it is worthwhile to try and to invest in it for the investigation of MAV(Micro Air Vehicle), which is being developed now. However, because of lacking horizontal tail which is used for balance, the tailless aircraft is static unstable. Even with the attempt to enhance its characteristics of static stability, the stability of the tailless aircraft is still poor for the sake of it's low damping in aerodynamics. Therefore, it is a challenge to flight stability and control system designing. The purposes of this research are to study the stability and the control technique of the tailless aircraft. To improve its congenital lacking of stability, thought over the longitudinal static stability, dynamic stability and control system. First, find the "Reflex" airfoil is suitable for the tailless aircraft. Second, set up a non-linear and longitudinal dynamic model of the tailless aircraft. Third, design an 80cm span small airplane. Hence, observe and analyze its flying condition. Finally, utilize the theoretical and experiential equations to estimate the aerodynamic derivatives and investigate its stability and controllability. Besides, use the PID controller to proceeded the time-response simulation of the non-linear system. The result of simulation shows that the performance is improved through the change of the airfoil and with the auxiliary of the control system. With this improvement, the tailless aircraft overcome the congenital lacking of stability to broaden its utilization potential.