三等獎

同類相食行為廣泛發生於動物界，兩種可能原因：個體的特殊營養需求和族群的汰弱留強策略。觀察雜食性的高音符絲鱉甲蝸牛(Macrochlamys hippocastaneum)，初步發現同類相食行為與蝸殼破裂與否有關，殼完整的個體間不會發生相食行為(100%)，且當破殼程度愈大愈易發生。食性實驗中攝取過植物性養分的個體傾向選擇同類相食(χ2=22.04,***P<0.001)，同時提供同、異類蝸牛內臟時則未顯著選擇同類(χ2=3.76, P=0.053)，因此未能充分支持特殊營養需求。然而，此種蝸牛會追蹤破殼同類分泌之特殊黏液且具顯著趨向性(χ2=13.06, ***P<0.001)，與距離呈負相關(χ2=6.53, *P<0.05)。觀察腹足顯微構造中，發現內有特殊的疏鬆組織與大量分泌細胞，且通往尾端分泌特殊黏液的開口部位。結果證實破殼受傷個體產生的特殊黏液會主動引起同類相食，支持汰弱留強的族群策略，且物質誘發同類相食模式為動物行為研究中首次發現。

Exclusion zone water現象係指在水溶液中膠體粒子等大型溶質無法靠近多種親水性表面，形成數十到數百微米厚的「空乏區」，簡稱為EZ。目前提出的理論認為此處形成了特殊結構水，然而我們的實驗使用磁珠卻可穿入EZ區，發現不符原理論預測。因此我們提出EZ是由擴散滲流 (diffusiosmosis) 與擴散泳 (diffusiophoresis) 綜合造成的想法來解釋。我們設計了一些實驗，觀測溶液中EZ大小變化、膠體粒子流場與離子濃度梯度等，皆符合預期並成功證實我們的想法。應用此研究結果，可發展新的溶質過濾萃取方式，或利用離子交換產生的流場作為新的發電方式。

本研究創新使用一種生物可分解之離子液體作為鋁空氣二次電池之電解質。與文獻上使用的高價且含毒性的咪唑類離子液體相比，本研究合成的離子液體原料為甘油與氯化膽鹼，均為成本低廉且對人體無害的環保材料。延續過去參加新竹市中小學科展題目「可撓性輕量化鋁空氣電池」的成果，此次國際科展的內容更進一步延伸為可充電式的鋁空氣二次電池，除了電解質的創新外，亦包含電極方面的革新，如陽極除了採用純鋁外，另探討使用鈦鋁合金來減緩腐蝕。在空氣電極方面，除了添加活性碳來增加吸附氧氣的表面積外，另添加二氧化錳來增加氧氣還原的活性。

癌症多年來高居國人十大死因之首，過去研究顯示慢性發炎與癌症生成密切相關。在發炎反應中巨噬細胞的角色相當關鍵，但在腫瘤微環境下反而幫助腫瘤細胞生長。CHI3L1廣泛表現在腫瘤組織與發炎相關的疾病，在發炎中可能調控不同的免疫相關細胞。因此我們想探討CHI3L1在腫瘤微環境中的功能，研究CHI3L1是否影響巨噬細胞之極化及其他後續功能。結果證實有CHI3L1存在時，巨噬細胞無法正常表現M1巨噬細胞之特徵基因，且其濃度越高，特徵基因表現量就越低。而利用巨噬細胞抗原呈現試驗也發現CHI3L1會降低M1巨噬細胞的抗原呈現能力。綜合以上結果，得知CHI3L1會導致M1巨噬細胞功能缺失。未來將探討CHI3L1如何調控巨噬細胞內的分子機轉，並尋找小分子藥物阻斷CHI3L1的作用，期待對腫瘤合併治療有所幫助。

Climate is the average weather in a place over a long period. The changes in climate may be due to natural forces or from human activities. There is growing concern among the scientific community regarding climate change. Biodiversity, forest, monsoons, weather are now at risk due to climate change. Today climate change is happening at an increasing rapid rate. One of the causes is deforestation. Firewood collection in one of the major means the felling of trees. Excessive emission of CO2 by burning, which is a green house gas, responsible for increasing the temperature and causing drastic climate change. Hence, to know the impact of firewood collection in drastic climate change we have undertaken a project entitled, “Impact of firewood collection on weather and climate of Jirdin village.”

Current medical intervention in cancer therapeutic methods has shown risks and side effects with normal tissues. This includes incomplete cancer eradication. In reference to numerous studies and literature reviews, a stimuli-responsive drug delivery system is selected as an innovative, safe and more assured treatment due to its site-specific release ability. This allows specific intervention upon the given stimulus which response to the presenting disease symptoms. Hence, we designed a ROS(Reactive Oxygen Species)-responsive BA-ADA(4-Hydroxyphenylboronic acid pinacol ester and 1-Adamantanecarboxylic acid bonded molecule) nanoparticle delivery system. In our study, ROS-responsive nanoparticle was designed and prepared based on a synthetic molecule from BA and ADA. A therapeutic payload, Doxorubicin, can be loaded into the nanoparticles and it can be selectively released within cancerous tissues whereby ROS level is over-expressed. This will enhance both therapeutic efficiency and reduce side effects. The stability and ROS-responsiveness of the particle were proven in a series of evidence-based experiments. The results showed a significant difference in cell viability during the experiments with healthy and cancerous cell samples. Further research will be required to extend the experiment in vivo.

以不銹鋼、鋁、壓克力暨熱熔膠膜仿製高砂熊蟬之翅脈結構，於完成覆膜後，作為實驗之五種仿翅測體。另設計製作兩種不同控制功能之四連桿振翅機構，再搭配其他觀測儀器、設備與簡易器材，依振翅幅度、振翅頻率、攻角及風速等影響飛行的變因控制組合成72個實驗模組。每種仿翅測體的72個模組各執行4次每次10秒鐘之振翅實驗，觀測與計算出各組測體之翼緣撓度、升力、推距與翅面壓力等合計1440個模組數據並配合相關理論公式加以比較分析、論證。另外，針對蟬翼翅室〈脈〉的結構形抗加以分析，並設計四款不同之翅室〈脈〉結構組合型態，分析比較其應力與應變關係，找出最佳的肋膜結構組合，以作為人類生活與科技運用器材結構設計與運用之參考，例如降落傘、風帆船、薄膜建築結構、微機電系統〈MEMS〉、太陽能光電建築〈BIPV〉與人工飛行振翅翼等。

因參加TYPT台灣青年物理辯論競賽，初步認識了此現象──當一個橫向放置的圓柱造波鼓在水面上垂直震盪時，引起的表面水流逆流。當造波鼓振動的最大加速度達到了臨界值，表面的粒子行進方向就會與波的傳播方向相反。我們查詢了有關此現象的文獻，驚訝的發現，此現象目前還沒有理論可解釋。於是我們便以自製的實驗設備，開始探討在不同的振動情形下，表面流會如何變化。 以目前所獲得的數據，我們推斷反向的流動與造波鼓排開水的體積及造波鼓前排列的波包有關，而回流只是補償流的性質，且水表循環之貢獻遠較水面的流動下顯著。根據為不同厚度的造波鼓有不同的回流臨界加速度，且縱向的水流循環強度遠較水表循環弱，前者速率大小約與後者相差一數量級。 我們也利用閃頻儀分析了不同條件下水波的波形，並利用Poincaré map將其分為兩類，分別對應到表面的出去流與回來流。

本實驗藉觀察圓皂膜的共振駐波，探討皂膜厚度對共振模態之影響。發現在條件相同下，因駐波共振頻率與表面張力、厚度及體密度間的複雜關係，使皂膜厚度有時會影響振動模態。 實驗中以同心圓駐波加上轉動，分析皂膜在駐波共振下的厚度分布及隨時變化。駐波加轉動下皂膜之厚度有三種分布情形：厚度相等、厚度沿徑向突增及沿徑向漸增再漸減；隨時間演進，皂膜上同心干涉環會於駐波節線產生暗紋，此暗紋再往兩側拓寬。 當轉動皂膜產生黑膜後，將轉動停止再施以同心圓駐波，可於貝索函數J0之腹線附近出現較厚之干涉亮紋。圓黑皂膜共振之亮點分布與圓板共振動克拉里尼圖案類似，只是皂膜上的亮點往腹線堆積，而圓板上的顆粒則往節線聚集。

The last two decades have seen 60% annual growth rate (AGR) in the global IP traffic and it is expected that the AGR will keep the exponential growth in the next five years. Recent advances in digital signal processing enabled the implementation of the dual polarization (DP) optical coherent digital receivers, which substantially improved their performance. The goal of this research is to develop a prototype of a compact superchannel flexible DP M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) optical transmitter and demonstrate its reconfigurability to accommodate baud rates ranging from 8-32 Gbaud∕s to achieve 1 Tb/s and beyond using the same hardware. The research work consists of three phases; Phase I is the study of transmitter electrical and optical parts; Phase II investigates the potential configurations for frequency comb generator circuit; Phase III deals with the superchannel experimental prototype. The results obtained so far are pertaining to phase I and phase II with some preliminary experimental validation pertaining to phase III. The experimental results show that the measured component characteristics are matched with the components specifications data sheets. Additionally, the designed frequency comb generator was able to create up to 9 optical subcarriers with flat gain of 0.5 dB amplitude. Transmission over optical subcarriers has been attempted using standard optical transmitter. These results show promise towards the generation of a variable data rate up to 1Tb∕s. IEEE and ITU-T standardization effort considered these data rates to appear around 2017, and are intended for Next Generation Regional/Long-haul Networks.