全國中小學科展

地球與環境科學

驚「掏」駭浪—消波塊與沙灘地形對沙石掏空量的影響

本研究使用水槽、自製造浪器,模擬海岸環境,探討消波塊的擺放角度、擺放密度,以及沙灘的水深、坡度、波浪強度(造浪器頻率),對沿岸沙石侵蝕面積的影響。利用image j 分析在不同因素下消波塊周圍沙石侵蝕之面積,以及其隨時間的變化。研究結果發現,在不同擺放角度中,消波塊之兩角面向波浪時(本研究定義為0度)其下沙石侵蝕面積最大;在擺放密度中,發現擺放越多的消波塊,其侵蝕面積越大;在沙灘水深不同時,當水深越淺時,其侵蝕面積越大;當沙灘之坡度越大時,其侵蝕面積越大;當造浪器之頻率越大時,其侵蝕面積也會增加,而計算體積時,發現在不同擺放角度下,掏空的體積與侵蝕面積成正相關。

富貴角風稜石形成機制之探討

臺灣北部海岸富貴角地區的風稜石母岩為兩輝安山岩,經過風化、風蝕及海蝕而形成目前獨特之外觀。這些岩石源自火山噴發形成的熔岩流,岩漿冷卻形成熔岩塔,裂解後受外營力作用逐漸成形。不同地理位置的風稜石受侵蝕的影響差異顯著:海岸邊的風稜石同時受到海浪和風的影響,外型較圓鈍;陸地部分則因受到海蝕影響較小,外型較為尖銳。另外,本研究利用噴砂實驗進一步驗證不同風速和風向對風稜石生成過程的影響,並分析其形態差異及地質學意義。

沙波紋與新月丘—從地球到火星

本研究旨在探究風成沙紋的型態和其移動速度及新月形沙丘的演化過程。利用吹出式風洞建立穩定且單一風向的風場,並運用不同粒徑的石英沙,以研究不同情況下沙紋和沙丘的變化。研究發現,風成沙紋的波長變化不僅受到風速、粒徑等特性的影響,還可能受到波峰後渦流長度的影響。另外觀察沙紋移動速度的變化後,可以明顯的發現與風速有高度正相關,亦討論能量的變化,並試圖建立風速與移動速度的轉換模型。在新月形沙丘演化過程的模擬中,我們歸納出三個主要時期:延伸期、崩落期和消逝期。我們也針對這些結果進行質性分析,透過觀察與討論,進一步了解沙紋與沙丘之變化過程與形成條件。最後我們比較了火星橫向風成脊(TAR)的形狀、動力及分布差異,推論其可能成因,希望進一步探究行星地表形貌的形成和演化過程。

以3D模型沉降實驗探討有孔蟲Globigerinoidesella fistulosa的消失

有孔蟲Globigerinoidesella fistulosa的滅絕時機(1.7 million years ago, Ma)恰與東西赤道太平洋水溫由似聖嬰現象狀態轉變為似反聖嬰現象狀態的時機相近,前人推論可能是有孔蟲為了維持雷諾數,將自身殼體生長階段倒退為較小的型態,進而提出假設「當垂直水溫梯度變緩,黏滯度變小,Trilobatus sacculifer complex 為了維持雷諾數,殼體半徑、沉降速率和殼體與水的密度差必須相對變小」。本研究利用3D列印的G. fistulosa、T. sacculifer有孔蟲殼體模型進行沉降實驗驗證此假設,同時探討浮游性有孔蟲的殼體型態對其沉降模式的影響,由多個角度分析浮游性有孔蟲改變外型的現象。

Reviving Resources: Harnessing Soap Nut Greywater for Sustainable Plant Growth

Due to widespread water shortages, there is an increasing need for innovative water conservation strategies, such as reusing greywater from laundry. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes greywater as suitable for plant irrigation, but commercial laundry detergents contain synthetic chemicals that can harm both the environment and plant health. Soap nuts, derived from the Sapindus mukorossi tree, offer a natural alternative. Their pericarp is rich in triterpenoid saponins, amphiphilic compounds, composed of hydrophilic sugar group and hydrophobic triterpenoid sapogenins. These saponins mimic the chemical structure of surfactants in detergents, allowing soap nuts to act as natural foaming and surface-active agents in water. As a result, soap nuts have long been used as a sustainable option for shampoo and laundry detergent in many Asian countries (Sochacki & Vogt, 2022). Greywater, an often overlooked resource, is generated from household activities like laundry, showers, and basins. Unlike blackwater, it contains lower levels of pathogens and bacteria. However, due to a lack of awareness, greywater is frequently mixed with blackwater and directed to the same sewage treatment systems (Greywater Systems: From Recycling to Filtration, n.d.). Greywater accounts for 50-80% of a household’s daily wastewater (Wong, 2011). Repurposing greywater offers a promising and sustainable solution to address water conservation challenges.

Proposal for the Restoration of Fire-Damaged Soil Using Water-Soluble Aromatic Compounds Derived from Soil Actinomycetes

The following issues associated with soil affected by wildfires were identified: First, there was a significant decline in the populations of anaerobic and aerobic soil bacteria, which play a critical role in the decomposition and cycling of organic matter. This decline resulted in reduced water retention capacity and porosity of the soil, leading to poor moisture retention and increased evaporation compared to unaffected soil. Moreover, the organic matter content in the soil was significantly depleted, inhibiting plant growth. Additionally, there was a notable proliferation of methane-producing bacteria, which contribute to the greenhouse effect. It was further observed that fire-damaged soils exhibit limited natural recovery, even over prolonged periods. .An investigation into the underlying causes of these problems revealed that actinomycetes, the primary microorganisms responsible for producing watersoluble aromatic compounds in soil, are particularly sensitive to heat compared to other bacterial species. Research demonstrated that the population and diversity of actinomycetes are significantly diminished in soils exposed to wildfires. To mitigate these issues, water-soluble aromatic compounds produced by actinomycetes were extracted and introduced into wildfire-affected soil. This intervention promoted the restoration of actinomycetes populations, enabling their normal growth in the affected soil. Consequently, various wildfire-induced soil problems were effectively resolved. These outcomes were confirmed through the study...Key Words: Actinomycetes, anaerobic and aerobic soil bacteria, methane-producing bacteria, wildfires, water-soluble aromatic compounds.

觀音山火山熔岩與其礦物比例研究 A Study on the Mineral Ratios of Guanyinshan Volcanic Rock

透過親手磨製岩石薄片及礦物比例數據,探討觀音火山熔岩的差異與其差異原因。根據前人研究得知,觀音山經過五次噴發,共有七種不同的火山岩。比對地質圖,尋找各層出露地點共17處,進行田野調查、空拍記錄及樣本採集,並磨製岩石薄片共14片,進行岩相觀察與礦物面積比例計算。 本研究觀察到觀音山熔岩有漸變關係,符合鮑氏反應序列。從橄欖石玄武岩→普通輝石玄武岩→普通輝石安山岩→兩輝石安山岩→紫蘇輝石安山岩→黑雲母角閃石安山岩。 並依據新的田野調查資料,修正觀音山的地質圖資;建立火山噴發歷程模擬動畫;製作立體地形模型,以瞭解對地質地貌關係,皆可做為日後觀音山地球科學教育之參考。

正本「塑」源-探討河川塑膠微粒

基於對鄉土的關懷,我們選定高屏溪流域,來研究河川中塑膠微粒的尺寸大小和含量,透過光譜來了解塑膠微粒的材質。高屏溪流域是跨高雄及屏東地區最大的河流,我們共分為枯水期及豐水期來採水,比較不同季節之塑膠微粒類別,若以形狀區分:枯水期塑膠纖維最多,豐水期塑膠薄膜最多。若以尺寸區分:枯水期100~500μm的佔最多,豐水期25~100μm的佔最多。若以材質區分,枯水期含量最多分別是PE及PP,豐水期含量最多分別是PE及PET。若從顏色區分,大多是白色及透明為主要顏色。以上實驗結果可供主管機關列為重要監測參考,特別是國內少有研究單位或機構,在進行高屏溪流域塑膠微粒類別、含量之調查與研究,因此本研究重大發現為國內創舉深具意義,可供相關單位後續深究參考之價值性。

以3D模型沉降實驗探討有孔蟲Globigerinoidesella fistulosa的消失

有孔蟲Globigerinoidesella fistulosa的滅絕時機(1.7 million years ago, Ma)恰與東西赤道太平洋水溫由似聖嬰現象狀態轉變為似反聖嬰現象狀態的時機相近,前人推論可能是有孔蟲為了維持雷諾數,將自身殼體生長階段倒退為較小的型態,進而提出假設「當垂直水溫梯度變緩,黏滯度變小,Trilobatus sacculifer complex 為了維持雷諾數,殼體半徑、沉降速率和殼體與水的密度差必須相對變小」。本研究利用3D列印的G. fistulosa、T. sacculifer有孔蟲殼體模型進行沉降實驗驗證此假設,同時探討浮游性有孔蟲的殼體型態對其沉降模式的影響,由多個角度分析浮游性有孔蟲改變外型的現象。

驚「掏」駭浪—消波塊與沙灘地形對沙石掏空量的影響

本研究使用水槽、自製造浪器,模擬海岸環境,探討消波塊的擺放角度、擺放密度,以及沙灘的水深、坡度、波浪強度(造浪器頻率),對沿岸沙石侵蝕面積的影響。利用image j 分析在不同因素下消波塊周圍沙石侵蝕之面積,以及其隨時間的變化。研究結果發現,在不同擺放角度中,消波塊之兩角面向波浪時(本研究定義為0度)其下沙石侵蝕面積最大;在擺放密度中,發現擺放越多的消波塊,其侵蝕面積越大;在沙灘水深不同時,當水深越淺時,其侵蝕面積越大;當沙灘之坡度越大時,其侵蝕面積越大;當造浪器之頻率越大時,其侵蝕面積也會增加,而計算體積時,發現在不同擺放角度下,掏空的體積與侵蝕面積成正相關。