全國中小學科展

地球與環境科學

Investigating the Effects of Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Levels on Nannochloropsis oceanica Using a Hemocytometer Counting Method

Climate changes that include ocean acidification and global warming are serious problems in the ecosystem, affecting marine phytoplankton, including Nannochloropsis oceanica. In the effort to further explore the impact of rising temperature and carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations on oceanic ecosystems, the phytoplankton Nannochloropsis oceanica was used as a model organism. This study explored the effect of temperature change and CO₂ concentration on the growth of Nannochloropsis oceanica, achieving 243 samples that were tested with three different temperatures (24 degrees Celsius (°C), 28°C, 32°C) and CO₂ concentrations (0 milliliter (ml)/min, 0.4 ml/min, 0.6 ml/min), utilizing a hemocytometer counting method. Results indicate that the CO₂ concentration has a significant effect on the population of Nannochloropsis oceanica. But the temperature doesn't affect a lot. The Nannochloropsis oceanica in the lowest temperature and highest concentration of CO₂ in its environment had the highest population growth, and in the highest temperature and lowest concentration of CO₂, it had the lowest population growth. Results show the serious negative effect of climate change on the cosystem and the importance of environmental protection. Population blooms due to excess CO₂ taking up ocean resources causing dangerous ecological imbalances.

觀音山火山熔岩與其礦物比例研究 A Study on the Mineral Ratios of Guanyinshan Volcanic Rock

透過親手磨製岩石薄片及礦物比例數據,探討觀音火山熔岩的差異與其差異原因。根據前人研究得知,觀音山經過五次噴發,共有七種不同的火山岩。比對地質圖,尋找各層出露地點共17處,進行田野調查、空拍記錄及樣本採集,並磨製岩石薄片共14片,進行岩相觀察與礦物面積比例計算。 本研究觀察到觀音山熔岩有漸變關係,符合鮑氏反應序列。從橄欖石玄武岩→普通輝石玄武岩→普通輝石安山岩→兩輝石安山岩→紫蘇輝石安山岩→黑雲母角閃石安山岩。 並依據新的田野調查資料,修正觀音山的地質圖資;建立火山噴發歷程模擬動畫;製作立體地形模型,以瞭解對地質地貌關係,皆可做為日後觀音山地球科學教育之參考。

Quantitative environmental DNA metabarcoding for the enumeration of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)

Understanding species abundance is critical to managing and conserving planetary biodiversity. Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) are keystone species of cultural, economic, and ecological importance in Alaska and especially Southwest Alaska. Traditional methods of enumerating salmon such as weirs and visual surveys are often costly, time-intensive, and reliant on taxonomic expertise. Environmental DNA (eDNA), which identifies and quantifies species based on DNA they shed in their habitats, is a potential cost- and time- saving alternative. The relative ease of collecting eDNA samples also enables citizen scientist involvement, expanding research coverage. Currently, more research is required to define eDNA’s potential and limits. This project investigates whether quantitative eDNA metabarcoding can accurately quantify the abundances of six fish species: the five Pacific salmon species plus rainbow trout. Water samples were collected from eight creeks in the Wood River watershed of Southwest Alaska. eDNA metabarcoding and subsequent bioinformatics processing produced a read count for each species. These were compared to visual survey counts, taken to be the true counts for the purposes of this study. Data analyses showed a positive, linear relationship between visual survey count and eDNA count for sockeye salmon. The regressions were significant for both the early (p = 0.089) and late (p = 0.030) sampling dates when 𝛼 = 0.10. eDNA detections of non-sockeye species generally corresponded to visual survey observations of species presence or absence. Overall, the results of this study support eDNA’s potential to be an alternative or supplement to standard methods for the enumeration of fish species.

Investigating the Effects of Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Levels on Nannochloropsis oceanica Using a Hemocytometer Counting Method

Climate changes that include ocean acidification and global warming are serious problems in the ecosystem, affecting marine phytoplankton, including Nannochloropsis oceanica. In the effort to further explore the impact of rising temperature and carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations on oceanic ecosystems, the phytoplankton Nannochloropsis oceanica was used as a model organism. This study explored the effect of temperature change and CO₂ concentration on the growth of Nannochloropsis oceanica, achieving 243 samples that were tested with three different temperatures (24 degrees Celsius (°C), 28°C, 32°C) and CO₂ concentrations (0 milliliter (ml)/min, 0.4 ml/min, 0.6 ml/min), utilizing a hemocytometer counting method. Results indicate that the CO₂ concentration has a significant effect on the population of Nannochloropsis oceanica. But the temperature doesn't affect a lot. The Nannochloropsis oceanica in the lowest temperature and highest concentration of CO₂ in its environment had the highest population growth, and in the highest temperature and lowest concentration of CO₂, it had the lowest population growth. Results show the serious negative effect of climate change on the cosystem and the importance of environmental protection. Population blooms due to excess CO₂ taking up ocean resources causing dangerous ecological imbalances.

探討影響臺灣周遭海域波浪能蘊藏量的關鍵因素 English Title:Investigation of Key Factors Influencing Wave Energy Potential in the Surrounding Waters of Taiwan

團隊透過分析臺灣台灣周遭八個處海洋浮標測站資料,自2021年1月到2024年10月為止之示性波高、平均週期、平均風速、海溫等資料間之相關性,並試從不同位置測站之海洋條件與大氣因素,來綜合探討影響臺灣周遭海域波浪能蘊藏量的關鍵因素。並透過分析海溫與波浪能變化的關係,試圖瞭解全球暖化平均海溫上升,對臺灣周遭波浪能蘊藏的變化趨勢。 團隊發現影響臺灣周遭海域波浪能蘊藏的因素,除了季節性季風的影響,黑潮主流以及澎湖水道的黑潮支流湧升流,也都 可能 是影響臺灣周遭海域波浪能蘊藏的重要因素。團隊也發現,在臺灣周遭海域波浪能蘊藏與海溫變化有負相關的趨勢,此現象與臺灣中央研究院針對過去70年,全球波浪能的變化趨勢並不一致。其原因可能是臺灣所屬地理位置環境的關係,也可能是分析的數據資料僅有4年無法準確看出趨勢變化。

探討影響臺灣周遭海域波浪能蘊藏量的關鍵因素 English Title:Investigation of Key Factors Influencing Wave Energy Potential in the Surrounding Waters of Taiwan

團隊透過分析臺灣台灣周遭八個處海洋浮標測站資料,自2021年1月到2024年10月為止之示性波高、平均週期、平均風速、海溫等資料間之相關性,並試從不同位置測站之海洋條件與大氣因素,來綜合探討影響臺灣周遭海域波浪能蘊藏量的關鍵因素。並透過分析海溫與波浪能變化的關係,試圖瞭解全球暖化平均海溫上升,對臺灣周遭波浪能蘊藏的變化趨勢。 團隊發現影響臺灣周遭海域波浪能蘊藏的因素,除了季節性季風的影響,黑潮主流以及澎湖水道的黑潮支流湧升流,也都 可能 是影響臺灣周遭海域波浪能蘊藏的重要因素。團隊也發現,在臺灣周遭海域波浪能蘊藏與海溫變化有負相關的趨勢,此現象與臺灣中央研究院針對過去70年,全球波浪能的變化趨勢並不一致。其原因可能是臺灣所屬地理位置環境的關係,也可能是分析的數據資料僅有4年無法準確看出趨勢變化。

「梅」來演趣—探討台灣梅雨季之大氣流型演變與模擬

為了解台灣梅雨季的氣候特徵,本研究分析了2009至2024年間五、六月的降雨、風場流型及大氣環境。結果顯示,東北部冬季多雨,而西部地區則自五月梅雨季開始進入雨季,台灣的降雨區域逐漸南移,顯示大氣環境在此期間發生變化。我們分析了16年間的風場情形,歸納出7種單一風向流型及2種過渡流型,並整合其趨勢。我們發現,梅雨季期間,寒冷流型的出現頻率逐漸減少,而溫暖流型在夏季成為主流,不同流型之間的轉變具趨勢性。整合降雨資料後,結果顯示盛行風、低壓帶、地形效應與過渡流型對降雨有顯著影響,且發現致災性梅雨的發生條件。最後,本研究設計模擬裝置,利用不同密度的海藻酸鈉溶液與台灣模型,可模擬出符合本研究歸納的流型。

宜蘭地區風場與地形交互作用下的雨量分析

本研究利用中央氣象署2003年至2022年在宜蘭地區的地面測站雨量及風場觀測資料,分別在蘭陽溪以北與以南的平原與山區各選取十個測站進行分析,再輔以宜蘭降雨觀測計畫所提供的探空斜溫圖,探討宜蘭地區三維風場及因特殊地形作用所產生的雨量分布及變化。研究結果顯示:宜蘭地區的降雨量多寡與降雨特性分成五區,分別是中央山脈迎風面(4000~5000mm)>雪山山脈山區(約3500mm)>平原內部(2500~3200mm)>中央山脈背風側(約2700mm)>無地形作用(約1200mm)。其中中央山脈迎風地區年雨量逐年上升,背風面雨量逐年下降。另大尺度的東北季風進入宜蘭平原,與地形交互作用產生繞流西風再與低層東北季風產生輻合舉升作用,常造成了宜蘭地區冬季劇烈降雨事件。

高山地區暖化之探討

高海拔的高山多與極區相似,地表覆蓋著冰雪,故推測可能觀察到與極地放大效應類似的情形發生。本研究探討歐洲、美洲以及亞洲海拔超過3000 公尺的數個近百年測站之氣溫資料趨勢並比較各測站之間的差異,藉由觀察所繪製出的圖表,得到支持高山地區的暖化情況同樣也較全球平均的暖化情況明顯的證據,以及高山地區季節的暖化差異,並更加了解高山氣候變遷的趨勢,以及近代與過去暖化情況的不同。

觀音山火山熔岩與其礦物比例研究 A Study on the Mineral Ratios of Guanyinshan Volcanic Rock

透過親手磨製岩石薄片及礦物比例數據,探討觀音火山熔岩的差異與其差異原因。根據前人研究得知,觀音山經過五次噴發,共有七種不同的火山岩。比對地質圖,尋找各層出露地點共17處,進行田野調查、空拍記錄及樣本採集,並磨製岩石薄片共14片,進行岩相觀察與礦物面積比例計算。 本研究觀察到觀音山熔岩有漸變關係,符合鮑氏反應序列。從橄欖石玄武岩→普通輝石玄武岩→普通輝石安山岩→兩輝石安山岩→紫蘇輝石安山岩→黑雲母角閃石安山岩。 並依據新的田野調查資料,修正觀音山的地質圖資;建立火山噴發歷程模擬動畫;製作立體地形模型,以瞭解對地質地貌關係,皆可做為日後觀音山地球科學教育之參考。