地球與環境科學

本研究利用福爾摩沙衛星 5 號及 Sentinel-2 之衛星影像監測 2018-2023 年集集攔河堰集水區的變化量值，並利用 Semi-automaticClassificationPlugin（SCP）及 NormalizedDifferenceWater Index（NDWI）兩種指標運算方式，比較集集攔河堰的水體面積變化及兩種指標的差異與應用。結果顯示 NDWI 相較於 SCP 更接近水利署所提供的航照資料，因此 NDWI 在測量水體範圍上具較高可信度。 如果用（面積×水位高度）無法真實計算可利用的水資源，因為水面下的沉積物會隨時間增減或遷徙。因此我們利用地表輻射值與數值高程模型（DEM）模擬水下的沉積物堆疊情形。為證實地表輻射值與地形有關聯性，因此利用水利署光達剖面圖資與本研究計算結果比對，發現乾季時模擬結果與光達實測地形資料高度相似。 此外亦利用 NDWI、NDVI 與空拍圖的相互比對重新細分不同物質在 NDWI 的適當數值區間範圍，能有效將濕砂石與深水區分離，並應用於其他及水樣區。

The idea of dramatically reducing the cost of the production dry cell, reducing its carbon footprint, and being able to be an alternative to current materials such as biochars really propels the interest of performing this project research. Biochars from durian husk, bamboo and coconut shell are promising alternative chemical materials of the anodes in the dry cell due to their eco-friendly traits and availability in the trophic areas which covers about 40% of the land on earth. Using the technique of pyrolysis, the latest and the best technique to produce a high carbon content biochars, the dry cell uses the potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte and manganese dioxide as the catalysts that make the biochar mixture to produce maximum voltage of 65% from the dry cell sold in the current market. The voltage analysis of the biochar dry cell was done in our school science laboratory and then, characterization tests analysis was carried out on the products from the specific biomass namely the SEM/EDX analysis, at the Material Characterization Laboratory (MCL), Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra 馬來西亞. Based on our research, the biochar obtained from the raw materials (Durian Husk, Bamboo and Coconut Shell) had shown different characteristics. The bamboo biochar had shown the most amount of carbon content which is 86.64% more than the durian husk biochar (72.77%) and coconut shell biochar (65.57%). On the other hand, based on the micrograph, we observed that the durian husk biochar had shown much created pores rather than bamboo biochar and coconut shell biochar. In our study, we found out that the average voltage produced by the three different biochars have shown that Durian Husk char dry cell produced the highest voltage which is 0.97V, more than the bamboo char (0.62V) and coconut shell char (0.73V). In conclusion, the biochar dry cell produced are much cheaper in term of its production as our biochar dry cell uses biomass that are freely available and comes from renewable source of energy, the best ingredient for Green Technology.

Within the scope of sustainable cities and responsible consumption, which are among the goals of sustainable development, it is aimed to contribute to life safety, defense industry, protection from disasters and economy with the new generation environmental building technologies and materials to be developed in the field of construction. It is a critical issue to protect reinforced concrete structures, piers, bridge piers, overpasses against impacts, and to reduce the damages and economic losses in disaster situations. Reinforced concrete scaffolding is the load-bearing component of the structure and its impact resistance is crucial to the overall safety of the concrete structure. Therefore, there is a need to develop technologies that can protect structures against explosion and impact loads. Within the scope of the project, environmentally friendly and low-cost concrete materials with industrial waste glass, aluminum, plastic material additives, which can be used in columns, which are the most important part in the strength of reinforced concrete structures to prevent explosion and impact damage, were produced and their strengths were analyzed. The use and design of these materials in the strength of concrete creates the originality of the project. When the results obtained in the project were examined, it was observed that the steel fiber concretes with the addition of waste glass, aluminum ring, disc, beverage can and plastic bottle were resistant to high pressure when compared with the control groups without additives, and the change in surface height after the impact test, visual analysis and load-time graphics showed this. It is seen that the additives have a cushioning effect against the impact, absorbing the energy against the force by 87.6% and increasing the strength significantly. In this project, where it is aimed to increase the strength of concrete structures by using the impact energy absorption feature of waste glass, plastic and aluminum, products with high added value are developed, contributing to the literature and the construction sector. With the large-scale use of the project, the costs spent on the disposal of waste materials will be reduced, the upcycling based on re-using the waste products will be contributed, and the loss of life and property due to impacts and explosions will be prevented.

當船開過水面，因為內波而產生船速下降甚至停滯不前的現象，稱為「死 水效應」。此現象好發於初春冬冰消融之際、河川出海口等容易出現穩定密度分層區域。本研究主要針對「死水效應」進行探究，運用食鹽水製作密度分層，在水槽中利用模型船模擬現實中可能發生的情況，了解內波與死水現象的 關聯。 結果顯示當拉力較小、船重較重、上層水較薄、下層水較厚時，較容易發 生劇烈的死水現象。無論船速為何，在 Froude number 接近 1 時皆會受到內波影響，造成加速度減緩，當加速度達到負值，稱為死水現象。船一旦發生過一 次死水現象，並再加速時，船尾流會增強殘存的波，船極有可能再次陷入死水 現象，使得 Froude number 在 1 附近上下震盪，須等內波破碎或分層混亂時才 能完全脫離死水現象。同時本研究也發現船速與平均波速具有一關係式，可協 助進行觀測上等用途。

Global warming is a phenomenon in which the Earth's overall temperature rises as a result of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Among the major greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas that contributes significantly to global warming [1,2]. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is rising due to human activities such as burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), as well as changes in land use and vegetation [3]. Carbon dioxide and other gases, such as methane and nitrogen monoxide absorb infrared radiation and redirect it back to Earth, warming the planet [4]. This rise in temperature can impact ecosystems, climate, water resources, agriculture, public health, and societies in general [5]. To combat global warming and reduce carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, many countries around the world, including Saudi Arabia, are working to achieve a vision to reduce carbon emissions by reducing their carbon emissions by 278 million tons per year by 2030 in line with the Paris Agreement, for climate. The Kingdom is committed to generating 50% of its electrical energy from renewable sources by 2030. In addition to the shift in the local energy mix, the Saudi Green Initiative is implementing a number of ambitious programs and projects to reduce emissions. These programs include investing in new energy sources, promoting energy efficiency, and expanding carbon capture and storage programs [6]. Through these initiatives, the Kingdom will be able to achieve its climate goals and establish a sustainable future (Figure 1). In addition, the Paris Climate Change Agreement includes 196 countries and the European Union, covering most of the world. This agreement aims to achieve carbon neutrality by taking measures to reduce carbon dioxide emissions [7].