環境工程

台灣西海岸的河川，常飽受嚴重的水污染，其中最嚴重者莫過於重金屬離子所造成的危害了。所以，本作品即探究：從了解【電解水的氧化還原反應】到設計【小型多重兩極分流電解槽】上，希望藉此設計能給相關單位參考，以為農田引水灌溉及養殖水域做把關的工作。最後並對長期以來校內涉及電解、電鍍…等含重金屬離子的實驗做徹底的減廢設計，以排出無污染性的廢水。;Rivers along the west coast of Taiwan have been seriously polluted for a long time, the most hazardous one of which has been caused by heavy metal ion. As such, this article aims at how to discharge a pollution-free wastewater by understanding first from the oxidation- reduction reaction of electrolytic water to design of a miniature multiple bipolarity divided-flow electrolyser. It is hoped that this design would provide related government regulatory agencies with adequate information so that they may be capable of doing a responsible pollution-prevention job in water irrigation for farming land and water for marine farming as well. Finally, the author may further add that this design has been through constant laboratory tests involving electrolysis and electroplating of heavy metal ion in the hope that a perfect design to eradicate wastewater can be produced so as to discharge pollution-free waste water.

在相對較高氧化電位下的前處理，這樣的活化步驟已被普遍接受。藉由這樣的活化步驟，廢煤渣（傳統鋼鐵業）轉變成能夠有效偵測微量鉛金屬離子的催化劑。微量鉛金屬離子的偵測是藉由方波剝除伏安法進行。在最佳化參數下，偵測鉛金屬離子的靈敏度為11.482μA/ppm(斜率??)，線性範圍為0.1－2ppm。最後，照光設備之應用亦可用來提升偵測鉛金屬離子時之靈敏度。最終實際應用則取天然的水進行實驗之驗證。The preactivation process (i.e., preanodization) at very positive potentials has been accepted as the prime activating procedure. By using the preactivation process, waste cinder (from steel industry) were converted into an efficient catalyst in the determination of Pb2+ in cinder-modified carbon paste electrodes. The possibility of determining Pb2+ at trace levels was examined by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Under the optimized analytical conditions, the sensitivity, linearity, and detection limit are 11.482 μA/ppm, and0.1－2 ppm (r = 0.974). Finally, the lighting was also used to raise the sensitivity of the determining Pb2+. The practical applications were demonstrated to measure trace Pb2+ in natural waters.

常常看到一些防污染系統的不實際及曠廢時日以致造\r 成污染面的擴大；最常見的為油輪漏油污染海面，而我們能\r 做的僅是利用攔油繩鏈(oil disaster)將污染海面的油污圈圍\r 起來防止其擴大範圍。從文獻資料得知最新的觸媒材料TiO2\r 可以在紫外光照射下發揮分解油污及廢液的功能。因此想以\r TiO2 為主題對類似油污污染及廢液污染的濾淨作一番探\r 討，進而研究出一套快速的除汙設計來嘗試解決層出不窮的\r 污染事件。\r TiO2廉價、無毒、穩定性高，為一種良好的光催化觸媒，\r 其實它早已被用來加入化妝品及口香糖中，以期促成人體內\r 外部(含口腔)的淨化功能。所以我們進一步配合空心玻璃球\r 粒的應用及TiO2 薄膜的鍍製來設計出具有分解液態污染源\r 的攔油繩及快速分解液態污染源的簡易濾淨系統。

本研究選擇以天然易分解的吸附劑－幾丁聚醣和聚麩胺酸（γ-PGA)，建立有效去除水中重金屬離子的方法。首先探討幾丁聚醣膜在各種條件下對鉻離子、銅離子的吸附。對鉻離子的吸附模式較符合等溫吸附式Freundlich，於30℃、pH=3時具有吸附優勢。而後將幾丁聚醣黏附於多孔性泡綿，利用抽濾法提高吸附效率，使鉻、銅離子殘留率分別降至2.08％、11.23％。幾丁聚醣與γ-PGA結合製成的複合材料泡綿，大幅提升對銅離子的吸附效果，其吸附模式較符合等溫吸附式Freundlich，於30℃下、pH=7，γ-PGA與幾丁聚醣之比例為6:5時，對銅離子吸附最佳。利用分光光度儀的設計原理，以光敏電阻建立可即時檢測有色重金屬離子的分析元件。將此檢測裝置結合吸附劑，研發一套可即時檢測、環保簡易的重金屬離子吸附暨檢測之循環系統。對於2.0ppm、10.0ppm之鉻、銅離子循環2、3小時後，殘留率分別降至0.046％、0.074％，充分顯示此系統可有效去除水中重金屬離子。

1. Purpose of the research Characterization of bacterial and viral diversity of brine Tyro using molecular methods of identification. 2. Procedures For bacteria: 1. Amplification or multiplication of 16S rRNA gene (one of the most conservative gene) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 2. Agarose gel electrophoresis and purification of PCR product 3. Ligation of purified PCR product into the vector pGEM-T 4. Transformation of plasmids containing an insert into competent cells E.coli XB1 5. Blue-white selection (we need white colonies, they contain the insert of interest) 6. Isolation of plasmids containing an insert of interest 7. Sequencing of inserts 8. Bioinformatics analysis: matching homologues from GeneBank database, construction of phylogenetic trees, statistical analysis. For viruses: The same methods were used for gp23 gene, which code a major head protein of T-even bacteriophages; to amplify gp23 gene a special set of primers was used, along with a standard cloning protocol described above. 3. Data 1) Two libraries of clones were obtained during analysis: lake Tyro (24 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), 10 classes) and sea water (6 OTUs, 2 classes of eubacteria). 2) The most abundant classes were: gamma-, delta-, epsilon- Proteobacteria, which is in agreement with previous reports about bacteria in brines of Mediterranean Sea. 3) The number of clones was not sufficient to obtain stable estimates of diversity, the analysis require additional data. 4) The diversity of bacteria was unexpectedly high in brine but not in the seawater, due to higher and more diverse ion composition. 5) Most of the detected bacteria in the deep-sea lake belonged to the previously undescribed (18,75%) bacteria or had unusual metabolism (43,75%). 4. Conclusions The analysis demonstrated unexpectedly high diversity of halophilic bacteria inhabiting Tyro lake. Most of bacteria presented in brine water had unique and uncommon characteristics based on information about its closest relatives. Therefore, the deep-sea hypersaline lakes of Mediterranean Sea have great potential for further investigations. Preliminary results of diversity of viruses of Tyro lake were obtained during analysis, more complete description is coming soon.

I live in the harbor town of Walvis Bay in the heart of Namib Desert which\r is surrounded by sea and dunes and both are famous in the world. Walvis\r Bay is situated in Namibia formally known as South West Africa.\r Walvis Bay is a fishing industry town with an international harbor\r The population of Walvis Bay is about 54000 people and growing daily.\r Our fish is daily exported to many European and some of Asian countries.\r Industry in Walvis Bay is contributing nearly 50% to the Namibian economy.\r The town has also been declared as an EPZ (Economic Production Zone). Its\r harbor serves as a corridor to the neighboring land locked countries.\r Walvis Bay offers more job possibilities than most other Namibian towns.\r Every year many jobless people, even foreigners, stream to this town to\r seek employment as laborers or as specialists in the various industries.\r These people are in need of accommodation and often have to make due\r with any sort of shelter in Walvis Bay.

Steel slag, is received from iron and steel production facilities in Turkey, and is up to 25-30% from steel production. These couldn’t have been reclamation for any field of use and free stored in nature. When the structure of this slag examined, it was contained metallic formation (Fe2O3, Al2O3, MnO2, MgO2 etc.) and oxide compositions (SiO2, CaO2 etc.). The aim of this project is investigate metallic content of steel slag used as fertilizer in plants. For this purpose, slag is used to determine the physical and chemical characterization. Then, it is separated from metallic content by using shaking table and multi gravity separative (MGS) method. After these procedures, there are determinate 6 groups with different densities and different grit size. Element analysis was made of these groups by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and ICP-OES system. In addition, mineral analysis was determined by XRD device. Thus, within each group minerals have been identified. Slag-soil mixture was prepared for determination the highest yield of using six different slag groups as fertilizer in the plant. Thus, corn crops were grown in different combinations. Then harvested corn plants and done soil analysis of the plants. As a result of experiments, percentage of the most effective slag-soil composition for corn was determined. The highest yield in the slag pot was determined the rate of %12.5 and coarse-grained. Ideally, the slag content found to be chinerals such as merwinite (3CaO-MgO-2SiO2), akermanite (2CaO-MgO-2SiO2), gehlenite (2CaO-Al2O3-SiO2). Thus, it was detected the steel slags can be used as feed material for plants. Hence by maintaining the ecological balance economic contribution to the country was achieved.

This project determined which varietal of grapes grew best in the Lytton / Lillooet area. This project specifically measured growth rates, maturity levels, and breakage rates of the 18 grape varietals (9 red, 9 white) that grew on different slope positions. This experiment determined which varietal was best suited for the site specifically chosen in Lillooet and provided a ranking of the most desirable varietals for potential grape growers.

Our research is connected with the problem of the mercurious wasre products (MWP) recycling, luminescent lamps take a great part among them. The problem of recycling MWP is topical not only in Yakutsk, but also in other cities of Russia because of its toxic influence on the human’s body. Mercury is the top among eight the most dangerous metals. I have analyzed the conditions of recycling of luminescent lamps in Yakutsk schools. I have got data on the problem. There is a great amount of the fused luminescent lamps is stored in the territory of schools, it produces danger for the pupils’ health. On the research work I have proposed some ways of solution of the problem.