Applications of Biofuel Technologies for Third World Countries
Innovative, inexpensive, sustainable fuel for cooking and light can be produced with an anaerobic digestion biogas system. A biodigester was designed from parts that are locally available to purchase and maintain in a developing nation. The prototype was designed, built and the engineering was approved and tested. Research and testing of techniques used to produce biogas were recorded and analyzed. The digester successfully produced enough biogas to connect to a stove and burn. Research and testing continued on different ways to pressurize the biogas. A burn time of eleven minutes was recorded. A Bunsen burner was designed, again from locally available parts, in order to enhance the flame to use for cooking. The designed digester and burner worked satisfactorily to burn the biogas collected in the system. Using small scale tests, additional research and testing continued on the most efficient production of the biogas. Figure 1 shows the results of the small scale biogas testing. The results from the small scale testing showed that the best variables for producing biogas are using school compost, ie apples, bananas, oranges, cucumbers, grapefruit, grapes etc, which has been blended to acquire the most surface area with a 1:1 ratio. Figure 3 shows the results of a sample of methane (first three peaks) and of the biogas that was produced (last two peaks). The first peak is the nitrogen and the oxygen in the sample. The second peak is the methane and the third peak is carbon dioxide. The first biogas sample that was tested had no methane so there was an absence of the second peak. This was similar for Figures 4 and 5. Figure 6 shows a sample of the final biogas product which is producing methane as shown by the blue circle. Figures 3 through 5 lack a methane peak due to leaks in the biogas system and limited time within testing periods. The hypothesis was proved correct. An innovative, inexpensive, sustainable fuel for cooking and light using an anaerobic digestion system that can be built completely in developing nations such as Honduras was created. The biogas was ignited using a stove which provided heat for cooking. The biogas was not tested using a light; however, since the biogas can burn, this is theoretically possible. The final system achieved these goals.
Problems of Safe Storage, Collecting and Recycling of Luminescent Lamps
Our research is connected with the problem of the mercurious wasre products (MWP) recycling, luminescent lamps take a great part among them. The problem of recycling MWP is topical not only in Yakutsk, but also in other cities of Russia because of its toxic influence on the human’s body. Mercury is the top among eight the most dangerous metals. I have analyzed the conditions of recycling of luminescent lamps in Yakutsk schools. I have got data on the problem. There is a great amount of the fused luminescent lamps is stored in the territory of schools, it produces danger for the pupils’ health. On the research work I have proposed some ways of solution of the problem.
USING IRON-STEEL INDUSTRIAL WASTE SLAGS AS A FERTILIZER
Steel slag, is received from iron and steel production facilities in Turkey, and is up to 25-30% from steel production. These couldn’t have been reclamation for any field of use and free stored in nature. When the structure of this slag examined, it was contained metallic formation (Fe2O3, Al2O3, MnO2, MgO2 etc.) and oxide compositions (SiO2, CaO2 etc.). The aim of this project is investigate metallic content of steel slag used as fertilizer in plants. For this purpose, slag is used to determine the physical and chemical characterization. Then, it is separated from metallic content by using shaking table and multi gravity separative (MGS) method. After these procedures, there are determinate 6 groups with different densities and different grit size. Element analysis was made of these groups by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and ICP-OES system. In addition, mineral analysis was determined by XRD device. Thus, within each group minerals have been identified. Slag-soil mixture was prepared for determination the highest yield of using six different slag groups as fertilizer in the plant. Thus, corn crops were grown in different combinations. Then harvested corn plants and done soil analysis of the plants. As a result of experiments, percentage of the most effective slag-soil composition for corn was determined. The highest yield in the slag pot was determined the rate of %12.5 and coarse-grained. Ideally, the slag content found to be chinerals such as merwinite (3CaO-MgO-2SiO2), akermanite (2CaO-MgO-2SiO2), gehlenite (2CaO-Al2O3-SiO2). Thus, it was detected the steel slags can be used as feed material for plants. Hence by maintaining the ecological balance economic contribution to the country was achieved.
以廢找廢~讓重金屬離子無所遁形~
在相對較高氧化電位下的前處理，這樣的活化步驟已被普遍接受。藉由這樣的活化步驟，廢煤渣（傳統鋼鐵業）轉變成能夠有效偵測微量鉛金屬離子的催化劑。微量鉛金屬離子的偵測是藉由方波剝除伏安法進行。在最佳化參數下，偵測鉛金屬離子的靈敏度為11.482μA/ppm(斜率??)，線性範圍為0.1－2ppm。最後，照光設備之應用亦可用來提升偵測鉛金屬離子時之靈敏度。最終實際應用則取天然的水進行實驗之驗證。The preactivation process (i.e., preanodization) at very positive potentials has been accepted as the prime activating procedure. By using the preactivation process, waste cinder (from steel industry) were converted into an efficient catalyst in the determination of Pb2+ in cinder-modified carbon paste electrodes. The possibility of determining Pb2+ at trace levels was examined by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Under the optimized analytical conditions, the sensitivity, linearity, and detection limit are 11.482 μA/ppm, and0.1－2 ppm (r = 0.974). Finally, the lighting was also used to raise the sensitivity of the determining Pb2+. The practical applications were demonstrated to measure trace Pb2+ in natural waters.
Electronic Lrrigating Machine
The purpose of research:Lies the importance of research in rationalizing the consumption of water during the irrigation of gardens, farms and green spaces. Where the world suffers from the problem of water scarcity, especially groundwater was the slogan of World Water Day in 2007 ((water scarcity)), and therefore we find through studies and scientific research that the world is suffering from a marked decrease in the water up to 30% and thus to drought. The one of the reports issued by the United Nations Environment Programme, that more than half the world's population will live during the next thirty years until in 2032, In areas suffering from water shortages, and West Asia, including the Arabian peninsula will be more areas suffering from water shortages, are expected to live about 90% of the population in areas suffering from water shortages in 2032. Steps of scientific research: Theme: the rationalization of water consumption in irrigation How can rationalize water consumption and maintenance? How to benefit from raw materials to the environment be friends of the environment and water? How to maintain in our hemisphere is suffering from the problems of pollution? R: field environment Compile information: Started to develop the idea of working model in detail (scientific deliberate scheme) of the parts used in the rationalization process model and then work on the ground. Forming hypotheses, research and analysis of information: Assume that the flow of water through the faucet immediately for a period of one minute quantity of 2 liters permission when using pregled control the flow of water and a minute amount of water will be 0.2 liter. Suppose that the system used in the rationalization process is linked with the timing of rush hour drops of water every minute and measuring the quantity flowing from the pipeline, we find it 2 / 10 from the amount of water flowing from the tap directly. Procedures used: Been working model ready by using the following tools: Ban small-sized water Basin water model using plastic-coated shell and clay. Wall hours with wire sensitive prove on the basis of hours rolled aluminium conductor of electricity affected debates clock Plastic trees. Electricity wires - the context of an electric effort to 220 volts. The idea of working model: Labour deliver electric power 220 volts. Scorpion am touching on the sensitive installed base pm (aluminium foil) relates to the electric dynamo worked on the flow of water to the delicate moment senses only wait until touching once again to work regularly. Conclusion: Conclude that the rationalization of water consumption by 90% during irrigate parks and green spaces and farms. Perception of the future work: Research can be developed so that rationalization for more than a minute using the control and distance.
以簡易方法探討奈米銀的化學活性優於非奈米級銀粒子
A novel and simple method was developed to determine the activity of silver in nanometer particles more than in non-nanometer particles. The conductivity of conducting polymer, polyaniline (PANI) doped with different amount of nanometer silver particles was used to evaluated the activity of nanometer silver. In polymerization of polyaniline, hydrogen chloride solution usually used to increase the conductivity of polyaniline. When 1%(w/w) nanometer silver particles doped during the polymerization, the conductivity of polyaniline was down from 2.28 s/cm to 0.65 s/cm, then increased with increasing the amount of nanometer silver doped. The conductivity of polyaniline was changed from 2.28 s/cm to 0.47 s/cm when 3%(w/w) nanometer silver particles doped, but it is increased from 2.28 s/cm to 2.44 s/cm when was doped with 3%(w/w) micrometer silver particles. The conductivity of polyaniline changed due to the formation of silver chloride (AgCl) in doping nanometer silver. Some of the nanometer silver particles were formed to silver ion in hydrogen chloride solution for the high activity property of nanometer silver. This also can be proved from the spectra of XRD and FE-SEM. Therefore; determination the conductivity of conducting polymer by doping nanometer metal particles can be used to determine the activity of the nanometer particles. 本研究為開發一個新穎的檢測奈米金屬粒子化學活性大於非奈米金屬粒子的簡易方法。方法為利用導電高分子聚苯胺，於合成過程中添加不同濃度的奈米銀粒 子，並分別偵測其成品的導電度，藉以評估奈米銀粒子的化學活性。由於聚苯胺在合成過程中通常加入鹽酸以提高其導電度，致活性較大的奈米銀粒子於氧化後，隨即與氯離子形成氯化銀的沉澱，而降低聚苯胺的導電度，如添加1﹪(w/w)奈米銀粒子的，其導電度由2.28 s/cm 降至0.65 s/cm，隨後隨著添加量的增加導電度先降後再稍回升。一般非奈米級銀粒子因氧化電位為負值，即化學活性小，而不易被氧化。由實驗結果，我們發現同樣添加3%(w/w)的奈米級銀粒子或微米級銀粒子，添加奈米級銀粒子的導電度由2.28 下降為0.47，添加微米級銀粒子的導電度卻由2.28 上升為2.44，此乃說明本方法確實足以證明奈米級金屬的化學活性的確遠大於微米級金屬，因相同條件下，微米級銀粒子未如同奈米級銀粒子一樣被氧化成銀離子。即奈米級銀粒子可以輕易的被氧化，而非奈米級銀粒子則不易被氧化。尤其也可由X 光繞射儀分析光譜圖和場發射式掃描電子顯微鏡拍攝圖證明。因此，我們可以採用添加3 %(w/w)奈米級金屬銀粒子及微米級金屬銀粒子於導電高分子的方法，並藉導電度的變化，證明奈米金屬粒子的高活潑性。