環境工程

隨著科技的發達，工業廢棄物應運而生，在地小人稠的台灣，每年就產生約6000 公噸的廢觸媒，為了讓環境免於遭受廢棄物的污染，本實驗著重於廢觸媒的再利用，探討廢觸媒作為混凝土中礦物摻料對水泥(砂)漿流動性的影響。 本實驗所採用的廢觸媒來自石油裂解廠的靜電集塵廢觸媒，主要由SiO2 及Al2O3 所組成且具有部份非結晶相和卜作嵐材料之特性，外觀為乳灰白色粉末、含水量2.8﹪，溶於水中有放熱現象，pH 值為3.85。廢觸媒對水的親和力大，添加至水泥(砂)漿中會使得漿體的流動性減小，因此必須藉由提昇強塑劑劑量才能提高工作度。 在水膠比(W/B)為0.42 時，隨著強塑劑HPC-1000 劑量的增加，水泥漿的流度明顯增加，而且適當量的廢觸媒取代水泥，能維持水泥漿一定的流度。當強塑劑HPC-1000 劑量為3.0﹪、砂/水泥＝2.75 時，隨著水灰比(W/C)的增加，水泥漿的流度也明顯增加，而同條件下，不論水膠比(W/B)0.485 或0.55 時，廢觸媒取代水泥之水泥砂漿的流度比飛灰、爐石、高嶺土好，與矽灰相當，其最佳取代水泥量為15﹪。 As technology continues to develop, a considerable amount of industrial wastes have been produced.In Taiwan, over 6,000 tons of spent catalysts were brought out yearly. If such wastes can be reused in some ways, it may be helpful to protect our environment from being polluted. This study was taken to determine the influence of spent catalysts on the flowability of mortar while the catalysts were used as mineral additives for concrete. Since the catalysts could reduce the flowability of cement pastes because of the affinity between the catalysts and water, it was necessary to have superplasticizers added to improve the fluidity of the mortar. The spent catalysts used in this study were spent electrostatic precipitator cracking catalysts, called Epcat, which were provided by petroleum refining companies. Comprising mainly silicon oxide and aluminum oxide, the off-white catalyst powder present water content of 2.8%, pH value of 3.85 and exothermic reaction with water. In this study, it was found that while the ratio of water to binder (W/B) was 0.42, the flowability of the cement pastes increased with the increasing addition of superplasticizers. Besides, the flowability of cement pastes kept steady while a proper amount of Epcat was used to replace cement.When the ratio of sand to cement (W/C) was 2.75, with 3.0% superplasticizers HPC-1000 added,the flowability of the mortars markedly increased while the W/C increased, and the replacement with spent catalysts made the mortars show similar flowability as silica fume but better flowability than fly ash, slag and kaolinite, no matter the W/B value of the cement pastes was 0.485 or 0.55. In fact, the best Epcat replacement for cement was 15%.

Water pollution is a severe problem for human beings. Sewage and hot water\r coming from homes and factories have changed the environment for aquatic\r animals. To manage a polluted environment, an accurately designed monitoring\r system is needed that will detect signs of toxic material or increase in temperature as\r fast as possible. A new and more accurate bio-monitoring system, which involves\r actual creatures, needs to be developed to save the aquatic environment from\r pollution.\r This experiment focused on discovering a new way to monitor aquatic\r creatures by observing the behavioral patterns of the medaka and observing how\r they changed when exposed to external stress, especially an increase in temperature\r or exposure to insecticide. The behavioral patterns of the medaka were observed and\r measured by a tracking program called the Movement Viewer. In the transition\r period, that is, when the temperature was raised from 25°C to 35°C, the total moving\r distance of the medaka suddenly increased compared to that in 25°C. When the\r medaka was in a temperature of 35°C, it slowly adapted to the new environment and\r the total moving distance showed a similar value to that in 25°C. For section\r dominance, the medaka showed a sudden increase in the dominance of the top part\r of the tank, meaning that the medaka tended to swim on the surface of the\r experimental aquarium. Again, it slowly adapted when the temperature had\r completely changed to 35°C.

本研究採自中石化安順廠戴奧辛污染場址之土壤，篩選出一株純 菌微生物(Pseudomonas mendocina NSYSU) ， 其含有PCDD/Fs (Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans, PCDD/Fs)土壤於實驗室進行微生物降解試驗，結果顯示約21 天即有 明顯降解結果；本研究同時觀察到該微生物能在汞濃度達50 ppm 之 戴奧辛土壤中，仍具有相當程度之耐受度，並進一步降解戴奧辛化合 物。 我更以標準品探討菌種對於戴奧辛類化合物(Dioxin like congener) 之降解效果，成功地發現這株菌種不僅對於PCDD/Fs 有降 解能力，對於戴奧辛類化合物也有明顯之降解效果。 由研究結果，明顯看出P. mendocina 菌株為「世紀之毒」找到了 解藥，開發出以生物復育改善污染環境的一種新方法。A dioxin-degrading bacterial strain Pseudomonas mendocina NSYSU was isolated from dioxin contaminated soil by selective enrichment techniques. In our previous study, P. mendocina NSYSU was found to be able to use pentachlorophenol (PCP) as its sole carbon source and energy source and was capable of completely degrading this compound. Moreover, P. mendocina NSYSU was also able to mineralize a high concentration of PCP up to 150 mg/L. In this study, P. mendocina NSYSU was investigated for its ability to degrade polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs). Results show that P. mendocina NSYSU could grow well in media containing both PCDFs and PCDDs, and was able to degrade both compounds efficiently. In this study, isotope dilution method and a high resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) technique were applied for the analyses of PCDFs and PCDDs. Investigation results reveal that significant biodegradation of octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) and octachlorinated dibenzofuran (OCDF) by treating with P. mendocina NSYSU resting cells was observed. The results also indicate that this bacterial strain is able to biodegrade OCDD and OCDF effectively under anoxic conditions due to its facultative anaerobic character. No accumulation of inhibitory toxic byproducts was found in this study. These findings suggest that in situ or on-site bioremediation of dioxin-contaminated soils by using indigenous microorganisms or inoculated P. mendocina NSYSU strain would be a feasible technology for field application.

本實驗的目的，就是希望利用幾丁質除污的效果，再配合酵母菌所能累積金屬的能力，以酵母菌包埋於幾丁質的方法，吸附廢水中的重金屬離子。用Langmuir理論求得飽和吸附量，進而求出休眠酵母菌-幾丁質所能吸附金屬離子0.14─0.027(g/g)的數量，與活化酵母菌-幾丁質所能吸附金屬離子1.15─0.050(g/g)，並比較回收效率，以應用於處理工業上工廠所排放的廢水。 筆者在偶然的機會將處理過的蟹殼幾丁質固體置於石綿心網上，竟然在數分鐘內像塑膠般熔化，探討原因竟然是石綿心網上的某些金屬鹽所造成，因此筆者希望能透過這發現，用簡單的方法製造出低去乙醯化、高強度及耐中度酸的幾丁基質，並可應用在廢水處理上。;The purpose of this experiment is to explore the effect of using chitin and yeast plat to clarify the heavy metal cation, and that yeast plat works on the accumulation. In the process, the yeast plat is embedded in chitin to absorb the metal cation, therefore, by the theory of Langmuir, the impregnate absorption of dormant yeast-plat-chitin (0.14-0.027[g/g]) can be obtained and yeast-plat-chitin (1.15-0.050[g/g]) can be activated as well. In this way, the efficiency can be compared to apply to work on the effluent in industry. By putting shell-chitin-solid on the wire gouze by chance, we found it melted like plastic in just a few minutes. Some kinds of metal salt on wire gouze cause this change. Therefore, this easy ways can be used to makelow-deamide function group become of high strength and durable under acid environment. The results obtained from this experiment can be applied for the processing of waste liquid.

It is beyond my logistical ability to determine the extent of the sisal problem in Namibia and as such I have investigated the following aspects, which should be of value to countries such as Tanzania and Kenya where there are still large plantations of the sisal plant. There is also a need to establish industries in Namibia and it is for these reasons that plant has been investigated.

In Swakopmund we have a problem with seaweed deposits on our beaches. Tons of seaweed are throwni away yearly. The reason I did this project was to see if the seaweed on the Namibian coast can he used instead of just being thrown away.Seaweed is a rich source of natural minerals and vitamins such as calcium, potassium iodine and also Vitamin A, BI and K. The seaweed on our coastline cannot he eaten as the salt content is too high. Seaweed is a marine algae that works like a sponge absorbing nutrients and minerals from the water.I extracted agar (a jelly) from red seaweed called(GracilariaVerrucosa). I dried the agar and seaweed, and I also grew mushroom spawns and bacteria on the agar plates. Secondly, I researched the possibility of using kelp (Laminaria Pallida), as fertilizer and livestock supplements. The unemployment rate in Namibia is very high. With adequate financial resources and proper marketing, seaweed can he used to increase the economy. We can market the agar to pharmaceutical and cosmetic companies, and also supply it to the university for students in Biology to grow bacteria and other micro organisms. The ferti lizer can be used to boost agriculture in Namibia. It is cheap and the farmers will he able to p1 ant vegetables with better nutritional value.All this was done to promote of biggest natural resource to create more work and to find a way for the less fortunate to create a better life for themselves.

本研究主要的目的是在開發同時具有空氣清淨與照明的兩種燈具。其中桌燈是基於自然對流原理，利用燈泡發熱讓氣流通過燈具上方的濾網達到過濾功能，為了尋求過濾效果與照度兼顧的最佳值，本研究並提出比較因子的概念。在吊燈方面，除了運用自然對流原理之外，還更進一步利用太陽能驅動風扇，進行強制對流，強化過濾的效果，使得本研究成果更趨於完善。 由實驗結果可得知，桌燈在四星期長期測試條件之下，其過濾效果增進率分別為39.1, 40.8與 40.1%。在吊燈四週長期實驗的結果方面，螺旋與 100W 鎢絲燈泡在自然對流的過濾效果增進率分別為49.1%與 51.4%，而100W鎢絲燈強制對流方面過濾效果增進率則為60.2%。由整個研究結果可以發現，本燈具對於空氣清淨有極佳的效果，在不增加額外耗能條件之下，能增加燈具的散熱效果與延長壽命，同時又具備空氣清淨效果，對環境空氣品質具有相當的貢獻。 The purpose of this study is to develop a novel lamp with both the functions of air-cleaning and lighting. One of it is the desk light. Basing on free convection principle, it makes the air run through the filter on the top of the lamp by its heat in order to attain the aim of air cleaning. To find the optimum value of both cleaning effect and illumination, we advanced the compare factor. The other is the droplight, though it is based on the same principle, we use the solar energy as its power to drive the fan. So that the effect of the filter can be augmented and the result of this research approach perfect. According to the experimental result, in the four-week experiment with desk light, the enhanced efficiency of filter is 39.1%, 40.8% and 40.1% respectively. On the way of droplight with four-week experiment, the enhanced efficiency of filter is 49.1% and 51.4% with helix and tungsten(100W) lamp under the condition of free convection; the enhanced efficiency of filter is 60.2% with tungsten(100W) lamp under forced convection. All these results of the research shows that the novel lamp has great performance on air cleaning and much better effect of heat sink without extra consuming of energy, also the lifespan of the lamp can be extended. Furthermore, it is capable of air cleaning and contributes to the quality of environmental air.

本研究首先探討台灣各地的日照時數與世界重要都市的比較，發現台灣南部日照時數皆超過2000 小時，適合發展太陽能。接著，?了增加陽光的能量密度而加設弗瑞奈透鏡，雖然能順利的使照度放大三百餘倍，但歲日照角度的影響甚鉅，?了克服角度的問題，我們決定開發自製的追蹤器來改善角度的問題。太陽能板需要改變仰角跟傾角（雙軸調整），由光感應器判斷及自動控制程式，判斷隨時辰與季節變化的太陽角度。當搭配奈米塗料、弗瑞奈透鏡與追蹤器，總輸出功率可增加約50%。太陽電池表面玻璃會阻擋藍紫光的吸收，但本研究在太陽能板上塗佈奈米塗料，發現能增加短波長的吸收；經實驗後奈米等級表面具有自潔效應，可防止灰塵雨滴的堆積影響光線吸收，具有開發價值。This project first compares Taiwanese locations with other places in the world on average daylight times. It was discovered that southern Taiwan has the longest average daylight time all over 2000 hour sand therefore most ripe for solar power development. To increase the energy density of solar Fresnel lenses were incorporated. Although this has the advantage of magnifying illumination by three hundred percent, the alignment angle for the solar panel will have a significant impact on performance. We then designed and built a automated tracking device with illumination sensors to control the elevation and inclination of the solar panel which adjusts the angle according to environmental conditions such as time of day and season. When solar cell collocate Nano coating, Fresnel lens, tracking device, its power can promote almost150%. The glasses on the solar cell will interfere solar cell absorbing blue and purple light, but we lay on a Nano coating and we find Nano coating can improve solar cell to absorb short wave; and surface o Nano have lotus effect, it can prevent dust and rain effecting solar cell absorb lights, and it is worth developing .

Innovative, inexpensive, sustainable fuel for cooking and light can be produced with an anaerobic digestion biogas system. A biodigester was designed from parts that are locally available to purchase and maintain in a developing nation. The prototype was designed, built and the engineering was approved and tested. Research and testing of techniques used to produce biogas were recorded and analyzed. The digester successfully produced enough biogas to connect to a stove and burn. Research and testing continued on different ways to pressurize the biogas. A burn time of eleven minutes was recorded. A Bunsen burner was designed, again from locally available parts, in order to enhance the flame to use for cooking. The designed digester and burner worked satisfactorily to burn the biogas collected in the system. Using small scale tests, additional research and testing continued on the most efficient production of the biogas. Figure 1 shows the results of the small scale biogas testing. The results from the small scale testing showed that the best variables for producing biogas are using school compost, ie apples, bananas, oranges, cucumbers, grapefruit, grapes etc, which has been blended to acquire the most surface area with a 1:1 ratio. Figure 3 shows the results of a sample of methane (first three peaks) and of the biogas that was produced (last two peaks). The first peak is the nitrogen and the oxygen in the sample. The second peak is the methane and the third peak is carbon dioxide. The first biogas sample that was tested had no methane so there was an absence of the second peak. This was similar for Figures 4 and 5. Figure 6 shows a sample of the final biogas product which is producing methane as shown by the blue circle. Figures 3 through 5 lack a methane peak due to leaks in the biogas system and limited time within testing periods. The hypothesis was proved correct. An innovative, inexpensive, sustainable fuel for cooking and light using an anaerobic digestion system that can be built completely in developing nations such as Honduras was created. The biogas was ignited using a stove which provided heat for cooking. The biogas was not tested using a light; however, since the biogas can burn, this is theoretically possible. The final system achieved these goals.

1. Purpose of the research Characterization of bacterial and viral diversity of brine Tyro using molecular methods of identification. 2. Procedures For bacteria: 1. Amplification or multiplication of 16S rRNA gene (one of the most conservative gene) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 2. Agarose gel electrophoresis and purification of PCR product 3. Ligation of purified PCR product into the vector pGEM-T 4. Transformation of plasmids containing an insert into competent cells E.coli XB1 5. Blue-white selection (we need white colonies, they contain the insert of interest) 6. Isolation of plasmids containing an insert of interest 7. Sequencing of inserts 8. Bioinformatics analysis: matching homologues from GeneBank database, construction of phylogenetic trees, statistical analysis. For viruses: The same methods were used for gp23 gene, which code a major head protein of T-even bacteriophages; to amplify gp23 gene a special set of primers was used, along with a standard cloning protocol described above. 3. Data 1) Two libraries of clones were obtained during analysis: lake Tyro (24 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), 10 classes) and sea water (6 OTUs, 2 classes of eubacteria). 2) The most abundant classes were: gamma-, delta-, epsilon- Proteobacteria, which is in agreement with previous reports about bacteria in brines of Mediterranean Sea. 3) The number of clones was not sufficient to obtain stable estimates of diversity, the analysis require additional data. 4) The diversity of bacteria was unexpectedly high in brine but not in the seawater, due to higher and more diverse ion composition. 5) Most of the detected bacteria in the deep-sea lake belonged to the previously undescribed (18,75%) bacteria or had unusual metabolism (43,75%). 4. Conclusions The analysis demonstrated unexpectedly high diversity of halophilic bacteria inhabiting Tyro lake. Most of bacteria presented in brine water had unique and uncommon characteristics based on information about its closest relatives. Therefore, the deep-sea hypersaline lakes of Mediterranean Sea have great potential for further investigations. Preliminary results of diversity of viruses of Tyro lake were obtained during analysis, more complete description is coming soon.