環境工程

The Bay Mau Lake inside the Thong Nhat Park in Hanoi is the second largest lake in\r Hanoi. The lake serves not just as an equitable tank for the rainwater, as a reservoir for\r intake of wastewater, as a wastewater treatment pond, but also as a recreation area for\r Hanoi people and visitors from other provinces. The Bay Mau Lake is polluted at\r alarming level.\r The author has carried out a study on the water pollution level and the sources of\r pollution. The study revealed that the lake polluted mainly by domestic wastewater\r discharging from living quarters with total about 800,000 inhabitants. The author\r demonstrated different measures to reduce the pollution level in the lake such as raising\r environmental awareness for the public, a simple, reasonable cheap measure, which can\r be both realistic and effective. Besides, the author proposed to use bio-treatment of the\r water discharging into the Bay Mau Lake, building of a pumping station, fish farming...\r The clay-paper fibre mixture is used for the biological treatment of wastewater at the\r inlets. The advantage of this method is that it is a simple, cheap and realistic solution.\r Treatment of the water using clay and paper fibre mixture for filtration and plantation of\r aquatic plants as lotus and water lily together will provide oxygen for the aquatic\r environment of the lake. As results of the study, it is recommended to use both methods,\r namely raising environmental awareness for the public and biotreatement method using\r clay and paper fibre, to improve water quality of the lake.

In this experiment, we hope to produce appropriate-sized nano particles of by using the chitin. By mixing the particles with the metal of Ti, Fe and Zn of proper proportions and therefore narrow their band gaps. Thus, the Bacteriostasis of LightPhotocatalysts could appear under the environment where the energy is lower than ultraviolet ray. We use de-acetylated chitin in three ways -- chelating agent, surfactant and protecter. Then we put a thin layer of the mixture of chitin and metal nano particles on a piece of glass, and afterwards, sintering the mixture on the glass. Next, we scan the surface of the glass with AFM(Atomic Force Microscopy) to measure its particle size. The result we got showed that the surface-roughness of the Ti-Fe nano particles was 30.642nm, the best solution of all the samples. Yet, in this experiment, Fe was not suitable. Therefore we should choose the sample of Ti-Zn mixture, which is slightly smaller in roughness. According to the result we got from the experiment, we found that, under the yellow light, the survivable strain-number ratio of the sintered Ti-Fe-Zn mixture on the glass and empty glass was 0.09±0.06. This was much better than the survivable strain-number ratio of 0.17±0.06, the result we got out from the glass of pure Ti and empty glass. From the measurement, we found that the proportion of mixture could lower the excitation energy Ti needs. Through this experiment, we hope to create a layer of film containing nano particles, and by applying it to daily-use products, we could prevent harmful bacteria. 本實驗的目的，就是希望可以利用幾丁質製作出適當粒徑大小的金屬奈米顆粒，混合適當比例的鈦、鐵、鋅金屬，使其能隙變窄，讓我們能在低於紫外光能量的光譜下，產生奈米光觸媒的抑菌效果。筆者在實驗中利用去乙醯化之幾丁質在本實驗中扮演三種角色:螯合劑、介面活性劑及保護劑，以將幾丁質與金屬奈米顆粒均勻塗抹於玻璃上，並以燒結玻璃的方式進行實驗。並且利用AFM掃描玻璃表面，確認其表面尺度，驗證的結果Ti-Fe混合比例的奈米顆粒之表面粗糙度為30.642nm，為最佳狀態，但在本實驗中Fe並不適用，故應以粗糙度僅次於Ti-Fe的Ti-Zn混合比例為主。根據實驗的結果，在綠光下，混合比例的Ti-Fe-Zn玻璃與空白玻璃的菌落數比，菌落存活率為0.09±0.06，相較於純Ti的0.17±0.06來的低，代表混合比例可降低Ti所需之激發能量。經過此實驗未來筆者希望可以以幾丁質製作出一層含奈米顆粒的薄膜，應用到各種生活用品防止細菌的危害。

當世界各國正全力朝奈米科技發展，而奈米微粒對環境及人類健康影響與否未明朗之際，有關奈米微粒對人類健康影響之探討是刻不容緩之事。本研究的近程目標是合成金奈米粒子，遠程目標是擬探討金奈米粒子的生物毒性。此份研究主要是描述金奈米粒子的最大表面電漿吸收光譜特性及其最大吸收波長，而金奈米粒子的合成是利用四氯金酸( HAuCl4 )與還原劑—硼氫化鈉( NaBH4 )、聯胺水合物( N2H5OH )或檸檬酸鈉在陽離子界面活性劑的溶液( CH 3(CH2)15N+(CH3)3Br– ，溴化十六烷基三甲基銨，CTAB ) 當保護劑中，利用氧化還原方法直接生成金奈米粒子，並探討四氯金酸的濃度、還原劑的濃度、界面活性劑的濃度及反應溫度，對金奈米粒子生成之影響，另外也探討金奈米粒子的穩定性。有關金奈米粒子的光譜特性則利用UV/Vis 光譜儀測試。研究結果發現在相同的條件下，利用冰浴，以NaBH4 當還原劑所合成出的金奈米粒子之平均粒徑為11.70 nm ，而以N2H5OH 當還原劑所合成出的金奈米粒子之平均粒徑為20.25 nm， 有關金奈米粒子之結構及大小藉由穿透式電子顯微鏡( TEM ) 拍攝出的影像得以驗證。;This study mainly focused on the properties of the maximum surface plasmon absorption of gold nanoparticles and their wavelengths. The synthesis of gold nanoparticles made use of HAuCl4 aqueous solution and reducing agent, through the oxidation reduction method, with reductant, sodium borohydride ( NaBH4 ), hydrazine ( N2H5OH ) or sodium citrate solution in the presence of the cetytrimethylammonium bomide ( C19H42BrN,CTAB ) aqueous solution as protecting agent. The influence of concentration of HAuCl4, reductant, surfactant, and temperature on the synthesis of gold nanoparticles were explored. In addition, the stability of the gold nanoparticles was also explored. Measurements of spectral properties of gold nanoparticles were done by UV/Vis spectrometer.When NaBH4 was used as a reductant, the average diameter of gold nanoparticles was 11.70 nm. When N2H5OH was used as a reductant, the average diameter of the synthesized gold nanoparticles was 20.25 nm. The structures and sizes could be identified by the transmission of electron micrograph (TEM) images.

隨著工商業發展，環境污染日益嚴重，對多數生長在這塊土地上的人，無疑造成了非常嚴重的影響。但若想要監控目前環境中的空氣品質，則必須具備專業的訓練，及昂貴的實驗設備，對一般民眾而言，根本就做不到。\r 藉由指標植物對所生長環境的高度敏感性，可以發展出一套純天然且免費的環境污染偵測器，不但方便、免攜帶、無須高級儀器協助、更不需要專業的分析技術。為此，我們以對二氧化硫等空氣污染物極為敏感的地衣作為指標植物，對其進行生態與環境污染關係的一系列觀察，並設計相關的實驗，找出環境污染物對地衣的實際影響，使其能夠實際的應用於日常生活，並可加以推廣，讓人人都可以利用地衣來了解自己所處的環境是否遭受污染，為自己家園的環境優劣把關。\r \r 文摘要 :\r With the development of industry and business , environmental pollutions become more and more serious . Undoubtedly , those pollutions have a great effect on us.\r However , by the means of the indicator plant which is highly sensitive to its environment , we can develop a set of natural and free environmental pollution detectors . In this project , we use lichenes,which are very sensitive to air pollution , to do a series of observations and to find out the influence the pollutants have on lichenes . If we can apply this to our regular lives , everyone can use lichenes to see if their environment is polluted or not .

A novel technology for detection of trace concentration of ions at ppb level was developed. The detection limit of this method can be reached to 1ppb. The Wheatstone bridge usually be used for determination the concentration of metal ion, the major disadvantage of this technique is the precision too low. Atom absorption spectroscopy is better for monitoring trace metal ion, but the cost of instrument is too expensive. In this study, the oscilloscope was used to modify the Wheatstone bridge Circuit. The difference between the voltages of two connection points of Wheatstone bridge was used to estimate the concentration of ions. The amplification system was used in this method to improve the limit to detect ion from 10 ppm to 10ppb. The parameters of measurement including types of probe, match of Wheatstone bridge resistances, parameters of input signal and electrolysis in solution were also being studied. 本研究主要是發展一個富有創新且經濟的ppb ( parts per billion ; 10-9)級，微濃度金屬離子量策技術，目前本實驗設計已可以達到 ppb的偵測極限，尤其本方法不僅能夠應用於定量，尚可做定性偵測。簡易的溶液濃度技術常使用惠司通電橋的方法，但這個方法的缺點在於精確度較低，而另外常用的儀器是原子吸收光譜儀，卻價格高昂。因此，我們回頭對惠司通電橋的技術作改良和創新技術。首先，最重要的新技術是對示波器的改良。示波器被用來量測惠司通電橋的電位，我們比較電橋上兩特定點的電位來判斷濃度，當兩個點的電位相同時代表溶液電阻和控制電阻相同。但當輸入信號的電壓太強時，示波器上並無法判別細微的電位變化，因此造成量測的精度不高。本組設計新的電路用以放大在高強度訊號的波形細微變化，成功將測量極限由 10 ppm推進到 ppb。另外關於此設計中的各種參數，包括探針類型、惠司通電路的電阻匹配、輸入訊號之強度頻率、電極間電容效應及溶液中可能發生的電解效應等，都有精確的探討。最後的設計結果將是創新且有別於以往的設計概念。

本實驗的目的，就是希望利用幾丁質除污的效果，再配合酵母菌所能累積金屬的能力，以酵母菌包埋於幾丁質的方法，吸附廢水中的重金屬離子。用Langmuir理論求得飽和吸附量，進而求出休眠酵母菌-幾丁質所能吸附金屬離子0.14─0.027(g/g)的數量，與活化酵母菌-幾丁質所能吸附金屬離子1.15─0.050(g/g)，並比較回收效率，以應用於處理工業上工廠所排放的廢水。 筆者在偶然的機會將處理過的蟹殼幾丁質固體置於石綿心網上，竟然在數分鐘內像塑膠般熔化，探討原因竟然是石綿心網上的某些金屬鹽所造成，因此筆者希望能透過這發現，用簡單的方法製造出低去乙醯化、高強度及耐中度酸的幾丁基質，並可應用在廢水處理上。;The purpose of this experiment is to explore the effect of using chitin and yeast plat to clarify the heavy metal cation, and that yeast plat works on the accumulation. In the process, the yeast plat is embedded in chitin to absorb the metal cation, therefore, by the theory of Langmuir, the impregnate absorption of dormant yeast-plat-chitin (0.14-0.027[g/g]) can be obtained and yeast-plat-chitin (1.15-0.050[g/g]) can be activated as well. In this way, the efficiency can be compared to apply to work on the effluent in industry. By putting shell-chitin-solid on the wire gouze by chance, we found it melted like plastic in just a few minutes. Some kinds of metal salt on wire gouze cause this change. Therefore, this easy ways can be used to makelow-deamide function group become of high strength and durable under acid environment. The results obtained from this experiment can be applied for the processing of waste liquid.

These days we hardly see fireflies, the Milky way, and rainbow. What’s the reason of that?\r We think the reason is related to air pollution but the concrete reason is unknown to us. Thus the purpose of this research is to see the relation between air pollution and rainbow with Aerosol. In this research we approached in some ways about why rainbow didn't appear in polluted atmosphere.

隨著科技的發達，工業廢棄物應運而生，在地小人稠的台灣，每年就產生約6000 公噸的廢觸媒，為了讓環境免於遭受廢棄物的污染，本實驗著重於廢觸媒的再利用，探討廢觸媒作為混凝土中礦物摻料對水泥(砂)漿流動性的影響。 本實驗所採用的廢觸媒來自石油裂解廠的靜電集塵廢觸媒，主要由SiO2 及Al2O3 所組成且具有部份非結晶相和卜作嵐材料之特性，外觀為乳灰白色粉末、含水量2.8﹪，溶於水中有放熱現象，pH 值為3.85。廢觸媒對水的親和力大，添加至水泥(砂)漿中會使得漿體的流動性減小，因此必須藉由提昇強塑劑劑量才能提高工作度。 在水膠比(W/B)為0.42 時，隨著強塑劑HPC-1000 劑量的增加，水泥漿的流度明顯增加，而且適當量的廢觸媒取代水泥，能維持水泥漿一定的流度。當強塑劑HPC-1000 劑量為3.0﹪、砂/水泥＝2.75 時，隨著水灰比(W/C)的增加，水泥漿的流度也明顯增加，而同條件下，不論水膠比(W/B)0.485 或0.55 時，廢觸媒取代水泥之水泥砂漿的流度比飛灰、爐石、高嶺土好，與矽灰相當，其最佳取代水泥量為15﹪。 As technology continues to develop, a considerable amount of industrial wastes have been produced.In Taiwan, over 6,000 tons of spent catalysts were brought out yearly. If such wastes can be reused in some ways, it may be helpful to protect our environment from being polluted. This study was taken to determine the influence of spent catalysts on the flowability of mortar while the catalysts were used as mineral additives for concrete. Since the catalysts could reduce the flowability of cement pastes because of the affinity between the catalysts and water, it was necessary to have superplasticizers added to improve the fluidity of the mortar. The spent catalysts used in this study were spent electrostatic precipitator cracking catalysts, called Epcat, which were provided by petroleum refining companies. Comprising mainly silicon oxide and aluminum oxide, the off-white catalyst powder present water content of 2.8%, pH value of 3.85 and exothermic reaction with water. In this study, it was found that while the ratio of water to binder (W/B) was 0.42, the flowability of the cement pastes increased with the increasing addition of superplasticizers. Besides, the flowability of cement pastes kept steady while a proper amount of Epcat was used to replace cement.When the ratio of sand to cement (W/C) was 2.75, with 3.0% superplasticizers HPC-1000 added,the flowability of the mortars markedly increased while the W/C increased, and the replacement with spent catalysts made the mortars show similar flowability as silica fume but better flowability than fly ash, slag and kaolinite, no matter the W/B value of the cement pastes was 0.485 or 0.55. In fact, the best Epcat replacement for cement was 15%.

目的：1. 以地理資訊系統分析臺北市靜水生態系的分布狀況；2. 分析靜水生態系的連接度。過程和結果：我實地踏察了臺北市區的381 個地點，在其中187 處發現224 個靜水生態系，首次統整出臺北市區靜水生態系的現況資料。靜水生態系的平均密度為0.82 個/km2，其密度與人口密度成正比。以 GIS 軟體標定這些水池，發現它們成任意或叢生分布。再以 VisualBasic 程式語言設計程式，以預測移動能力不同的濕地生物在這些靜水生態系間移動的情形。結論：由程式模擬可知，能在所紀錄地點間自由移動的濕地生物種類很少，顯示都市化對靜水生態系的隔絕效應。In a city, still water ecosystems (ponds and lakes) are divided by buildings and roads, so they are not continuous in the space. I surveyed 381 sites in Taipei City and found 224 ponds and lakes at 187 sites. The density of still water ecosystems is 0.82 per square kilometer. The density of still water ecosystems is higher in areas where more people live. I use a geographical information system software to mark the locations of these ponds. Their distribution is either random or clumped. I use Visual Basic to design a program to predict how do wetland creatures move among these sites. My program tells that very few creatures can move freely, indicating still water ecosystems in this city are quite isolated.