台灣植物染與光敏有機太陽能電池
由於低廉成本、無毒及其他原因，由二氧化鈦、有機染料及電解液所製造的光敏有機太陽能電池(DSC)被預測即將成為一種大規模廣泛流行的太陽能電池。本實驗比較合成染料(像紅汞和疊氮離子)及成本較低且無毒的天然植物染料用於太陽能電池的效能。有些天然植物染料的效能大於合成染料的效能，像是紫色高麗菜、地瓜……等。在研製太陽能電池的過程中, 本研究利用自製的幾丁質燒結出的奈米顆粒成效極佳，不但粒徑大小符合，在燒結的過程中也不需經過物理研磨及介面活性劑的輔助，並且在低溫下即可燒結，並由BET 和SEM 測得幾丁質燒結的TiO2 的孔隙度大於標準燒結的TiO2 的孔隙度，因此本實驗決定利用去乙醯化之幾丁質扮演太陽能電池的二種角色:介面活性劑及保護劑。在本實驗中，部分的電池效能不盡理想，或許是因為所有的太陽電池樣本均使用相同的電解液(I3-)。要找到每種太陽能電池最適合的電解液則需要更多的研究。Because of the desirable features of low cost, non-toxin, and other reasons a dye-sensitized nanostructured solar cell (DSC) composed of nanocrystalline TiO2, organic dyes and electroiytes is expected to be in prevalent use. This study compared the differences in the functioning of different dyes in the solar cells, specifically those between the synthetic dyes, such as Merchrochronate and Polypyridyl complexes of ruthenium (N3-), and dyes made of natural plants which cost less and are not toxic. Some natural dyes, such as purple cabbage, sweet potato, etc, were found to have better efficiency than the synthetic dyes. The study makes use of self-made chitin to sinter nano particles, and the result is excellent. First, the particle radius meets the size requirements. Second, in the process of sintering nano particles, no physical pulverizing or surfactant assistance was needed. Third, the nano particles can be sintered at a low temperature. Fourth, from BET and SEM measurements, the degree of aperture of TiO2 sintered with chitin is superior to that sintered with Triton X-100. For these reasons, the de-acetylated chitin was chosen to serve as surfactant assistance and protector in the solar cells in this study. The study also found that some solar cells were not efficient enough. Maybe it is because all the samples of solar cells in this study were produced with the same electrolyte (I3-). Further study is needed to figure out the most suitable electrolytes for each solar cell.
太陽能發電環境評估與追蹤器探討
本研究首先探討台灣各地的日照時數與世界重要都市的比較，發現台灣南部日照時數皆超過2000 小時，適合發展太陽能。接著，?了增加陽光的能量密度而加設弗瑞奈透鏡，雖然能順利的使照度放大三百餘倍，但歲日照角度的影響甚鉅，?了克服角度的問題，我們決定開發自製的追蹤器來改善角度的問題。太陽能板需要改變仰角跟傾角（雙軸調整），由光感應器判斷及自動控制程式，判斷隨時辰與季節變化的太陽角度。當搭配奈米塗料、弗瑞奈透鏡與追蹤器，總輸出功率可增加約50%。太陽電池表面玻璃會阻擋藍紫光的吸收，但本研究在太陽能板上塗佈奈米塗料，發現能增加短波長的吸收；經實驗後奈米等級表面具有自潔效應，可防止灰塵雨滴的堆積影響光線吸收，具有開發價值。This project first compares Taiwanese locations with other places in the world on average daylight times. It was discovered that southern Taiwan has the longest average daylight time all over 2000 hour sand therefore most ripe for solar power development. To increase the energy density of solar Fresnel lenses were incorporated. Although this has the advantage of magnifying illumination by three hundred percent, the alignment angle for the solar panel will have a significant impact on performance. We then designed and built a automated tracking device with illumination sensors to control the elevation and inclination of the solar panel which adjusts the angle according to environmental conditions such as time of day and season. When solar cell collocate Nano coating, Fresnel lens, tracking device, its power can promote almost150%. The glasses on the solar cell will interfere solar cell absorbing blue and purple light, but we lay on a Nano coating and we find Nano coating can improve solar cell to absorb short wave; and surface o Nano have lotus effect, it can prevent dust and rain effecting solar cell absorb lights, and it is worth developing .
新網路模式對抗無尺度流行病傳染A New Network Model to Fight Against Scale-Free Epidemi
流行病的傳染如同一個無尺度網路，但有一些特殊特性在發展一套新傳播模式時，是需要被詳加考慮的。我採用時間位移(t 與ti 分別以t?(ti?1)與ti?(ti?1)來取代)至無尺度網路模式中，再引入一個非連續強力函數H(t; ti?1, L+ti?1)來描述流行病傳播的特定時段與強度，並重新定義機率p 為無效傳染率。之後，我建立了新模式「無尺度流行病模式」－SFE-1與SFE-2。模擬六種病原的傳染途徑，結果證實SFE-1與SFE-2模式是正確與確切可用。案例研究結果，顯示傳染強度H可為固定值或為變數；p可以是一固定值、雙固定值或為新增病例的函數。更進一步解析美國AIDS病例在不同族群與行為上的差異，獲知亞裔/太平洋裔與印第安人/阿拉斯加人的H值低於其他族群，其原因可能是由於小的族群具有較高的接觸所致。異性性接觸的H值低於其他，顯示性交易是傳播HIV的主要途徑。SFE-1與SFE-2模式也可被用在流行病的預測上，因為SFE-2使用已知值而非估算值，所以SFE-2模擬結果較佳；但是SFE-1更可以明確提供一個流行病在失控或控制下的預測結果。無尺度流行病模式可以協助所需警戒的程度與政策決定的計畫結果。因此在幫助政府評估社會經濟成本與健康憂慮上是一個有用的工具。所以我提出一個確切可行的對抗無尺度流行病傳染新方法，並詳細說明運作流程。The course of epidemics resembles a scale-free network, but some specific elements should be considered in developing a new model. I introduced a time shifting (replacing t and ti by t?(ti?1) and ti?(ti?1)) and a discontinuous forcing function H(t; ti?1, L+ti?1) into the scale-free network model to fit the specific period and intensity of the infection, and redefined the probability p as an invalid infection rate. Then I proposed the new Scale-Free Epidemic Models, SFE-1 and SFE-2. The simulation results of six types of epidemic transmission showed that the SFE models were accurate and useful. In the case studies, the results showed that H were constant or variable, and p were a fixed constant, a dual constant, or a function of new addition cases in the epidemic periods. The further studies for comparisons of the difference races/ethnics and the difference transmission category of AIDS cases in USA were analyzed. The H value for Asian/Pacific and Indian/Alaska Native race were lower than others, it may be due to small clusters with constant high contact rates. The H value for heterosexual contact was lower than the others, indicating that whoredom was the main transmission for HIV. Both SFE models can be used to predict epidemics, SFE-2 is better than SFE-1 due to SFE-2 using given indices and not conjectured values, but SFE-1 can more clearly suggest results of epidemics when under control or not. SFE models can help the government to determine the level of caution needed and the projected results of policy decisions. They are useful tools in assisting to balance socio-economic and health concerns. I hereby propose a new method to fight against epidemics with detailed procedures of using the SFE models.
Is the fruit safe?-吊白塊的簡易自製試劑
吊白塊是一種在現切水果中常見的食品添加物，它可使剛切的水果不易被氧化，並同時具有漂白的效果，但此種添加物會對人體造成許多疾病。本研究針對吊白塊作嘗試性的初級檢驗，選用一般常見的氧化劑和染料，自行研發簡易的檢驗方法，且進一步製作安定性佳且攜帶方便的試紙。本實驗結果發現，由衛生局提供的「藍吊試劑」本身不甚穩定，且顏色變化不明顯；在自製檢驗試劑方面，效果最佳的是過錳酸鉀，濃度可測至0.0005M，且反應相當快速，唯試液容易與水果表面的Fe(II)離子反應；孔雀綠和晶紅酸等染料效果亦佳，且變色相當明顯，但反應時間較長。Rongalit is a bleaching agent commonly used as a food additive. It can prevent fresh fruits to be oxidized (without color-changed), especially when they were cut for sale. However, as for this additive, it is not good on health and is necessary to be detected. The test-paper currently used, the so-called “blue-test paper”, can be obtained from the Department of Health (Taipei). However, its stability is poor; the color change is not clear when it reacts with Rongalit. For this reason, I developed simple methods for detecting Rongalit by using various oxidizers and dyes. A test-paper, with better stability and easily for carry, was successfully developed. The findings show that the use of KMnO4 on the homemade test-paper provides the best result. The reaction time is short and the limit of detection can be improved to 5 × 10-4 M. The color changes were also clear when malachite green and fuchsin acid were used, but the reaction times were longer.
黑暗的力量
We study the magic power of dark energy and dark matter by using theoretical derivation and numerical simulations. We found that: 1. The dark energy will gain kinetic energy from the moving dark matter through gravitational interaction. Due to the law of energy conservation, the motion of the dark matter will slow down and satisfy Ek(t)−Ek0 ∝ρDE1.92 t, where Ek(t) is the kinetic energy of the dark matter, Ek0 is its initial kinetic energy, ρDE is the energy density of the dark energy, and t is the time. 2. The formation history and the structure of galaxies will be different due to the existence of dark energy. The more the dark energy, the earlier the formation of the galaxy core. In addition, the kinetic energy Ek(R) as a function of R will be different if the ρDE is different. Thus we can observationally measure the Ek(R) of galaxies, compare it will our results here, and then deduce the ρDE in our universe. The results here can be applied to the observations in the near future.
我們藉由理論的推導，配合電腦模擬的手段，來探討宇宙中黑暗物質和黑暗能量的神祕力量。我們發現：一、黑暗能量會透過重力交互作用而從運動中的黑暗物質獲得力學能，而且因力學能守恆，致使黑暗物質的速率減慢，滿足 Ek(t)−Ek0 ∝ρDE1.92 t, 其中 Ek(t) 為黑暗物質的動能， Ek0 為其初始動能， ρDE 為黑暗能量的密度，t 為時間。二、星系的形成過程及結構，會因黑暗能量的存在而改變。黑暗能量越多時，星系的核心會越早形成。而且動能 Ek(R) 隨著至星系中心距離 R 的變化，會因 ρDE 的不同而不同，因此可以試圖量測宇宙中星系的 Ek(R) ，然後和這裡的結果比對，即可推導出宇宙中的 ρDE 。這些研究成果，將可直接應用在未來的觀測結果上。
高分子複合材料的性質、製作與分解
Synthesis of Polymer Material and its Decomposing Processes Because plastic cannot be decomposed naturally by itself, therefore, additives needed to be added to facile the decomposing process. Let us choose one common material: thermoformed Nylon 66. During the formation process, addition of glucose powder and monosaccharide polymerized will result in yielding the products of methyl cellulose, soluble starch and agar powder. Observe whether adding additives would allow changes to occur structurally, or would the elasticity be improved when exist in a linear state, or even it would form a better pH resistance property. According to the experiments, when Nylon 66 contains methyl cellulose, it can sustain the highest tension. Its coefficient of elasticity is 2 times as large as the original one. In terms of the data, we can also observe that when Nylon66 contains soluble starch, it has the lowest ability to sustain tension. Besides, it has the lowest coefficient of elasticity. And when Nylon 66 contains cellulose, it has the highest rate in the process of decomposing.As we look at the surface of polymers under 400 diameters, we can observe that the Nylon 66 with agar powder has some filiferous substance. But we have not confirmed what the matter is. 由於塑膠不能在自然情況下順利分解，所以我們在塑膠中添加其他成分使塑膠可以較易 分解。我們選定常見的塑膠—熱塑性的耐綸-66。在聚合物的製作過程中添加葡萄糖、澱粉、 洋菜粉末以及甲基纖維素，並觀察加入添加物的塑膠在結構上是否有變化？其塑膠在線型時 之張力是否有增強？耐酸鹼性是否有變化？由實驗結果我們可以得知含有甲基纖維素之耐綸 -66 所能承受之張力強度最高，且其彈性係數也比無添加物之耐綸-66 高出近2 倍；而含可溶 性澱粉之耐綸-66 所能承受之張力最小，且彈性係數也最低。此外，進行生物分解的實驗可發 現，含葡萄糖的耐綸-66 分解的速率最快。使用400 倍的光學顯微鏡可發現含有洋菜粉末的耐 綸-66 表面與其他耐綸-66 複合材料差異較大，值得進一步研究。
蓮花自潔效應之成因機制
奈米科技是二十世紀末、二十一世紀初新興的科學技術，由於它是在1~100 nm（n = 10-9）的尺度內改造原子及分子排列，創造新物質【1】，將顛覆傳統改造物性，被預言將帶來人類的第四波工業革命，對物理、電子、光電、化工、材料、生醫、機電各領域帶來巨大衝擊。『蓮』是世界上最早的被子植物之一，在一億四千萬年前就生長在地球上，蓮的分布甚廣，從印度、中國、日本、北美到西伯利亞到處都有蓮的蹤跡。蓮的生命力強，很能適應環境，美國加州大學曾試驗培植古代蓮子，經過1300 年的沉睡，古代蓮子仍然正常發芽【2】。台灣的蓮花是十七世紀的移民，自中國帶來種植的。『奈米科技』和『蓮』這兩個不同年代的產物名詞如何連結在一起，他們怎樣相互依存；這正是本文討論的重點，也是了解『奈米科學』很好的例子。本文藉出汙泥而不染，闡述蓮花的自潔（self-cleaning）效應。一般在奈米技術中，簡稱『蓮花效應』【3】，包含清潔機制、成因；使用觀察紀錄自潔狀況情形，幫助對蓮花自潔過程的掌握。期望能對具有蓮花效應的奈米結構提供良好的意見。本研究的結果發現，蓮花效應強的植物，幾乎具有高抗水性。而抗水性是來自奈米結構和表層蠟質，這兩個特質也是蓮葉、芋頭葉等高蓮花效應的植物所具備的，所以我們推論:奈米結構和表層蠟質越發達，抗水性越好，則植物葉面的蓮花效應越強。Nano technology is one of the most advanced technologies now. Since it will alter and rearrange the fundamental structures of atoms and particles within the space of 1~100 nm (n=10-9) the coming industrial revolution depends on it. Nano technology will pose dramatic impact upon a variety of specific fields including physics, electronics, photon electronics, chemical industries and so on. Lotus is one of the most primitive covered-seed plants. It has existed since 140 million years ago and has spread in wide areas. The University of California made lotus seeds that have been frozen for 1300 years sprouted. The Taiwanese lotus seeds were transported from China in the 1600s. The researchers are to probe into the relationship between the nature of lotus and nanotechnology to understand the potential significance of this newly developed technology. The researcher employed the direct observation and tape recording to collect the objective data of the individual growth steps of lotus to analyze the self-cleaning effect of the lotus. In the conclusive part, the application of the Lotus Effect and the creative technology will be discussed and analyzed with the hope to prescribe both a conclusive experimental principles and a further direction for the manufacturing systems related to the developing Lotus Effect. The researchers of the study found that those plants, which have high quality of Lotus Effect, are given the nature of resisting water, which is the consequence of two features namely, the nano-structures and the surface wax. And the leaves of lotus, potato all have these two features. Therefore, it is inferred that the more efficient mechanism of the nano-structure and surface wax and Lotus Effects the plants are, the more effects of the water-resistance function will the plants achieve.