2006年

The applications of digital image are rapidly growing with the developments in computer technology. This enforces digital image industry to produce devices with better quality. Despite the today’s advanced level of technology, it is known that input and output devices somewhat cause color distortions. International Color Consortium suggests that we can use ICC profile to overcome the problem mentioned above. But the related hardwares and softwares are too expensive for the general users. In this study, we base on the ICC profile’s mechanism to develop a color calibration method for low cost image acquisitions. From the theoretical and experimental results, it can be demonstrated that our method appears satisfactory.數位影像的應用隨著電腦資訊科技的快速成長而蓬勃發展，這也促使著數位影像工業的相關產品漸漸地普及與廣泛地使用，時至今日，雖然有著很好的製造技術，但是任何數位影像設備均無法完美無失真地將原有的色彩呈現出來或紀錄下來，或多或少都有色彩偏差的存在，尤其在價格越低廉的設備上更為明顯。雖然可以依據國際色彩協會的建議，使用每項設備的專屬色彩描述檔來克服色差的缺點，但是用來產生色彩描述檔的相關軟硬體均價格昂貴，實非一般使用者所能承受的負擔，本篇研究以色彩描述檔的色彩轉換機制為基礎，發展出針對廉價取像設備的色彩校正程序，無論從理論數據上的探討以及實際影像上的測試看來，我們的校正方法確實有效，讓原有的色彩能精準地重現。

這是一系列關於水蒸氣冷凝為極細微小水珠的長程實驗。其中可以分為下列三個階段：第一階段是基礎實驗。將水氣導入至潔淨的光滑表面上(蓋玻片)，觀察水珠冷凝的機制。第二階段是在外加磁場及電場作用下，將水氣導入至潔淨的光滑表面（蓋玻片），觀察水珠冷凝的機制。這部分的實驗推翻了一般「水分子是電中性，在電場或磁場中不受影響 」的刻板觀念！實驗所呈現出來的冷凝水珠，不但有明確的自我組成模式( Self assembly pattern)。並且發現：電場會增速凝結水珠的成長(Aggregation)，而磁場則會抑制凝結水珠的成長。第三階段是將水蒸氣導引至超聲波的環境中：我們先將超聲波訊號產生器(變頻、定頻)面向於載台旁，再讓水氣導入至潔淨的光滑表面上(蓋玻片)，觀察冷凝水珠的機制。當使用固定頻率超聲波波源，我們發現：在超聲波場中水珠的成長會受到抑制，且成長速率會隨著頻率的升高而逐漸減小。第一階段與第二階段的實驗結果與討論已分別發表於2004 年及2005 年的台灣國際科學展覽報告中，本作品將詳述第三階段。 This experiment explores the basic nature of the condensation of water vapor into droplets on the surfaces of cover glasses. This condensation occurs because of the difference in temperature between the water vapor and the cover glass. The condensation process is observed under a microscope. The growth of the droplets can be described as: nucleation, aggregation (piling up) and coalescence. The growth is irrelevant to surfaces or environments. It is found that the temperature difference of moist air over the cover glass do not affect the nucleation size of the droplets in simple plain surroundings; while the change of flow rate does. In general, the coalescence is speeded up at higher temperatures. Furthermore, the effects of electric fields 、magnetic fields and ultrasonic waves are also studied. It can be observed that the size of water droplets become smaller and grow more uniformly under magnetic fields or imposed ultrasonic waves; also, the aggregation rate is decreased by imposed magnetic fields or ultrasonic waves, and it is increased by imposed electric fields. These effects of magnetic fields 、electric fields and imposed ultrasonic waves might be related to the flow conditions and the vibration of surrounding air in the system. This experiment provides the first step in the understanding of the formation of water droplets and their self assembly mechanism in different environment.

An orbital angular momentum (OAM) sorter concept was designed for high-speed data transfer. The OAM of a light beam known as an optical vortex can exist in one of an infinite number of states and may be used to carry information. The augmented alphabet of states carries the potential to increase date transfer speeds over conventional binary (0 and 1) methods. A vortex generator, or OAM encoder , was constructed from a slit cover slip functioning as an adjustable spiral phase plate, and a vortex analyzer, or OAM measurer, was created using a transparent print of a computer-generated hologram. The two components were then incorporated in an OAM sorter concept that that employs a novel combinatoric method for sorting data. The vortex generator and analyzer created were inexpensive simpli-fications of previous devices and have the potential to increase the alphabet of transmission states several thousand times over binary methods if implemented in the OAM sorter concept.

創意發想：在學習三角函數的三角測量應用時，由於立體感並非十分容易在平面中呈現，使得解題過程並相當困難。我們希望能透過程式，實際模擬出所看到的樣子，將有利於解決這方面的問題。學習美術者也需要了解一點透視的立體概念，皆可以透過程式來模擬。作品特色：我們的精神主要在於以高中的數學及物理為基礎，來研究其中的方法。除了研究3D 繪圖之基本原理，並著重於如何以程式實作，以達到高繪圖效能。預期效果：1. 讓電腦繪出有立體感(近大遠小)的圖形。2. 可以由不同位置及角度觀察物體。3. 讓立體影像具有光及影的效果。“想像您坐了一部直升機從1 樓向上到達頂端，觀看101 大樓有何不同的景象?!”Motive ：In learning the technique of triangulation, it is hard to show 3D coordinates on 2D graphics so that this kind of math problems is difficult to solve. We hope that we can simulate the 3D surroundings by programming to provide references in dealing the problems. In addition, painting learners also need the simulation to realize the concept of one-point perspective. Feature ：1. We do all the research based on mathematics and physics techniques learned in high school. 2. We not only figure out the method to draw 3D pictures but put some emphasis on how to use programming to run the method. Objective： 1. Let the computer draw 3D pictures, that is, the object looks big when near and small when far. 2. Making it possible to observe the object from different positions and angles. 3. Making the 3D pictures with lighting and shading effect. “Imagine how the sight would change while you are taking a ride on a helicopter from the ground to the top of Taipei 101.”\r

Surfactants have a great effect on decreasing the surface tension in aqueous solution and thus they are important components in detergents. The present study aims to explore the cleaning mechanisms of the substances for greasy subjects such as bowls and clothes. The roles of various surfactants that have on the changes in the surface tension of aqueous solution in the presence and absence of additives such as tea and salt have been carefully studied by using a lab-made equipment. We carefully observed the changes in the oil droplets after pushing oil in a syringe to the aqueous\r solution containing surfactants and additives. With decreasing the surface tension of the aqueous solution, the size of the droplet becomes smaller. By using this simple lab-made equipment, we are able to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), with a result of 0.0079 M at 20 ℃. The result is in a good agreement with the literature (0.0077M). With decreasing temperature and adding salts such as sodium sulfate, the decreases in the surface tension have been confirmed by our simple experiments. This simple equipment also allows study of the effects of impure additives such as salt, tea, vinegar that have on the changes in the surface tension of aqueous solution containing commercial detergents. We have found that most of the additives have a great effect on reducing the surface tension of the aqueous solution. The present study results suggest that the simple experimental set-up is practical for measuring the CMC of surfactants and for exploring the effects of additives on changes in the cleaning ability of commercial detergents.界面活劑性可有效降低水溶液的表面張力，因此，他們是清潔劑的重要成份。該實驗主\r 要在探討各種物質的清潔機制。利用自製的實驗裝置，針對各種不同的界面活性劑在添加了鹽類或茶水後界面張力的改變量，作詳盡的探討。我們將含有不同濃度界面活性劑以及添加物的水溶液裝入容器中，在推擠針筒使其的油通過針頭並進入該溶液後，我們仔細的觀察紀錄油滴大小的改變。結果顯示界面張力的降低會使得油滴變小。藉這個自製的裝置，在20℃下，本實驗所測得的陰離子型界面活性劑-十二烷基硫酸鈉之臨界微胞濃度0.0079M。結果幾乎與過去的文獻0.0077M 值符合。該實驗同時也證實了降低溫度，添加了鹽類後，可有效的降低界面張力。此外，此實驗裝置也可以用來測量市面上販售的清潔劑在添加了不純的物質後，其界面張力的改變量。我們發現大多數的添加物都能有效降低界面張力。目前的實驗結果顯示，這項實驗裝置在測定臨界微胞上有很高的實用性，同時也可以探討不同的添加物對市面上販售的清潔劑之洗淨力的影響。

由於低廉成本、無毒及其他原因，由二氧化鈦、有機染料及電解液所製造的光敏有機太陽能電池(DSC)被預測即將成為一種大規模廣泛流行的太陽能電池。本實驗比較合成染料(像紅汞和疊氮離子)及成本較低且無毒的天然植物染料用於太陽能電池的效能。有些天然植物染料的效能大於合成染料的效能，像是紫色高麗菜、地瓜……等。在研製太陽能電池的過程中, 本研究利用自製的幾丁質燒結出的奈米顆粒成效極佳，不但粒徑大小符合，在燒結的過程中也不需經過物理研磨及介面活性劑的輔助，並且在低溫下即可燒結，並由BET 和SEM 測得幾丁質燒結的TiO2 的孔隙度大於標準燒結的TiO2 的孔隙度，因此本實驗決定利用去乙醯化之幾丁質扮演太陽能電池的二種角色:介面活性劑及保護劑。在本實驗中，部分的電池效能不盡理想，或許是因為所有的太陽電池樣本均使用相同的電解液(I3-)。要找到每種太陽能電池最適合的電解液則需要更多的研究。Because of the desirable features of low cost, non-toxin, and other reasons a dye-sensitized nanostructured solar cell (DSC) composed of nanocrystalline TiO2, organic dyes and electroiytes is expected to be in prevalent use. This study compared the differences in the functioning of different dyes in the solar cells, specifically those between the synthetic dyes, such as Merchrochronate and Polypyridyl complexes of ruthenium (N3-), and dyes made of natural plants which cost less and are not toxic. Some natural dyes, such as purple cabbage, sweet potato, etc, were found to have better efficiency than the synthetic dyes. The study makes use of self-made chitin to sinter nano particles, and the result is excellent. First, the particle radius meets the size requirements. Second, in the process of sintering nano particles, no physical pulverizing or surfactant assistance was needed. Third, the nano particles can be sintered at a low temperature. Fourth, from BET and SEM measurements, the degree of aperture of TiO2 sintered with chitin is superior to that sintered with Triton X-100. For these reasons, the de-acetylated chitin was chosen to serve as surfactant assistance and protector in the solar cells in this study. The study also found that some solar cells were not efficient enough. Maybe it is because all the samples of solar cells in this study were produced with the same electrolyte (I3-). Further study is needed to figure out the most suitable electrolytes for each solar cell.

Water pollution is a severe problem for human beings. Sewage and hot water\r coming from homes and factories have changed the environment for aquatic\r animals. To manage a polluted environment, an accurately designed monitoring\r system is needed that will detect signs of toxic material or increase in temperature as\r fast as possible. A new and more accurate bio-monitoring system, which involves\r actual creatures, needs to be developed to save the aquatic environment from\r pollution.\r This experiment focused on discovering a new way to monitor aquatic\r creatures by observing the behavioral patterns of the medaka and observing how\r they changed when exposed to external stress, especially an increase in temperature\r or exposure to insecticide. The behavioral patterns of the medaka were observed and\r measured by a tracking program called the Movement Viewer. In the transition\r period, that is, when the temperature was raised from 25°C to 35°C, the total moving\r distance of the medaka suddenly increased compared to that in 25°C. When the\r medaka was in a temperature of 35°C, it slowly adapted to the new environment and\r the total moving distance showed a similar value to that in 25°C. For section\r dominance, the medaka showed a sudden increase in the dominance of the top part\r of the tank, meaning that the medaka tended to swim on the surface of the\r experimental aquarium. Again, it slowly adapted when the temperature had\r completely changed to 35°C.

Marsilea quadrifolia, an aquatic perennial rhizomatous fern, is widespread on wetlands in Taiwan. A normal fern frond has the clusters of spore capsules on the back, yet Marsilea quadrifolia reproduces clusters at petiole base from sporocarps which are axillary, pedicellate, ovate and hairy; both microsporangia and megasporangia can be found in sporocarps. It is highly polymorphic. The sterile fronds are erect when growing in mud, and floating in water, and they produce leaflets in the shape of four-leaf clovers. Mature leaves are divided into water leaves and terrestrial leaves according to living environments. Water leaves are divided into submerged leaves, floating leaves, and emergent leaves. These four kinds of leaves have obvious differences in stoma density. The submerged leaves have the least starch which means they have the minimum photosynthetic efficiency. The flexible leafstalks allow the plants to adapt to small changes in water level, while keeping their leaves on the water surface to access light and carbon dioxide. Thus, heterophylly may be seen as an adaptive mechanism which is sensitive to some environmental parameters and that responds accordingly to maximize the capability for survival. The terrestrial leaves have periodic sleep movement according to the alternate changes of day and night. The biggest opening angle is related to a definite leaf closing time cycle. Light interference during the dark period, continuous lighting, or the reversing of day and night all interfere the opening time and speed of them.南國田字草是一種浮葉性、多年生水生蕨類，匍匐莖細長橫臥在水中泥土或濕地裡，葉四枚對生於葉柄頂端，依生長環境不同，可分為水生葉及陸生葉，水生葉又分沉水葉、浮水葉及挺水葉三種。孢子囊群聚集特化成堅硬的孢子囊果，長於葉柄基部，孢子有大、小孢子兩型。四種異型葉在內部構造、氣孔分布密度上皆有相當的差異，以適應環境的變化，葉片澱粉含量以沉水葉最少。南國田字草陸生葉隨著晝夜交替，具有週期性的睡眠運動，每天葉片開啟的最大角度和閉合時間有一定的時間範圍。黑暗期受光照干擾或連續照光、日夜顛倒，皆影響葉片的開閉時間與速率。

高效液相層析儀（HPLC）為測定中藥指標成分常用的分析工具，而近年來高效液相層析質譜儀（LC-MS）的應用，亦在天然藥物分析上逐漸扮演重要角色。本研究利用HPLC 分析人參中的12 種人參皂素，並以 LC-MS 確認各化合物。 本研究分為三個部份，第一部份為開發適當的HPLC 分析方法分析人參中的主要成份，並使用LC-MS 確認這些化合物。人參中的12 種人參皂素( ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Ro and malonylginsenosides mRb1, mRb2 and mRc ) 可於60 分鐘內成功分離，在 HPLC 分析方法中使用Cosmosil 5C18 管柱，以200nm 偵測，並以20mM KH2PO4-CH3CN 進行梯度沖提， 在LC-MS 分析中則以20mM CH3COONH4-CH3CN 進行梯度沖提。 第二部份為利用上述分析方法，比較同批人參藥材進行不同處理方式後，所得人參皂素含量的多寡，包含泡茶、煮茶、泡酒等。結果顯示若為切段（飲片）泡茶，至少應浸泡30 分鐘，切段（飲片）水煮則以15-20 分鐘較佳，粉末（茶包）泡茶的變化不明顯，而切段酒浸可以得到最多量的人參皂素，且浸泡越久含量越高。 第三部份為使用多變量統計軟體SPSS 進行區別分析（DA），統計結果可作為人參藥材基原辨識之依據。 High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a common analytical tool that has been used to analyze the index components of Chinese herb medicine. In recent years, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) gradually plays an important role. In this study, we used HPLC to detect 12 ginsenosides in Ginseng Radix, and used LC-MS to identify the 12 compounds. This study includes three parts. The first part concerns the development of HPLC method for determining the chemical constituents in Ginseng Radix, and using LC-MS to identify them. In Ginseng Radix, components such as ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Ro and malonylginsenosides mRb1, mRb2 and mRc could be separated successfully in 60 mins. They were detected at 200nm by using a Cosmosil 5C18 column with a linear gradient elution of 20mM KH2PO4-CH3CN in the HPLC method, and with a linear gradient elution of 20mM CH3COONH4-CH3CN in the LC-MS method. In the second part, we used this method mentioned above to evaluate the different results from various processes, which include brewing snippets in hot water, brewing powders in hot water, cooking snippets with boiling water, and brewing snippets in rice wine. Our results are listed as follows, First, the tea using Ginseng Radix snippets brewing for about 30 mins in hot water has the best result. Second, using Ginseng Radix snippets cooking for about 15-20 mins with boiling water has the best result. Third, using Ginseng Radix powders brewing in hot water has no apparent difference. Finally, using Ginseng Radix snippets brewing in the rice wine can get most ginsenosides. The third part is using the statistic software SPSS to proceed the Discriminate Analysis（DA）. The results of the statistic analysis can help us to identify the origin of the herb medicines.

流行病的傳染如同一個無尺度網路，但有一些特殊特性在發展一套新傳播模式時，是需要被詳加考慮的。我採用時間位移(t 與ti 分別以t?(ti?1)與ti?(ti?1)來取代)至無尺度網路模式中，再引入一個非連續強力函數H(t; ti?1, L+ti?1)來描述流行病傳播的特定時段與強度，並重新定義機率p 為無效傳染率。之後，我建立了新模式「無尺度流行病模式」－SFE-1與SFE-2。模擬六種病原的傳染途徑，結果證實SFE-1與SFE-2模式是正確與確切可用。案例研究結果，顯示傳染強度H可為固定值或為變數；p可以是一固定值、雙固定值或為新增病例的函數。更進一步解析美國AIDS病例在不同族群與行為上的差異，獲知亞裔/太平洋裔與印第安人/阿拉斯加人的H值低於其他族群，其原因可能是由於小的族群具有較高的接觸所致。異性性接觸的H值低於其他，顯示性交易是傳播HIV的主要途徑。SFE-1與SFE-2模式也可被用在流行病的預測上，因為SFE-2使用已知值而非估算值，所以SFE-2模擬結果較佳；但是SFE-1更可以明確提供一個流行病在失控或控制下的預測結果。無尺度流行病模式可以協助所需警戒的程度與政策決定的計畫結果。因此在幫助政府評估社會經濟成本與健康憂慮上是一個有用的工具。所以我提出一個確切可行的對抗無尺度流行病傳染新方法，並詳細說明運作流程。The course of epidemics resembles a scale-free network, but some specific elements should be considered in developing a new model. I introduced a time shifting (replacing t and ti by t?(ti?1) and ti?(ti?1)) and a discontinuous forcing function H(t; ti?1, L+ti?1) into the scale-free network model to fit the specific period and intensity of the infection, and redefined the probability p as an invalid infection rate. Then I proposed the new Scale-Free Epidemic Models, SFE-1 and SFE-2. The simulation results of six types of epidemic transmission showed that the SFE models were accurate and useful. In the case studies, the results showed that H were constant or variable, and p were a fixed constant, a dual constant, or a function of new addition cases in the epidemic periods. The further studies for comparisons of the difference races/ethnics and the difference transmission category of AIDS cases in USA were analyzed. The H value for Asian/Pacific and Indian/Alaska Native race were lower than others, it may be due to small clusters with constant high contact rates. The H value for heterosexual contact was lower than the others, indicating that whoredom was the main transmission for HIV. Both SFE models can be used to predict epidemics, SFE-2 is better than SFE-1 due to SFE-2 using given indices and not conjectured values, but SFE-1 can more clearly suggest results of epidemics when under control or not. SFE models can help the government to determine the level of caution needed and the projected results of policy decisions. They are useful tools in assisting to balance socio-economic and health concerns. I hereby propose a new method to fight against epidemics with detailed procedures of using the SFE models.