全國中小學科展

2012年

因地制宜的生存之道─日本與臺灣兩地端黑豹斑蝶適應策略之探討

端黑豹斑蝶廣泛分布全球,包括臺灣和日本兩地。在日本,端黑豹斑蝶的分布有逐漸北移的現象,這可能是全球暖化的影響。北移的現象暗示端黑豹斑蝶可能對溫度變化具有敏感的反應。臺灣及日本的氣候類型不同,故推測端黑豹斑蝶在兩地可能發展出不同的適應策略,以成功生存。藉著計算發育零點及有效積溫、比較不同溫度對成蟲體型的影響,了解兩地族群是否發展出不同的適應策略。臺灣族群發育零點為12.95℃,日本族群為6.59℃,日本族群可在較低溫度下開始發育;兩族群完成生活史所需的天數和有效積溫不同;溫度會影響成蟲體型。相同溫度下,日本族群生長較快,體型較小。不同食草亦有可能影響發育。兩地族群顯示出不同生活史,日本族群演化出適應低溫的生存策略。端黑豹斑蝶可能藉由北移的方式,來解決全球暖化帶來的影響。

水滴在高溫鋸齒上爬坡之物理機制探討

本研究主要探討水滴在高溫鋸齒面上之爬坡現象。實驗中發現在高達四百度的鋸齒面上能形成懸浮水滴,且水滴可持續一段時間而不會立即蒸發,在水平之鋸齒面沿特定方向移動,特別的是,水滴甚至沿著傾斜之鋸齒面向上運動。首先,水滴因受熱在周圍形成一層蒸氣層,阻隔熱的傳遞,使其不會立即蒸發。實驗中改變鋸齒齒廓之兩斜邊的比例,可以驅動水滴往長斜邊所面對的方向運動。進一步實驗顯示,水滴內部的流動趨勢分別為:水滴前端呈順時針方向流動,而水滴後端則呈逆時針方向流動。此外,爬坡中的水滴,其後半部具有較高之蒸發速率,經由設計一個類比的實驗,我們發現,在高溫金屬平面上,透過其平面上的一個凹槽,可以控制水滴前後部位蒸發速率的差異性,也造成水滴向上爬坡的結果。由實驗結果證明,蒸氣壓力與氣體運動對水滴造成的摩擦力為驅動水滴爬坡的力量來源。

非高斯型擴散

將水加入溶液上方會造成溶質向上擴散,而造成濃度和濃度梯度的變化。我們使用簡易的實驗儀器算出不同時間各位置的濃度和梯度變化。書上大多假設濃度梯度成鐘型曲線分佈的簡單模型描述擴散過程,但只能用在擴散係數為定值的情況。從實驗或參考資料顯示,擴散係數會隨濃度而變,因此擴散現象常呈現非高斯之分佈,故我們以自己設計的實驗分析溶液在較高濃度時的「非高斯型擴散」,直接測量並計算不同濃度下的擴散速率、擴散係數。研究分子擴散行為理論未完全建立,擴散目前屬於半實驗的科學,此實驗設計與分析方式可供作擴散理論發展的參考。

Charging the Miniature Electronic Components of Medical Equipment in Vivo

世界上有許多病患,需要在體內植入電子醫療裝置,才能維持生命。然而,電池充電的問題卻一直無法克服,於是必須透過開刀重新更換電池,如此不僅增加病患的痛苦,也增加了醫療成本與環保問題。然而,過去研究以提高電池蓄電量為主,只有極少數研究著重在探討隔空充電技術,例如:動物體內電池充電。本研究主要是應用電磁感應原理,設計一套可以針對實驗兔體內體溫發射器的電池進行充電的方法,及探討充電過程所產生的電磁輻射及其影響。我們的初步研究成果顯示: (一)將24V與18V兩種電壓分別輸入電磁棒,在實驗兔動物身體表面進行充電,發現可產生的最高充電電壓值分別為4.75 V與3.64V。(二)充電30分鐘後可讓體溫發射器每二秒發射一次訊號,為期長達8天。(三) 將24V與18V兩種電壓分別輸入電磁棒,在距離電磁棒5-60cm的範圍,最大的電磁輻射值為179.6mG及0.1 mG。本研究證實我們設計的電磁棒可以對兔子體內電池進行隔空充電,並且不會對實驗兔子造成電磁輻射傷害。我們建議未來可以應用此方法解決動物體內醫療電子元件的充電問題。

峰迴路轉-等比繞行的秘密

對於轉向次數K→∞且轉向角ɵ為任意角時,各收斂點P於坐標平面上恰形成圓C:。已知U為x軸上任一點且坐標為(u,0),當ɵ改變時,p1p2與UP之交點S的軌跡為圓錐曲線(點、直線、拋物線、橢圓、雙曲線)。當U=c 時,交點S的軌跡為橢圓,此橢圓的長軸長為圓C半徑(r/1-r2 ),且焦點為P1(1,0)與C(1/1-r2,0)。各轉向點Pn(nÎN)位於一個方程式為,定角為之等角螺線上;同時繪出轉向次數k在不同值時,瓢蟲行進終點之軌跡,以驗證當k愈來愈大時,各終點形成的軌跡會趨近於一個圓。當k=2時,圖形為蚶線並證明其經平移後之極坐標方程式為R=r+2r2cosɵ。最後我們展示行進公比 r→1-,r=1 , r→1+ 時所呈現的終點軌跡,並對此軌跡所呈現出的意象與自然界連結,而其實質關聯性則有待未來研究。

Hourglass 2011

Over the past year Conor has been developing an electronic time keeping device named Hourglass. Hourglass has a three-fold focus on functionality, intuitive design and simplicity. To simplify the device he has limited the hardware to a bare minimum. Just three buttons and an LCD screen comprise the user-interface. Although this interface is simple, the user can access many features. These include intuitive scrolling menus, countdown, lap and alarm functions, accessed through button combinations as well as multiple ways to use single buttons, such as holding or short pressing. Many functions have been integrated into the device, such as a stopwatch with lap times, a countdown, up to 99 Custom Alarms with an individual active/inactive state and a lock/unlock feature. The stopwatch is accurate to 1 second and can be started, stopped, reset and used to record lap times. When laps have been recorded, the user can then take the time value of a lap and turn it into a countdown. A countdown of up to 99 hours can be set, and will run until deactivated or until it reaches zero. Upon reaching zero the alarm is activated. The home screen displays the time, any active countdown and notifies the user if an alarm is active. It can be locked or unlocked by holding the blue button a set period of time, helping to reduce any inadvertent change in setting. All of the functions available can be operated easily with the intuitive 3 button interface method. The menu system is simple, but has been set up through clever coding. An arrow indicated which option is selected, by pressing the top button on the clock the option above the current selection is selected/the menu scrolls up. Pressing the bottom button selects the next option in the downward direction/scrolls down. The button in the centre positioned off to the left is used to activate an option. When a Yes or No prompt appears on the screen, the action corresponds with the button position. Therefore the triangle layout of the buttons is simple and intuitive. Thus Conor’s device relies on complicated, yet elegantly formulated and annotated code and simple hardware interfaces to interact with the user in a way which is intuitive and provides great functionality. It does this while being simple and easy to understand. Here these principles are applied to a clock project, but there are implications for good design that go way beyond this context.

Prototype Educational resources for teaching basic pneumatic

The didactic prototype for the teaching of the pneumatic Basic is designed, so teachers can instruct knowledgement of pneumatics focused to identification, handling and application of its elements based on constructivist theory in which the student learns making, working on projects and in a collaborative way. This implies that his presentation should include the basic elements to be used in this study area, as well as allowing that the student can interact with it, still easy to use, and take them by the teacher into his area of education, which can be a classroom, room, Auditorium, workshop, lab, and even training courses to the industry, the only thing that requires is compressed air (2 to 4 bars). As well as, to create a secure environment for the user when this is manipulating. Its construction based on a compact, lightweight and ergonomic, structure to ensure that it can be transported without difficulty. Also that must comply with the minimum essential to enable the student to acquire competencies in the curriculum which consider the identification, handling and application of pneumatic elements; IE has the following 2 directional valves 3/2 NC, 1 directional valve 3/2 NC-operated with a knob, 2 valves 3/2 pneumatic drive, a 5/2 valve NC NC of stable pneumatic drive, 1 valve of simultaneity or function, and 1 valve selector or function, or double effect with pressure regulator piston1 piston of double effect, 1 piston for simple effect, 1 valve 3/2 NC with motorized drive and roller.

腦筋打結的滋味─猜帽上數邏輯推理遊戲

本研究受2004 IWYMIC啓發,此題可追溯自二十世紀數篇以「know/don’t know problem」為題的論文,共同背景如下: 有數個邏輯學家分別戴上寫有特定數值的帽子。他們會完美的推理且不會說謊。作為玩家,他們輪流發言並試圖推斷自己的帽上數。 我們致力於和帽上數範圍、發言順序、構句相關的變形,透過數論技巧求解並以「相鄰矩陣」表示過程。另對原題缺點提出「候選數」之概念、改進規則;而找到能代替複雜推理的簡單操作後,我們分析、證明了它們的特殊性質。 應用上,玩家產生對話的過程可作為雜湊函數使用。未來,本研究可再推廣至更多更自由的構句、納入三個玩家、或允許誤導等等,以豐富遊戲。

Ferrers diagram

Ferrers diagram是指在n個小方格中填入數字的圖表,且必須有: (1)方格緊密堆積在一個矩形的左上角 (2)每個方格的值分別定義為:(正右方的方格數)+(正下方的方格數)+1 (Hook length) 而所感興趣的問題是:如果有一個Ferrers diagram,那麼至少需要知道多少幾個格子的位置與它們的值,則整個Ferrers diagram就可以被唯一的確定下來。 我們稱具有上述性值的格子所構成的“子圖”為特徵圖,顯然整個diagram也是一個特徵圖;那麼,特徵圖至少又需要有幾個格子呢?於是定義特徵圖中格子個數最少的為最小特徵圖,因此問題轉變成探討最小特徵圖的大小(即格子個數)。 我們的研究結果是最小特徵圖的大小跟原本diagram中值為“1”的方格數(文內一般以K來表示值為“1”的方格數)有密切關係,關係如下: (1)最小特徵圖的大小≦K+1 (2)廣義最小特徵圖的大小 (3)狹義最小特徵圖的大小 同時,我們也有實例說明以上不等式的等號是可以成立的;換言之最小特徵圖的格子數之最小上界為K+1,廣義最小特徵圖的格子數之最大下界為,而狹義最小特徵圖的格子數之最大下界為 。

酒石酸配位掌性聚合物之自組裝合成、結構與特性研究

奈米技術在 20 世紀後期蓬勃發展,而具有奈米及孔洞的超分子更為化學家所積極尋求合成上的突破與挑戰, 超分子化學用來探討一些分子間較弱、可恢復性的作用力,以期製備一系列具有功能性的孔洞材料 。 其主 要分為以下六種: 1. 凡德瓦力 (van der Waals forces,energy -1) 2. π-π堆疊作用力 (π-π stacking interactions ,energy= 0~50kJ‧mol-1) 3. 氫鍵 (hydrogen bonds,energy energy = 4~50kJ‧mol -1) 4. 偶極 -偶極作用力 (dipole -dipole interactions,energy= 5~50kJ ‧mol -1) 5. 陽離子-π作用力 (cation interactions, energy = 5~80kJ ‧mol -1) 6. 離子 -偶極作用力 (ion-dipole interactions,energy= 50~200kJ ‧mol -1) 而分子自組裝即利用這些作力, 依熱學最安定的合發生然排列現象可應用於分離、化學感氣體儲存子交換導熱以及光電性。 本研究主要利用混合掌性異構物的酒石酸鉀鈉與硝酸鈣或鎂,在水酒精的環境下進行自組裝,利用簡單與無毒的自組裝合成法,讓右旋酒 石酸分子鎂金屬配位而左石酸分子與鈣金屬配位,別得到掌性聚合物除了將兩種 掌性異構物分離,也 實踐綠色化學中無毒與環保的概念 。