全國中小學科展

2024年

解析水稻新穎轉錄因子調控叢枝菌根菌共生的分子機制

多數陸生植物可與微生物建立互利共生關係,以增強營養鹽的吸收並適應環境。叢枝菌根菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)已被證實可幫助水稻生長,前人已初步探索背後的調控機制,釐清植物如何透過轉錄因子調控基因表現來建立與菌根菌的共生。台大植物科學研究所一教授與其研究團隊發現一新穎的水稻不確定域轉錄因子 (OsAID1) 可正向調控共生,且其啟動子區域有可被轉錄因子 OsPHR2 結合的 DNA 序列 (P1BS),其中 OsPHR2 已被證實是在缺磷反應和菌根菌共生途徑中均扮演重要角色的轉錄因子,然而 OsAID1 與 OsPHR2 的關係尚未被釐清,另外先前研究發現 AID1 需要未知的交互作用蛋白以開啟轉錄調控,故本研究想探討 OsAID1 與 OsPHR2 間的上下游關係以及能與 AID1 交互作用的蛋白。透過觀察aid1 突變株之共生率推測 OsAID1 為 OsPHR2 的下游,並透過 BiFC 實驗證實 OsAID1 與 OsSLR1 之間有交互作用。此研究提供 OsAID1 在水稻與菌根菌共生中的基因調控更深一步的探索。

以分塊矩陣及生成函數探討多人跳躍數列在多顆球下的方法數

本研究針對多人的跳躍數列在多顆球下的相關特例進行分析;多人跳躍數列規則為「同一個時間點任一人只會有一顆球回到手中」、「丟球期間需要連續、規律的接及丟出球並且無限持續下去」、「在多人丟球前可以有準備的時間」。 為了能呈現多人跳躍數列各個情況則用矩陣形式並採用有向圖進行討論,該圖的點元素代表當下每一顆球在幾秒中回到手中的狀態、邊元素則為每個狀態轉移時的丟球方式,接著將有向圖轉換為鄰接矩陣形式,並將點元素用類似 2進位的形式進行分類以便整理成規則一致的分塊矩陣,接著由 Cayley–Hamilton定理計算特徵方程式後,利用相關定理整理出各個特例分析的生成函數,如特定顆球同時回到手上的情況。

Artificial Intelligence Sensing Technology for Blinds Path Findings

Over 30 million souls live in a world of darkness, a number greater than the populations of both Norway and Sweden combined. Every individual deserves the chance to embark on a journey across our magnificent blue planet. Yet, regrettably, little has been done to assist them. With this project, we’re lighting the way for the blind to explore our beautiful world independently, breaking free from dependence and embracing boundless horizons. In order to put our theory of the project into practice & explore the use of artificial intelligence & computer science, we started by collecting the required materials for our project such as micro-controllers, sensors, a pair of glasses, a laptop, and a miniature camera. Then we moved onto creating the project itself in which the digital software programmed onto the hardware plays the key-role, as the sensors and the camera will record the details and information from the surroundings and send it to the laptop for further processing. The camera would be the backbone of our project, as it will stream real-time footage to the laptop which will be analyzed by an open-source object detection model ‘YOLOv8’ for identifying objects. After finishing the base model of our project, we tested it in-front of objects such as toy cars, bikes, people, etc, and the results of the object-detection would be shown on the laptop. To observe this data, we created a device which has different modules and integrations for different functions. For example, we will use our camera and then stream it onto a laptop so the reading and the data can be processed on the laptop by AI using YOLOv8. As mentioned in the start, many people do not possess the ability to see, to assist them we have thought of this device which uses all readings and its analytical skills to analyze data and help them navigate, travel or simply, live a better life.

Inclined Sedimentation of Suspensions: Theoretical and Experimental Investigation into the Boycott Effect

The Boycott Effect is a phenomenon where sedimentation rate can be increased by tilting the container which holds the suspension, making it a way to increase the efficiency of the process without additional energy input. This makes the Boycott Effect valuable in speeding up and optimising a multitude of industrial applications such as wastewater management and food processing, all of which employ sedimentation to separate particulate matter from the fluids in which they are suspended in. Thus, it is imperative to model the Boycott Effect accurately for a wide range of cases, including arbitrary shaped containers and suspensions of various concentrations without the need to run costly, computationally expensive numerical simulations. In this project I investigated the inclined sedimentation of suspensions both theoretically and experimentally. Experimentally, two image tracking programs were created and tested out on my own experimental videos. I demonstrated the use of a novel method for making use of the Beer-Lambert Law to optically keep track of local concentration of suspensions. This method allows more information to be gathered about the sedimentation process in a very low-cost, non-equipment intensive or invasive way. Theoretically, I expanded upon the well-known analytical 2D PNK theory by accounting for concentration-hindering and sediment build-up effects, as well as the geometrical theory for 3D cylindrical geometries. All parts of the theoretical model were verified with experimental data and shown to have good agreement. (233 words)

惡意程式無所遁形—以自然語言處理模型實現惡意程式之識別

本研究旨在運用自然語言處理技術,建立辨識惡意程式的模型。首先在資料集方面,分為 PE資料集與 ELF資料集,均包含良性及惡意執行檔,且蒐集惡意程式時採用多種不同之惡意程式家族。接著對資料集進行反組譯及前處理。使用反組譯後的組合語言檔作為文本,訓練模型以區分良性和惡意程式。研究比較詞袋模型、序列模型、BERT 以及不同 n-gram對模型的影響。 研究結果顯示。詞袋模型以使用multi-hot編碼表現最佳,PE資料集之F1-score為96.87%;序列模型則是有位置編碼的 Transformerencoder 表現最優。在不同 n-gram 的比較,multi-hot詞袋模型與 TF-IDF 詞袋模型,分別在 2-gram 及 5-gram 有最高的 F1-score。

維持粒線體功能的重要基因Rrm2b對於不同種類中樞神經細胞的調控與影響

老化造成的神經退化性疾病,與細胞內粒線體機能異常有重要的關聯性。已知核醣核苷酸還原酶 M2B (Rrm2b) 的主要負責協助粒線體的基因合成、修復以及功能維持。本研究以核醣體核酸干擾技術,使 Rrm2b 表現量降低,探討其對不同種類中樞神經細胞粒線體 DNA 含量、細胞形態及功能的影響。結果顯示,Rrm2b 表現量降低並不會對粒線體 DNA 含量造成影響,但會使呼吸作用的效率降低,以及讓神經細胞更易分化,甚至反分化。同時,星狀膠細胞中的水通道蛋白表現量增加 165%,葡萄糖轉運蛋白表現量增加 27%,麩胺醯胺合成酶表現量則降低 22%。因此,Rrm2b 的低表現量,使星狀膠細胞運輸功能變強,而麩胺醯胺的合成變慢,則氨的代謝減緩。這些星狀膠細胞異常可能是造成腦部功能受損的原因之一。

利用氧化應激法結合膠原蛋白微島嶼誘導人類臍帶間質幹細胞分化

再生醫學透過控制幹細胞分化以應用於修復受損或是建構新組織。目前誘導幹細胞分化的方法多為添加成長因子的化學誘導法,然而此方法具有高成本和費時等缺點。在本篇研究中,我們以人類臍帶間質幹細胞,作為誘導分化對象,使其貼附於具最適化圖形的膠原蛋白微島嶼,結合大氣電漿及 H2O2 二種氧化應激法刺激細胞,探討誘導 WJ-MSC 幹細胞分化的最佳條件。在本研究中,我們發現單獨使用大氣電漿處理可使成骨分化率增加,而大氣電漿處理再加上星形微島嶼培養細胞時,則更顯著的提高成骨分化率。未來嘗試以 H2O2 誘導幹細胞分化, 並進一步探討大氣電漿和 H2O2 提高脂肪分化率的條件、影響分化的機制,期望能此新技術取代傳統化學誘導法,對組織工程做出貢獻。

開發組織蛋白酶B之抑制劑前驅藥物及其效能探究

在某些癌症或癌前病變時,存在於溶酶體的組織蛋白酶 B的表現量會增加,目前雖然已有Ac-LVK-CHO藥物可有效抑制組織蛋白酶 B,然而此藥物無法充分進入溶酶體,精準發揮藥效作用。本研究透過自行合成 Ac-LVK-CHO,且在其結構上進行化學修飾,製得前驅藥物以提升藥物效能。此研究自行設計合成方法與修飾基團,已成功在Ac-LVK-CHO 的胺基修飾上引導基團 morpholine,使其更易進入溶酶體,同時也在醛基修飾上光解性保護基團 2- nitrobenzyl alcohol,使此前驅藥物在溶酶體內可經調控發揮活性。實驗已驗證前驅藥物的光解性質,以HPLC 圖譜與質譜分析確認此藥物照光 30 秒可完全被釋放,且光解過程為一級反應。後續將統整前驅藥物富集於溶酶體的定量結果,完成此合成前驅藥物的全面性效能評估。

Expected edge number of closed walks in a simple graph

對於一個連通簡單圖G,由點v作為出發點,每次皆以機率均等的原則選擇一條邊移動,在點跟邊都可以重複使用的情況下,移動的過程將依序形成一條道路,當第一次走回v時,則形成特殊的封閉道路,本文的研究是探討這種特殊封閉道路的邊數期望值。考量移動的過程中能否立即回頭,我將問題區分為兩種類型的期望值,利用矩陣解聯立方程組的概念,提供了演算法來求解。此外,我也進一步探討兩個期望值之間的相關性,並利用圖的總邊數以及點度數來刻畫期望值。我亦試著修改機率均等的原則,將選擇邊的機率一般化,探討期望值的特殊性質,從中刻畫出充分必要條件。

Wibrazz

"Blindness keeps you from things, deafness keeps you from people" (Helen Keller) Wibrazz is a communication tool that can be placed inside sportswear. Two versions have been developed. The simpler one allows hearing-impaired footballers to compete in the league with other athletes. The referee is given an additional device to give a signal when he blows his whistle. The hearing-impaired footballer then senses the signal from the device he is wearing and knows that he must pay attention to the referee. The complex version speeds up communication between the coach and the players during training sessions. It allows the coach to send simple messages to his players using his smart device. The athlete senses the signal from the device and acts on what has been previously discussed (e.g. a long signal means, "Everyone come to me!") With over 70 million deaf people worldwide, and 2-4 out of 1000 people in the United States who are functionally deaf, this can affect an individual's mental and physical well-being, and it is therefore a pressing issue to provide these athletes with the means to develop their talents in a traditional team environment. In addition to the organisations within countries, the ICSD is present on the international stage. Their importance is demonstrated by the fact that the 2023 Deaf Football World Cup featured teams from countries such as the United States, Germany, England and Japan.