全國中小學科展

2023年

引菁拒鹽 – 探討田菁較綠豆耐鹽的機制

隨著越來越劇烈的天災,對農作物損害造成了許多危機。去了解植物如何對抗逆境,是刻不容緩的。田菁是台灣重要的綠肥作物,我們也常在濱海鄉村的農田看到其存在;綠豆是常用作物,在研究上與日常生活中都很常見,同樣身為豆科植物,兩者對於常見的鹽逆境的反應是否有差異呢?本研究透過比較田菁與綠豆兩種常見豆科植物,深入了解並比較其耐鹽機制。首先,在外表型上,田菁幼苗在鹽逆境下的發芽率、芽長、根長和鮮重皆有較好的生長情形。其次,鹽逆境下田菁的氣孔密度較低,進而可以減少水分蒸散。第三,在生化測試中,田菁在POD和CAT兩個酵素上,表現出更高的酵素活性。這些抗氧化酵素可以幫助植物在逆境下更容易生存。總之,田菁由於更高的抗氧化能力而具有更好的耐鹽性,並且將更多的能量用於生長更複雜的根結構。此外,我們發現田菁在根中出現中柱分離和更多的脯氨酸累積,以幫助它保持水分和遠離鹽害。上述所有機制使田菁在鹽逆境下具有更好的適應與生長。我們希望這項研究可以在未來應用於農業上,減少不可預測的環境災害造成的經濟損失。

Forming Polygons with Broken Pick-up Chocolate Bars and Spaghetti Noodles

”The broken pick-up sticks problem” is proposed by T. Kyle Petersen and Bridget Eileen Tenner in 2020. We solve the problem by considering the discrete version using random variables, and the limit behaviour of the discrete version gives us a combinatorial solution to the original problem. We also evaluate the probabilities of the triangles formed by the broken/pick-up sticks satisfying some specific geometric conditions with various techniques, including calculus and elementary number theory.

白花蛇舌草免疫抗癌新機轉及活性物質分析

白花蛇舌草是中醫常使用的抗癌中藥,本研究主要探究白花蛇舌草治療大腸癌的可能效應、機轉及活性物質。本研究利用大腸癌動物實驗搭配次世代基因定序,期望發現白花蛇舌草的新穎免疫抗癌標靶,並利用氣相層析質譜儀搭配新穎免疫抗癌標靶分子對接,分析主要的活性物質。結果顯示,白花蛇舌草可以減少小鼠結直腸增生組織的數量及大小,將被影響的基因進行生物資訊程式分析,發現白花蛇舌草會干擾與免疫細胞趨化有關的基因群組以及與上皮細胞增生有關的白細胞介質IL-17訊息路徑,而且存在於白花蛇舌草的阿魏酸可以阻斷IL-17與IL-17受體的結合,減緩小鼠的大腸直腸癌。本研究將古老知識透過現代科學證實有用,呈現與發炎或與上皮細胞增生有關的細胞激素可以作為免疫抗癌標靶,也發現白花蛇舌草的免疫抗癌新機制,並由免疫抗癌新機轉成功求證白花蛇舌草的主要活性物質。

全等三角形與四邊形構造的衍伸圖形之性質研究

本研究源於 2016 年數學雜誌 Crux Mathematicorum 的三角形定性問題[1],我們將這個問題由四個方向進行推廣——多邊形邊數、頂點連線方式、等腰三角形角度、全等多邊形的夾角,再創新探討其定量與定性性質。首先,我們將任意全等的三角形與任意四邊形夾角為任意實數下的衍伸圖形之定量與定性性質進行完整刻劃,利用測量師公式分別針對不同連線情形下的兩個衍伸圖形的有向面積之和與有向面積之差進行完整討論,再巧妙利用平移不變性處理行列式級數和而給出面積不變量關係式。第二,透過向量、矩陣運算與純幾何方式探討面積不變量的幾何意義,並給出衍伸圖形之間的全等、相似、透視、對稱、共線、平行、退化等優美的定性性質。最後,我們系統性推廣到平面上任意封閉多邊形,嘗試以較高的觀點切入,透過矩陣變換給出其幾何結構,並且發現許多實質有趣的定性與定量統一結果。

Air quality monitoring project as an educational tool for sustainable development

The research project has an extremely relevant topic - the creation of an air quality monitoring system for general secondary education. In the context of the Covid 19 pandemic, proper air sanitation is a determining factor in counteracting the spread of coronavirus infection. Special requirements for the procedure of systematic ventilation of educational premises are set before teachers and technical staff of schools "Sanitary Regulations for General Secondary Education Institutions", which is mandatory for implementation in general secondary education institutions. Together with measures to counter the Covid 19 pandemic, the new health regulations somewhat neglect resource conservation and energy efficiency issues: ventilation during the heating season can lead to wasteful heat losses. Monitoring the quality of air purification is simply necessary if teachers and parents care about creating a safe educational environment for students at school. Requirements for air safety determine and regulate its characteristics such as temperature, humidity, the presence of dust particles of different sizes, the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and formaldehyde vapors. The level of hazardous substances such as formaldehyde, which can be released from building materials, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, should be closely monitored in accordance with the recommendations of sanitary regulations and hygiene requirements of health care facilities. With increased concentrations of carbon dioxide above normal, the human body will experience the negative effects of hypoxia: poor health, drowsiness, decreased cognitive processes, learning becomes less effective. Carbon monoxide is a poisonous substance that can damage the body, poison hemoglobin and cause constant hypoxia of all organs and systems, long stay indoors with it leads to death. Formaldehyde causes carcinogenic effects, and the excess concentration of dust particles worsens the condition of people with allergies and bronchial asthma, as well as dust promotes bacterial growth and the spread of viral particles, which is especially dangerous in a coronavirus pandemic. Our solution allows for a transparent permanent monitor of air quality in the school, makes this monitoring completely inclusive - because any user from among the participants in the educational process has access to up-to-date information about the air in the school and can make informed decisions about proper behavior Our system allows students to become more responsible, independent in terms of sanitary requirements and compliance. Therefore, the main idea of our project is extremely relevant today - to organize a digitalized system for monitoring the quality of air purification in the school, thus preventing inadequate ventilation with wasteful heat loss and reduced energy efficiency of the school building. The project has signs of sustainability - it is in line with the Sustainable Development Goals – 3 «Good health and well-being», 4 «Quality education», 5 «Gender equality», 11 «Sustainable cities and communities», 12 «Responsible consumption and production» and 13 «Climate action»

Construction of Brahmagupta n-gons by Chebyshev Polynomials

Brahmagupta n-gons是邊長為整數的圓內接多邊形,其對角線長與面積亦為整數,半徑為有理數。而作者發現參考文獻[2,3]建構的完美多邊形其實就是Brahmagupta n-gons經過適當伸縮後,使得外接圓半徑為整數時的圓內接多邊形。 參考文獻「建構邊長為整數的圓內接多邊形」[2] 與「建構三種以上相異整數邊長的圓內接多邊形」[3]是我2020年的作品,我建構了多類兩種以上相異整數邊長的圓內接多邊形的一般式。因為我的建構方法會使得外接圓半徑很大,故本研究先討論在單位圓上邊長為有理數的圓內接多邊形,再將其適當地伸縮後,即可得邊長為整數的圓內接多邊形。 在n倍角公式的研究方法也由隸美弗定理改成使用柴比雪夫多項式做更深層的刻畫,完整的找出多種相異整數邊長且外接圓半徑與所有對角線長均為整數的圓內接多邊形的一般式。

DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF LASER 3D SCANNER OF PREMISES

This research work is devoted to the stages of development and creation of a prototype of a laser 3D scanner model, programming of a controlling microcontroller, construction of 3D models of a scanned object. In the course of the work, the market of 3D scanners, which are used to build three-dimensional models of premises, was analyzed, the equipment necessary for the development and creation of the prototype was analyzed, as well as the software necessary for the operation of the prototype. The result of the work was the creation of a laser 3D scanner based on an Arduino microcontroller using a Lidar type sensor that scans and builds 3D models of objects. This working model of the 3D scanner demonstrates good capabilities and turned out to be easy to use.

以仿生袋鼠進行跳躍研究並應用於外骨骼

此研究選擇以袋鼠為仿生對象,希望應用袋鼠高速移動的特點,製作仿生動物,並觀測其跳耀動作,提升動作的流暢度。 首先對澳洲袋鼠在跳躍時的動作,進行動態分析,取得跳躍時其最佳腿部彎曲動作。經歷二次的外觀與整體結構更改,以及數十次的細微尺寸與外觀修飾的調整,完成了此次使用的仿生袋鼠。 此仿生袋鼠使用18公分長的小腿為基準,設計跳躍動作影響便因。首先更改個部位的馬達扭力進行跳躍距離和高度的紀錄,測驗出距離最遠,高度最高的數據,並依同樣的變因條件,進行腿部長度的變更,同樣求得最佳數據再進行下一實驗,以此求得在各變因下最佳的條件。 本研究包含生物觀察、機械繪圖、動作分析,而希望此實驗數據在未來能應用於跳躍型的外骨骼。

Z字型路徑長度及面積等量關係之探討

Z字型路徑是一個由圓上一些點同時以特定角度連結成一組弦線段所構成之路徑。本研究主要在於探討Z字型路徑之兩類弦線段長度的冪次方等量關係,和它將該圓分割成兩個區域面積的等量關係。本研究結果如下,在長度關係方面,當圓上的點為奇數個時,則弦線段長度的平方和具有等量關係。而當圓上的點為偶數個時,弦線段長度的一次方和具有等量關係。在面積關係上,當圓上的點為奇數個時,則此路徑將圓分割成兩個區域面積也具有等量關係。此外,本研究之進階研究結果發現,長度的高次方和具有等量關係之條件與圓上點個數相關。

龜兔賽跑中的兔子:蚤蠅的高頻率間歇性運動之探討

動物的移動過程並非連續,而是呈現經常性行走與停頓的「間歇性運動」,停頓頻率依物種而異。前人研究發現,間歇性運動可助動物恢復體力、增加對環境的感知、及減少被天敵的測知。蚤蠅是已知展現間歇性運動的動物中停頓頻率最高的類群之一,基於前人研究,我們推測蚤蠅可透過間歇停頓來達到更好的運動表現。為探討蚤蠅的高頻率間歇性運動,本研究運用高速攝影機,以每秒960幀的速率來拍攝腐肉蚤蠅、蟻客蚤蠅、及有翅蚤蠅的間歇性運動行為。數據分析結果顯示,所有蚤蠅的停頓時長與下一步的移動距離、移動時長、平均移動速率呈低度相關。藉由測量每次移動路徑方向的轉動角度,並進行種間比較,發現間歇性運動可透過增加轉角或頻率,來增加路徑的多變性。最後,當天敵存在時,蟻客蚤蠅的間歇性運動移動時長增加,頻率下降,或可減少被捕食的機會。