2021年

Markers have become essential in school and work life due to their great usefulness for teaching and homework. Despite the benefits they have brought, markers are the cause of great contamination from the ink manufacturing process to the excessive production of plastic. Ecological inks in markers and the innovative design of a refillable marker, allow to generate less pollution without having to stop using this product. From dyes created with coffee, fruits and vegetables that pass through different processes, natural inks arise that replace the use of polluting dyes. Likewise, implementing recycling plans in different institutions, markers that were no longer used were collected to be filled with ecological inks and used again. In addition, the excessive production of plastic is reduced by selling and refilling markers and ink kits.

第五代行動通訊（5th generation mobile networks）是現今科技發展的趨勢，新技術的出現也衍生出很多新的問題，在基地台點對點傳輸時，需要精確角度的天線才足以準確地接收高頻波短的毫米波，雖然現今已經有精密儀器能測量精確的方位角，但價格較高且使用方法複雜，面對數量龐大的5G基地台時，維修成本過高。本研究利用手機拍照得到天線與目標物相對角度，結合預先得知目標物的方位角，再經過數學運算即可得到精確的天線指向。本研究希望以隨手可得的手機，配合簡單的方法，可得到精確的天線指向，解決第五代行動通訊可能面臨的問題。

Food sustainability is key to human survival. Robotic solutions have started playing large roles in automating farming tasks in order to assist with crop yield and the efficiency of production. Due to the unreliability of and lack of manual labour in many parts of the world, Agribots are playing bigger roles. One of the biggest advantages of Agribots is that they can operate 24/7, 365 days a year without payment. Agribots are being used more often in dairy farms to milk cows while others are used to shear sheep. Agribots are fast becoming very important to farmers by gathering valuable data; milking cows; automating animal feed; measuring the right amount of pest control, detecting weeds and pests, harvesting and ploughing with unmanned tractors. In many parts of the world farm labour is scarce and difficult to come by. In 南非 for example farm labourers endure gruesome attacks. These attacks on farmers result in the closure of the farm for an extended period of time resulting in the loss of large quantities of crops. Food sustainability is dire in Africa and many parts of the world. “Each day, 25,000 people, including more than 10,000 children, die from hunger and related causes. Some 854 million people worldwide are estimated to be undernourished, and high food prices may drive another 100 million into poverty and hunger. . 90 percent of the world’s farms produce over 80 percent of the world’s food. They also manage about 75 percent of farmland worldwide. Yet, paradoxically, these farmers are often poor and food insecure themselves. Due to the increase in the world’s population annually, there is a growing demand for food. This has led to increasing pressure on farmers to produce crops. In order to meet this demand, farming innovations are vital for the future of food and agriculture. Constant innovations in agriculture is thus needed to constantly feed a growing and increasing population. Innovation in agriculture is also critical to help farmers use resources in better and more efficient ways. “Innovation is one of our best tools for creating a #ZeroHunger world.

Research work on creating a lens, the optical power can be changed depending on human needs. Most people have visual impairments that need to be corrected with surgery or optical devices (glasses and contact lenses). The optical characteristics of the human eye vary depending on age, health, intensity of visual load. We propose to give people the opportunity to smoothly adjust the optical power of the spectacle lens by changing the transparent tubes between the two windows of transparent films. Experimental studies have shown the possibility of adjusting the optical power of the proposed line in a wide range. Existing devices and materials for changing the optical power of the line are analyzed. The design of a lens with variable optical characteristics is proposed, which is created from two window films, the space between which is filled with liquid. Publicly available materials for the outer shell of the lens and liquid for its filling. The effect of the amount of liquid to be filled on the optical power of the lens was experimentally determined. The formula for experimental finding of focal length of a lens is entered. Novelty is impossible because you can use the lens in another field. For example, in the future it is planned to perform an experiment with a lens system to create, for example, a telescope.

The ability of microfluidic (MF) device technologies to provide a lot of information with a small amount of sample, the opportunities it offers increases their use in the medical field in the bedside monitoring in drug delivery systems. Three-dimensional (3D) printer technologies provide advantages such as cost-effectiveness in the production of MF devices and quick and easy production in intricate designs. In our project, it is aimed to design microfluidic pumps (MFP) to be used in the medical field and conduct its production with 3D printer technologies. The developed MFP is intended to be at low cost, bio-compatible, adaptable, and portable to the drug, suitable flow properties as a pharmaceutical pump. First of all, MFP air channel, flow channel, etc. parts were designed and printed with the help of a 3D printer and on AutoCAD, one of the professional drawing programs. The poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) membrane that will enable MFP activation is produced in different thicknesses and glued to the air channel of MFP. The resistance to the applied pressure is observed, and the appropriate membrane thickness is determined as ~ 235µm. Liquid PDMS was applied to the inner surfaces of MFP's air and flow channel, PDMS membrane was placed between them, and the parts were assembled in the oven at 60ºC. MFP has been connected to the pneumatic valve system, where operation codes have been prepared with Arduino Uno, and flow properties have been examined. The flow rate of MFP is ~ 50 µL/min at a maximum of 15 Hz, and the backpressure is ~ 0.085 Pa under a maximum pressure of 3 bar. Also, values such as size, membrane thickness, and applied pressure for the possible models of MFP were supported by theoretical calculations. As a result, MFP, which is biocompatible, drug adaptable, portable, wearable technology application potential, and has suitable flow characteristics as a pharmaceutical pump, has been developed. MFP introduced a microfluidic pump system that can make life easier for the patient and contribute to the national economy through domestic production and can be used as a drug pump in the treatment of diseases such as diabetes and cancer.

"When the Well is Dry, we will know the Worth of Water." Most of 埃及 and the world suffers from water and petrol shortage. With the current consumption rate, two-thirds of the world's population may face water shortages by 2025. These are water pollution, overpopulation, and agriculture, leading to wastewater from landfills and pipes that seep into the ground and may pollute the water, making it unfit for human consumption and waste more water. Besides, some accidents happen to water distribution and irrigation systems, causing a significant loss in water. According to the ministry of water resources, in 2016, the need for freshwater is 67 billion cubic meters. On the other hand, 埃及 receives only 55 billion cubic meters (2.6 billion cubic meters of them evaporate during runoff). Also, one of the wasting water methods in modern irrigation systems is water leakage from pipes as the water transmission and distribution lose about 31% of the produced water due to pipe leakage. Besides, every day more than 3.3 billion liters of treated water – 20 percent of the nation's supply and 234 million liters a day more than a decade ago – are lost through leaking pipes in England and Wales. Many reasons lead to leakage in pipes like water pressure, clogs, and corrosion. The leakage in pipes does not exist in the lines of water only. Also, the pipes in a petrol can cause dangerous accidents like the accident in the Bahira government that led to the death of 6 people and made 19 in a dangerous state. Our project designed a system that can detect fluid leakage and deal with it fast to prevent the wasting of fluid by using sensors and electronic circuits. Our system provides us with information about the fluid (like the amount of the flowing fluid and its speed). Therefore, if there is a difference in the reads, we understand that there is a leakage in this region, and the system will automatically stop the fluid flowing through the pipes. the system will locate all the leakage sites and send them to the mobile app with the amount wasted and the actions taken.

本研究初步分析颱風雷達回波圖發現，利奇馬、蘇力、柯羅莎、杜鵑4個雙眼牆的颱風，內眼牆有沿著外眼牆內側旋轉的現象，時間尺度約為3至14小時。接著比較颱風個案，選定杜鵑颱風作為主要觀察研究對象，以探討影響雙眼牆颱風內眼牆滾動週期的因素為研究目標，並以數值模式簡化問題。我做出兩種猜測，認為此一現象的成因，有可能是眼區的繞轉，或是內眼牆被眼區內的正渦度帶動旋轉。我先後設計了單、雙眼牆旋轉實驗，發現影響此二系統旋轉週期的主因不盡相同。其中，從雙眼牆實驗的結果可以發現，影響內眼牆滾動週期的參數，主要是眼區半徑以及眼區渦度，呼應了內眼牆受眼區內渦度帶動旋轉的猜測。最後，我在模擬杜鵑颱風的實驗中，做出相似的旋轉週期，證明內眼牆滾動的機制，主要以水平動力為主，也證明先前實驗的參數，即是影響旋轉週期的要素。

色彩知覺是人類最重要的感官之一。由於形狀、亮度、空間頻率和色彩組成的不同，每個人對色彩的感知也有所差異。我們對此現象感到著迷，並決定進行一項研究，以識別和量化不同情況下的色彩誘導。 本研究選擇以環狀刺激作為主要圖像，以測量人類視覺色彩誘導。而本實驗主要利用紅色與綠色的誘導效果。實驗中，我們採用紅色及綠色基準做為目標環狀區域，並於其中添加可變性紅色目標，以測量受試者之視覺閾限。在色彩誘導的情況下，透過環狀刺激與測量所得之視覺閾限，我們可以識別並量化環狀刺激對色彩感知造成的影響。此外，我們也發現了環狀刺激中的單一環形如何影響人們對目標環狀區域的色彩感知。 我們利用實驗所得之結果，建立了一個預測並描述色彩錯覺與細胞反應相關性的模型，而此模型將會讓我們對人類視覺系統及神經間的側交互作用有更深一層的了解。

Observation: Over stress is a one of the major hindrance in realizing true potential. I observe source and effect stress in teens in my nearby society. Observations are as follows: • Parental pressure for excellence in study • commercial purpose • Inferiority complex • Scolding and intimidating children in public Objective: To study mental Stress in adolescence and to find a solution to the cause of mental Stress. • Mental stress should be reduced in adolescence. • In adolescence, parents should convince the children that it is right and wrong because of the pressure put on the children. Experiment: We conducted a survey to find mental stress in children, which was done by a quiz. We conducted this survey between parents. Samples of some quiz :- For Parents: - • Do you scold your child. • Do you think your child is under stress. For Children’s:- • How much do you study in one day. • How do your parents treat you. We go through the experiment: - We surveyed how a child reacts when he is under mental stress. • His brain becomes weaker than a healthy child. • He slowly feels weak around himself. • Parents should keep an eye on children in adolescence. We found many such reasons during the survey. Conclusions: After completing this project we have concluded that the biggest root cause of stress in adolescence is that the mother is unable to give time to the children and there is pressure on them to study, due to this, between parents and children Distance is increasing due to which stress is also increasing.

鈣池調控鈣離子內流(store-operated calcium entry, SOCE)是非興奮性細胞中最主要的鈣離子通道。當內質網缺乏鈣離子時，位在內質網上的STIM1(Stromal interaction molecule 1)便會改變構型與在細胞膜上的ORAI1(Calcium relaease-activated calcium channel protein1)接合，激活SOCE的路徑。近來的研究顯示，粒線體會影響SOCE的活性。已知平均有5%-20%的粒線體藉由連繫蛋白與內質網相連。又已知內職網在缺乏鈣離子時會移動至細胞膜附近，故我們認為粒線體有很大的機率藉由連繫蛋白與內質網一同移動至細胞膜並透過吸收鈣離子的機制來調控SOCE的活性。 在使細胞表現特定螢光蛋白的前提下，我們透過活體細胞攝影來觀察特定對象(粒線體、粒線體內鈣離子)的動態變化。 從實驗結果中我們發現：當SOCE被激活後，粒線體會移動至SOCE發生處且較靠近STIM1。又絕大部分移動至SOCE發生處的粒線體同時也會吸收鈣離子。 過去的研究已證實，當粒線體與內質網之間缺乏鈣離子時，SOCE的活性會降低，且當粒線體內膜的主要鈣離子通道MCU(Mitochondria calcium uniporter)缺乏時，亦會導致相同的結果。又從我們的實驗可知當SOCE被激活時，粒線體會移動至SOCE發生處並吸收鈣離子。綜合上述，我們可以推論以下機制，當細胞內的SOCE被激活時，粒線體會藉由連繫蛋白與內質網一同移動至SOCE發生處，同時以吸收鈣離子的方式來調控SOCE的活性以及細胞內的鈣離子濃度。