全國中小學科展

臺灣

雪山姑 翡翠嫂 順姑情 逆嫂意? 雪山隧道之地質環評與工程建設的恩怨情仇

實驗初期以膠體水晶模擬岩層,模擬雪山隧道水平傾斜約 1°,製作壓克力模型(實驗一),證明是否如賈儀平教授所言《雪山隧道=水脈改道》註3,同時此模型也證明隧道防水襯墊完工後,和隧道開挖時水力梯度的明顯變化。再加上訪問坪林到宜蘭圓通寺一帶居民結論是:1. 雪山隧道對翡翠水庫的影響不大,但對宜蘭方面影響很大2. 模型的數據證明『隧道剛開挖因為出水嚴重出現明顯梯度外,其餘二組都不再有特定梯度,即使隧道處也沒有明顯變化』。證明隧道的水平角度對水也沒有太大導引作用。因為隧道的比例對一座山而言相當小,不會有太大的影響。3. 證明隧道防水襯墊完工後,和施工前(隧道未開挖)是同一狀況。釐清對翡翠水庫影響不大後,重心改為宜蘭。此時我們綜合中興工程資料及地調所資料理出“交錯正斷層的破碎岩體”應是大漏水的原凶!1. 於是用實驗一模型加入“破碎岩體” (實驗二)證明破碎岩體水力梯度的明顯變化。2. 再加上訪問頭城附近社區,了解居民因應大漏水後改變取水層的應變措施。3. 於是再設計模型(實驗三)證明不同不透水層的相互關係。實驗末期再度訪問頭城附近社區,赫然發現水稻已開始種植(去年還荒蕪,居民抱怨連連)看到綠意盎然的稻田和笑逐顏開的居民,我們的照片和實驗數據願為雪山隧道工程做個平反!The experiment began by using gel-crystal model to simulate rock strata and the acrylic model to simulate the dip angle of 1° of the Syue Mountain Tunnel. The experiment aimed to prove if the building of the Syue Mountain tunnel will change the water tunnel as Professor Yi-Ping Jia has indicated. The model also shows the obvious change brought by the membrane lining layed on the Tunnel and the dip angle of the water power gradient when the Tunnel was built. The conclusion of our interiew with residents in the Ping-lin and Yuan-Tong Temple in I-lan is as following: 1. The building of the Syue Mountain Tunnel has more impact on the I-lan than Fei-Tsui Reservoir. 2. The statistics of the model proved that Syue Mountain only showed gradient in the beginning when it was built. The Tunnel itself did not show any obious change. The dip angle of Syue Mountain Tunnel did not draw water due to it is small in size compared to the Syue Mountain. 3. The Syue Mountain Tunnel remained unchanged after the membrane lining was layed. After we can clarify that the Syue Mountain Tunnel has less impact on the Fei-Tsui Reservoir, we turned our attention to I-lan. We combined the information provided by Zhong-Xing Construction and the Central Geological Survey, and found that the cross-normal fault if the cause of the leakage. 1. The second experiement was conducted by adding fractured stones to the previous model and proved these stones will cause the obvious change to the water power gradient. 2. We have conducted another to the communities around Tou-cheng and realized that residents have changed the water supply strata in response to the leakage. 3. Finally, we built another model in 3rd experiment to prove the relationship of 3 water proof stratas. At the end of our experiment, we returned to Tou-Cheng and found that residents have started to grow rice and started to have simle on their face. Our experiment and statistics can do Syue Mountain Tunnel justice.

你戴”果罩”了嗎? ~探討果皮的抗紫外線能力及自製果皮汁防曬乳~

以環保觀念為出發點,探討果皮防曬的效果,結果發現: 1. 純果皮原液減少輻射量最好的是 酪梨,高達72.04%,為其他果皮汁的2到3倍。葡萄、火龍果、茄子降低紫外線指數效果亦佳。 2. 防曬以色素為主:酪梨、火龍果、葡萄;以色素以外的物質為主:香蕉;茄子的防曬除了色素還有其他物質參與;火龍果豐富的膠質是防曬效果佳的重要因素。 3.以護膚乳或護膚油作基底的三種自製果皮汁防曬乳的防曬效果約在90~120分鐘達最高,因此建議出門前1小時先塗,之後每小時補充一次。 4. 以絲瓜水作基底的三種自製果皮汁防曬乳的防曬效果都很好,雖然比不上市售的防曬乳,但是防曬效果都接近七成以上,尤其是葡萄皮汁,我們相信這是值得研發的新產品。

當無機遇上有機─中孔洞非均勻相對掌催化劑合成與反應性之探討

會逆轉的石頭-RattleBack 逆旋現象

具有長短兩軸的對稱性剛體,譬如半橢球,在施加適當質量配重後,給予其Z 軸方向的 初角速度,將會逐漸上下震盪、搖擺,而後改變原先的角速度方向,朝相反的方向逆轉回來。 此現象稱為「逆旋現象」,本研究分析關於配重、質心距離與表面摩擦係數等因素的影響,利 用光點投影方式判讀其軌跡,並建立數學模型以驗證物理原理。研究發現,動摩擦垂直長軸 的分力所造成的力矩,將會導致逆旋的發生,並且,對本研究的剛體模型而言,加以20g 配 重,與長軸夾45°距質心5.5cm 且動摩擦系數為0.1227 時,逆轉角度有最大值。當長短兩軸 的震盪頻率相近時,甚至會發生兩軸能量的耦合現象,而有不只一次的逆旋。 The phenomenon was found for rigid bodies with long and short symmetrical axes, such as half-ellipsoids. We add extra masses ( Δm ) to a stone of the shape of half-ellipsoid and then give it an initial angular velocity ( 0 ω ) to make it spin. While the stone spins, the two symmetric axes start oscillating up and down. Then, remarkably, the spin of the stone slows down while the amplitude of oscillation increases until the direction of angular velocity reverses. This process is called “Rattle Back Spin-Reversed Phenomenon.” Our study involves the effect of several parameters on the above phenomenon, such as the shape of the stone, the added mass, and the friction between the stone and the table surface. We try to build a physical model to explain the spin-reversed phenomenon which can be recorded by tracing the motion of the stone with optical means. According to our study, the shape of the stone and the distribution of the added mass played crucial roles. The torque generated by kinetic friction along the long axis also helps the spin to reverse. Furthermore, in our experiment, we record a maximum reverse angle with following settings: two sets of 10 grams of mass are symmetrically added to the flat side of half-ellipsoid, in the distance of 5.5 cm to the C.M. of stone and an included 45 degrees angle with a long axis. And the most surprising finding is that when the oscillation frequencies of two symmetric axes are close to each other, the spin of the stone can reverse twice.

因「菜」施教-自製水耕蔬菜自動化栽培之研究

本研究自行開發的水耕蔬菜養殖機,自動監控植物生長環境,透過自動加換水與營養液等方式做出相對回應,讓使用者只需負責採收與觀察。為達成此目的,我們使用Arduino UNO板作為控制面板,在室溫下以影響水質主要的三個變因做為監測對象:導電度計(EC)、酸鹼值計(pH)、溶氧量計(DO),並自製水位計,自動控制植物最佳生長環境。本研究水耕蔬菜較市售蔬菜小,但硝酸鹽含量低,較無病蟲災害,機器自動種植能使蔬菜生長更為迅速且無須施用農藥。此外,我們調整機台空間配置,並美化機器整體外觀,使機器可架設在一般室內空間。最後,我們估算自製水耕蔬菜機的成本,期望在實際應用上能擴大規模,使單次種植棵數增加,降低成本、節省人力資源。

格子點的錯視全滿

本研究的內容關於:在一個三維的立方格子點(請見名詞定義),在其中連接格線,使得從每一面透視,行與列都被填滿格線,我們稱為錯視全滿。 我們想要找到達成錯視全滿的方法、方法數與旋轉下的相異方法數…… 對所有 n 立方格子點,我們得出以下的結果: (一)達成錯視全滿至少需 3n 條格線,且必有 3n 格線達成的情況。 (二)收集 n 錯視點集合中所有點的骨架,必達成錯視全滿。稱為錯視解。 (三)用 Burnside 定理製作程式,計算「旋轉下相異錯視解數」。 (四)使用 Burnside,計算「旋轉下相異錯視解數」的一般式、遞迴式。

Neuropathy of DRG in STZ-induced DM rats

糖尿病是一種由於體內胰島素分泌不足或作用不良而導致血糖升高的疾病,此慢性病會造成周邊神經病變,影響周邊神經的傳導。本實驗以大白鼠為研究對象,首先將大白鼠分為兩組,一組以腹腔注射streptozotocin (STZ, 60-80 mg/kg),破壞其胰臟之β細胞;令另一組腹腔注射生理食鹽水作為對照組。經過4-6 週,測量其血糖。其中注射STZ 的一組,依照血糖改變分為兩組,一組是高血糖(>126mg/dl),另一組是正常血糖組(126 mg/dl), and the other had normal blood glucose level (

終流砥柱-消波塊對橋墩沖刷的影響

本報告研究不同洪水量對橋墩沖刷的影響,以高雄甲仙區之寶隆大橋為研究主體,並使用縮小模型搭配沖刷水槽,以模擬實際河流對橋墩沖刷之影響,再搭配消波塊探討對橋墩的保護效果,最後利用Surfer繪圖軟體繪製沖刷前後之地形變化,進行圖形之對比與分析,即可完整呈現不同洪水量與各類型消波塊配置之沖刷差異。 由實驗結果歸納發現,水位及流速越大對橋墩造成的沖刷越強,對橋樑的破壞也最嚴重;另外消波塊的型態與排列方式可以有效減緩流速並降低沖刷,達到一定的保護效果,值得未來做更進一步的研究與討論。

高蹺(Himantopus himantopus)度冬族群在八掌溪嘉義市段與台灣沿海各主要棲地數??

台灣地區高蹺?(Himantopus himantopus)的度冬族群出現月份是九月中旬至隔年四月,棲息地主要是在台灣西部沿海之鹽田、魚塭、沙質河口及少數內陸河川,而 1994年成立的台南四草野生動物保護區更是其在台灣的主要繁殖區。 本研究主要從2001年3月~2003年10月進行八掌溪嘉義市段高蹺?族群數量的調查,在 2001.12 月計數到最高數量約 1200 隻,2002.10 月有 1540 隻,連續兩個年度都是全國最高數量,分析環境因子及食物來源皆優於其他各沿海棲地。 在 2003 年 5 月至 9 月調查嘉義沿海高蹺?繁殖配對情形,在 5 月 24 日發現鰲鼓溼地巢數 25 個、幼鳥 14 隻,布袋七區鹽田巢數 9 個,顯示除了台南四草繁殖區外還有其他的繁殖地。 The winter residents of Black- winged Stilts in Taiwan appear in mid-September to next April. Their main habitats are the salt pans, water ponds, sandy river mouths and few inland rivers in western Taiwan. Furthermore, the “Taina Szu-Tao (四草) Wildlife Sanctuary” established in 1994 is their major breeding area. This research is the investigation of the amount of Black- winged Stilt in Pajhang River(八掌溪), Chia-yi city(嘉義市) in 2001, Mar.~ 2003, Oct. The highest amount in 2001, Dec. is about 1200 and in 2002,Oct. is 1540. The amounts of these continuous two years are the highest in Taiwan. To analyze the reasons, the environment and food sources are better than other coastal habitats. In 2003, from May to September, the investigation of mating situation of Black-winged Stilt in Chia-yi coastal areas, twenty five nests and fourteen young birds in Ao-Ku(鰲鼓) wetland; nine nests in Pu-dai (布袋) seven salt pans are found on May 24th. It shows that there are other breeding areas except the breeding areas in Tainan Szu-Tao.

高者多勞

我們用簡潔的方法、巧妙借用益智遊戲的規則,解決一道月刊數學題目的一般化情形,得到豐富的成果。 「有9位足球隊員,身高兩兩不同,排成 3×3 的隊形,命橫列最高的2人舉手、縱行最高的2人舉手,兩次都有舉手的人去收拾場地。」 本作品探討上述題目隊形的一般化:隊員們分別排成任意長方形和長方體,得到下列結論: 一、將身高由低到高編號為:1、2、3、…,得到「必定收場地」的人之編號與「必不用收場地」的人之編號; 二、承一,若編號x不在必收或必不收之中,則可排出使x號學生收場地或不收場地的隊形; 三、收場地人數的最大值與最小值; 四、若人數p介於收場地人數最大值與最小值之間,均可排出恰為p人收場地的隊形。