雪山姑 翡翠嫂 順姑情 逆嫂意? 雪山隧道之地質環評與工程建設的恩怨情仇
實驗初期以膠體水晶模擬岩層,模擬雪山隧道水平傾斜約 1°,製作壓克力模型(實驗一),證明是否如賈儀平教授所言《雪山隧道=水脈改道》註3,同時此模型也證明隧道防水襯墊完工後,和隧道開挖時水力梯度的明顯變化。再加上訪問坪林到宜蘭圓通寺一帶居民結論是:1. 雪山隧道對翡翠水庫的影響不大,但對宜蘭方面影響很大2. 模型的數據證明『隧道剛開挖因為出水嚴重出現明顯梯度外,其餘二組都不再有特定梯度,即使隧道處也沒有明顯變化』。證明隧道的水平角度對水也沒有太大導引作用。因為隧道的比例對一座山而言相當小,不會有太大的影響。3. 證明隧道防水襯墊完工後,和施工前(隧道未開挖)是同一狀況。釐清對翡翠水庫影響不大後,重心改為宜蘭。此時我們綜合中興工程資料及地調所資料理出“交錯正斷層的破碎岩體”應是大漏水的原凶!1. 於是用實驗一模型加入“破碎岩體” (實驗二)證明破碎岩體水力梯度的明顯變化。2. 再加上訪問頭城附近社區,了解居民因應大漏水後改變取水層的應變措施。3. 於是再設計模型(實驗三)證明不同不透水層的相互關係。實驗末期再度訪問頭城附近社區,赫然發現水稻已開始種植(去年還荒蕪,居民抱怨連連)看到綠意盎然的稻田和笑逐顏開的居民,我們的照片和實驗數據願為雪山隧道工程做個平反!The experiment began by using gel-crystal model to simulate rock strata and the acrylic model to simulate the dip angle of 1° of the Syue Mountain Tunnel. The experiment aimed to prove if the building of the Syue Mountain tunnel will change the water tunnel as Professor Yi-Ping Jia has indicated. The model also shows the obvious change brought by the membrane lining layed on the Tunnel and the dip angle of the water power gradient when the Tunnel was built. The conclusion of our interiew with residents in the Ping-lin and Yuan-Tong Temple in I-lan is as following: 1. The building of the Syue Mountain Tunnel has more impact on the I-lan than Fei-Tsui Reservoir. 2. The statistics of the model proved that Syue Mountain only showed gradient in the beginning when it was built. The Tunnel itself did not show any obious change. The dip angle of Syue Mountain Tunnel did not draw water due to it is small in size compared to the Syue Mountain. 3. The Syue Mountain Tunnel remained unchanged after the membrane lining was layed. After we can clarify that the Syue Mountain Tunnel has less impact on the Fei-Tsui Reservoir, we turned our attention to I-lan. We combined the information provided by Zhong-Xing Construction and the Central Geological Survey, and found that the cross-normal fault if the cause of the leakage. 1. The second experiement was conducted by adding fractured stones to the previous model and proved these stones will cause the obvious change to the water power gradient. 2. We have conducted another to the communities around Tou-cheng and realized that residents have changed the water supply strata in response to the leakage. 3. Finally, we built another model in 3rd experiment to prove the relationship of 3 water proof stratas. At the end of our experiment, we returned to Tou-Cheng and found that residents have started to grow rice and started to have simle on their face. Our experiment and statistics can do Syue Mountain Tunnel justice.
會逆轉的石頭-RattleBack 逆旋現象
具有長短兩軸的對稱性剛體,譬如半橢球,在施加適當質量配重後,給予其Z 軸方向的 初角速度,將會逐漸上下震盪、搖擺,而後改變原先的角速度方向,朝相反的方向逆轉回來。 此現象稱為「逆旋現象」,本研究分析關於配重、質心距離與表面摩擦係數等因素的影響,利 用光點投影方式判讀其軌跡,並建立數學模型以驗證物理原理。研究發現,動摩擦垂直長軸 的分力所造成的力矩,將會導致逆旋的發生,並且,對本研究的剛體模型而言,加以20g 配 重,與長軸夾45°距質心5.5cm 且動摩擦系數為0.1227 時,逆轉角度有最大值。當長短兩軸 的震盪頻率相近時,甚至會發生兩軸能量的耦合現象,而有不只一次的逆旋。 The phenomenon was found for rigid bodies with long and short symmetrical axes, such as half-ellipsoids. We add extra masses ( Δm ) to a stone of the shape of half-ellipsoid and then give it an initial angular velocity ( 0 ω ) to make it spin. While the stone spins, the two symmetric axes start oscillating up and down. Then, remarkably, the spin of the stone slows down while the amplitude of oscillation increases until the direction of angular velocity reverses. This process is called “Rattle Back Spin-Reversed Phenomenon.” Our study involves the effect of several parameters on the above phenomenon, such as the shape of the stone, the added mass, and the friction between the stone and the table surface. We try to build a physical model to explain the spin-reversed phenomenon which can be recorded by tracing the motion of the stone with optical means. According to our study, the shape of the stone and the distribution of the added mass played crucial roles. The torque generated by kinetic friction along the long axis also helps the spin to reverse. Furthermore, in our experiment, we record a maximum reverse angle with following settings: two sets of 10 grams of mass are symmetrically added to the flat side of half-ellipsoid, in the distance of 5.5 cm to the C.M. of stone and an included 45 degrees angle with a long axis. And the most surprising finding is that when the oscillation frequencies of two symmetric axes are close to each other, the spin of the stone can reverse twice.
高蹺(Himantopus himantopus)度冬族群在八掌溪嘉義市段與台灣沿海各主要棲地數??
台灣地區高蹺?(Himantopus himantopus)的度冬族群出現月份是九月中旬至隔年四月,棲息地主要是在台灣西部沿海之鹽田、魚塭、沙質河口及少數內陸河川,而 1994年成立的台南四草野生動物保護區更是其在台灣的主要繁殖區。 本研究主要從2001年3月~2003年10月進行八掌溪嘉義市段高蹺?族群數量的調查,在 2001.12 月計數到最高數量約 1200 隻,2002.10 月有 1540 隻,連續兩個年度都是全國最高數量,分析環境因子及食物來源皆優於其他各沿海棲地。 在 2003 年 5 月至 9 月調查嘉義沿海高蹺?繁殖配對情形,在 5 月 24 日發現鰲鼓溼地巢數 25 個、幼鳥 14 隻,布袋七區鹽田巢數 9 個,顯示除了台南四草繁殖區外還有其他的繁殖地。 The winter residents of Black- winged Stilts in Taiwan appear in mid-September to next April. Their main habitats are the salt pans, water ponds, sandy river mouths and few inland rivers in western Taiwan. Furthermore, the “Taina Szu-Tao (四草) Wildlife Sanctuary” established in 1994 is their major breeding area. This research is the investigation of the amount of Black- winged Stilt in Pajhang River(八掌溪), Chia-yi city(嘉義市) in 2001, Mar.~ 2003, Oct. The highest amount in 2001, Dec. is about 1200 and in 2002,Oct. is 1540. The amounts of these continuous two years are the highest in Taiwan. To analyze the reasons, the environment and food sources are better than other coastal habitats. In 2003, from May to September, the investigation of mating situation of Black-winged Stilt in Chia-yi coastal areas, twenty five nests and fourteen young birds in Ao-Ku(鰲鼓) wetland; nine nests in Pu-dai (布袋) seven salt pans are found on May 24th. It shows that there are other breeding areas except the breeding areas in Tainan Szu-Tao.